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LOCOMOTIVE DICTIONARY
AN ILLUSTRATED VOCABULARY OP TERMS WHICH DESIGNATE AMERICAN RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVES THEIR PARTS ATTACHMENTS AND DETAILS OP CONSTRUCTION WITH DEFINITIONS AND ILLUSTRATIONS OP TYPICAL BRITISH LOCOMOTIVE PRACTICE
FIVE THOUSAND ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-EIGHT ILLUSTRATIONS
FIRST EDITION
COMPILED FOR THE AMERICAN RAILWAY MASTER MECHANICS' ASSOCIATION
By Gbobgb L. Fowleb Associate Member, American Railway Master Mechanics* Association
UNDSB THE SUPERVISION OF THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEE
J. F. Deems, General Superintendent of Motive Power, New York Central Lines A. W. Gibbs, General Superintendent of Motive Power, Pennsylvania Railroad A. E. Mitchell, Late Superintendent of Motive Power, Lehigh Valley Railroad
1906
THE RAILROAD GAZETTE NEW YORK: 88 Fulton Street CHICAGO: Old Colony Building
THE RAILWAY GAZETTE LONDON: Queen Anne's Chambers, Westminster, 8.W.
ACTION OF THF AMERICAN RAILWAY MASTER MECHANICS' ASSOCIATION.
At the Thirty-eighth Annual Convention, held at Manhattan Beach, N. Y., in 1905, it was
"Resolved, That the Railroad Gazette be and hereby is empowered to publish, under the super- vision of a committee of this Association, an illustrated dictionary which shall give the proper names of each and every part used in the building of locomotives."
The President of the Association appointed as members of the supervising committee, Mr. J. F. Deems, General Superintendent of Motive Power, Rolling Stock and Machinery, New York Central Lines; Mr. A. W. Gibbs, General Superintendent of Motive Power, Pennsylvania Railroad; Mr. A. E. Mitchell, Superintendent of Motive Power, Lehigh Valley.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 71-183263 ISBN 0-912318-20-1
Republished 1972 by Newton K. Gregg/ Publisher Novato, California, U.S.A.
Printed in the United States of America
'fa
The American locomotive has been developed under go many different auspices and under such widely dif- ferent conditions that it is inevitable that there should be a variation of practice in both the general and detailed arrangements of the machine. That these variations are not greater than they are is undoubtedly due to the American Railway Master Mechanics' Asso- ciation, which has kept the members in close touch with each other personally and with each other's prac- tices since its organization in 1868. The good work which the several editions of the Car Builders' Dic- tionary has done, and the important part it has had in the technical literature of the car department, naturally suggested this publication for those having to do with the locomotive. Invaluable assistance has been ren- dered in the compilation, not only by the members of the supervising committee appointed by the American Railway Master Mechanics' Association and by the railroad officers of this country and of Great Britain, but also by the locomotive builders, who have been repeatedly asked for drawings and information, and who have complied with all of these requests promptly and thoroughly. They have made it possible to pub- lish this work within a little more than a year after its authorization.
PREFACE
0 Coin
a
The nomenclature adopted is that which is believed to be in most common approved use, with cross- references for the more unusual terms. The engrav- ings are placed in groups in which the parts to which they refer naturally arrange themselves. A line has been rigidly drawn separating current practice from those devices which may be considered to be still experimental. Those that have not been adopted as recognized standards have been excluded from the work, as well as those parts that have become obsolete. Examples of this will be found in the omission of those types of valve motion that have not yet estab- lished themselves, and others, such as the hook motion, that have passed out of use. Readers who miss finding here things with which they are familiar should know that the book is not prophetic and not historical; it is an undertaking for present use only.
So much courteous help has been given by the Penn- sylvania Railroad, the Baldwin Locomotive Works, the American Locomotive Company and the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway, that a special acknowledgment is due to them for drawings and other information fur- nished, which have served as the basis for a great part of the illustrations here presented.
New York, October, 1006. G. L. F.
DIRECTIONS For Using the Locomotive Dictionary
To find the meaning of a given word or term, refer to it in the alphabetical list which constitutes the first half of the book, where a definition similar to those contained in ordinary dictionaries and a reference to some engraving in the second half of the book illustrating the object — if it is capable of illustration — will usually he found. The references to the engravings are by figure numbers if the part is shown as a separate engraving or by a reference number or letter to be found on a number of similar general drawings of which the part sought is but a minor detail. Inclusive figure numbers are given at the top of each of the illustrated pages.
To find the name of any part of a locomotive or tender, examine the detailed index to engravings on the pages immediately preceding the illustrated pages until the class is found to which the object looked for belongs, bearing in mind the general divisions of the classification of engravings which are as follows:
LOCOMOTIVES, ELEVATIONS, BOILERS, CYLINDERS, RUNNING GEAR, VALVES, PILOTS, BRAKE GEAR, CABS AND FITTINGS, ENGINE FITTINGS, ENGINE TRUCKS, TENDERS, TENDER TRUCKS, STANDARDS, MACHINE TOOLS, BRITISH LOCOMOTIVES.
By referring to the engravings, included in that class, a representation of the part or object sought will be found with cither its name underneath or a reference number or letter by which number or letter the name may be learned from the list of names of parts accompanying the illustration and usually to be found in the immediate vicinity.
CLASSIFIED INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS.
(For Alphabetical Index see page following last page of illustrations)
Westlngbouse Air Brake Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
AIE BRAKE FITTINGS:
Westlngbouse Air Broke Co., PltUburg, Pa.
Franklin Mfg. Co., Franklin, Pa.
Gould Coupler Co., New York, N. Y. Lima Locomotive A Machine Co.. Lima, Ohio. McConway A Torlej Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Prosser A Hon, Tboa., New York, N. Y.
BALAJTCE MAIM VALVES: American Balance Valve Co., Jersey Shore, Pa.
BALL BEARINGS:
Baltimore By. Specialty Co., Baltimore, Md.
United States Metallic Puckiug Co., Philadel- phia, Pa.
B0ILSB COVERINGS: Frauklln Mfg. Co., Franklin, Pa.
Worth Bros. Co., Coatcsvllle, Pa.
BOILERS:
American Locomotive Co.. New York, N. Y.
Ateliers Metallurgies (Ltd. Co.), Brussels, Belgium.
Baldwin Locomotive Wks., Philadelphia, Pa.
llannovcrsche Maschtncnbau - Actien - Gesell- scbaft, Llndeu vor Hannover, German)-.
Locomotive A Machine Co. of Montreal, Mon- treal, Canada.
National Tube Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Prosser A Son, Thos., New York, N. Y. Shelby Steel Tube Co., PltUburg, Pa. Worth Bros. Co., Coatesvllle, Pa.
BOLSTERS, TRUCK: American Steel Foundries, Chicago, III. Gould Coupler Co., New York, N. Y. Pressed Steel Car Co., PltUburg, Pa.
BOLT AND BUT MACHINERY: National Machinery Co., Tiffin, Ohio.
BOLT THREADING MACHINERY: National Machinery Co., Tiffin, Ohio.
BOLTS AND NUTS: Ateliers MeUllurglques (Ltd. Co.), Brussels,
Belgium, Columbia Nut A Bolt Co., Bridgeport, Conn.
BORING AND TUBBIVO MILLS: Betts Machine Co., Wilmington, Del. Niles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y.
BORING BARS:
Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111.
American Steel Foundries, Chicago, 111. Buffalo Brake Beam Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Davis Pressed Steel Co., Wilmington, Del. Pressed Steel Car Co., PltUburg, Pa.
BRAKE SHOES: American Brake Shoe A Fdy. Co., Mahwah, N. J.
BRAKE BLACK ADJUSTERS: American Brake Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Gould Coupler Co., New York, N. Y. McConway A Torley Co., PltUburg, Pa.
BULLDOZERS:
National Machinery Co., Tiffin, Ohio.
Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111.
CAR8:
Ateliers Metallurgiques (Ltd. Co.) Brussels,
HelgJuiu. Pressed Steel Car Co., PltUburg, Pa.
CAR HEATING (ELECTRIC): Consolidated Car Heating Co., Albany, N. Y. Gold Car Hen ting A Lighting Co., New
York, N. Y. Safety Car Heating A Lighting Co., New
York, N. Y.
OAR HEATING (STEAM): Consolidated Car Heating Co., Albany, N. Y. Gold Car Heating A Lighting Co., New
York, N. Y. Safety Car Heating A Lighting Co., New
York, N. Y.
OAR LIGHTING:
Consolidated Car Heating Co., Albany, N. Y. Gould Coupler Co., New York, N. Y. Safety Car Heating A Lighting Co., New York, N. Y.
CAR AND LOCOMOTIVE REPLACERB: Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111,
CAR WHEEL BORING MACHINES: Betts Machine Co., Wilmington, Del. Niles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y.
CASTINGS, IRON AHD STEEL: American Brake Shoe A Fdy. Co., Mahwah,
N. J. Gould Coupler Co., New York, N. Y. Lima Locomotive A Marhlue Co., Lima, Ohio. McContvay A Torley Co., Pittsburg, Pa. National Malleable Caatlngs Co., Cleveland,
Ohio. Pratt A Letchworth Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Prosser A Son. Thos., New York, N. Y. Standard Steel Works, Philadelphia, Pa. Union Steel Castings Co., Pittsburg. Pa.
CENTER PLATES: Baltimore Railway Specialty Co., Baltimore, Md.
COPING MACHINES: Pels A Co., Henry. New York, N. Y.
COUPLERS, LOCOMOTIVE ABD OAR: American Steel Foundries, Chicago, 111. Gould Coupler Co., New York, N. Y. McConway A Torley Co., Pittsburg, Pa. National Malleable Castings Co., Cleveland,
Ohio. Washburn Co., Minneapolis, Minn.
CRANES: Niles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y. Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, III. Sellers A Co., Wm., Philadelphia, Pa. Shaw Electric Crane Co., New York, N. Y.
CRANK PINS: Prosser A Son, Thos., New York, N. Y.
CUTTING MACHINES: Pels A Co., Henry, New York, N. Y.
DRAFT RIGGING: Gould Coupler Co., New York, N. Y. McConway A Torley Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
DRILLING MACHINERY: Niles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y.
DRIVING WHEEL CENTERS: American Steel Foundries, Chicago, 111.
DRIVING WHEEL ROTATING MACHINE: Sherborne A Co., Boston, Msss.
DUST GUARDS: Symington Co., T. H., Baltimore, Md.
DYNAMOS:
Crocker- Wheeler Co., Ampere, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Westlngbouse Electric A Mfg. Co., PltU- burg, Pa.
ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT: Crocker- Wheeler Co., Ampere, N. J. General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
Westlngbouse Electric A Mfg. Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
ELECTRIC RAILROADS: General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Westlngbouse Electric A Mfg. Co., PltU- burg. Pa.
ELECTRIC TRUCKS:
American Locomotive Co., New York, N. Y.
Baldwin Locomotive Wks., Philadelphia. Pa.
General Electric Co., ScbenecUdy, N. Y.
Locomotive A Machine Co. of Montreal, Mon- treal, Canada.
Westlngbouse Electric A Mfg. Co., Pitts- burg, Pa.
EMERGENCY COUPLER KNUCKLES: Qulncy, Manchester, 8argent Co., Chicago, 111.
Crocker-Wheeler Co., Ampere, N. J.
FLANGERB (SNOW): Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111.
FORGING MACHINES: National Machinery Co., Tiffin, Ohio. Niles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y.
F0RGING8 AND CASTINGS: American Brake Shoe A Fdy. Co., Mahwah,
N. J. Gould Coupler Co., New York, N. Y. Lima Locomotive A Machine Co., Lima, Ohio. McConway A Torley Co., PltUburg, Pa, Pratt A Letchworth Co., Buffalo, N. Y. Prosser A Son, Thos., New York, N. Y. Railway Steel-Spring Co., New York, N. Y. Standard 8teel Works, Philadelphia, Pa. Union 8tecl Casting Co., PltUburg, Pa.
FURNACES (FORGING AND TEMPERING): Witteman A Co., A. P., Philadelphia. Pa.
GAGES, AIR, STEAM AND WATER: American Steam Gage A Valve Mfg. Co.,
Boston, Mass. Ashcroft Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. Ashton Valve Co., Boston, Mass. 8tar Brass Mfg. Co., Boston, Mass.
GRINDING MACHINES: Norton Grinding Co., Worcester, Mass.
GRINDING Norton Co.. Worcester, Mass.
HOISTS (ELECTRIC):
Niles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y. Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111.
HOISTING AND CONVEYING MACHINERY: Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111.
HORIZONTAL BORING AND DROLLING
Betts Machine Co., Wilmington, Del. Niles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y.
HOSE, AIR, STEAM, ETC.: Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111.
HOSE COUPLERS (AIR AND STEAM): Consolidated Car Heating Co., Albany, N. Y. Gold Car Heating A Lighting Co., New York,
Safety Car Heating A Lighting Co., New York, N. Y.
HYDRAULIC MACHINERY: Dudgeon, Richard, New York, N. Y. Wateon-Stillman Co., New York, N. Y.
INJECTORS: Hayden A Derby Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. Hancock inspirator Co., New York. N. Y. Nathan Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. Sellers A 'Co., Incorp., Wm., Philadelphia, Pa.
IRON AND STEEL: (8ce Steel and Iron.)
JACKS: Dudgeon, Richard, New York, N. Y. Watson-Stlllman Co., New York, N. Y.
CLASSIFIED INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS.
JOURNAL BEARINGS:
National Malleable Castings Co., Cleveland, Ohio.
JOURNAL BOX PACKING: Franklin Mfg. Co., Franklin, Pa.
JOURNAL BOXES AND LIDS: Davis Pressed 8toel Co., Wilmington, Del. Gould Coupler Co., New York, N. Y. Sjmington Co., T. H., Baltimore, Md.
LAGGING, LOCOMOTIVE BOILEB: Franklin Mfg. Co., Franklin, Pa.
LAMPS, INCANDESCENT: General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Wcstlnghouse Electric A Mfg. Co., Pitta- burg, Pa.
LIGHTS, CONTRACTORS':
Wella Light Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y.
LOOK NUTS: Columbia Nut A Bolt Co., Bridgeport, Conn.
LOCOMOTIVES, COMPRESSED AIR: American Locomotive Co., New York. N. Y. Baldwin Locomotive Wks., Philadelphia, Pa. Locomotive A Machine Co. of Montreal, Mon- treal, Canada.
LOCOMOTIVES, ELECTRIC:
American Locomotive Co., New York, N. Y.
Baldwin Locomotive Wks., Philadelphia, Pa.
General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
Locomotive A Machine Co. of Montreal, Mon- treal, Canada.
Weettnghouse Electric A Mfg. Co., Pitts- burg, Pa.
LOCOMOTIVES, MINE:
American Locomotive Co., New York, N. Y.
Baldwin Locomotive Wks., Philadelphia, Pa.
General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
Locomotive A Machine Co. of Montreal, Mon- treal, Canada. , waA
Weetlnghouse Electric A Mfg. Co., Pitts- burg, Pa.
LOCOMOTIVES, STEAK:
American Locomotive Co.. New York, N. Y.
Ateliers Metallurgies (Ltd. Co.), Brussels, Belgium.
Baldwin Locomotive Wks., Philadelphia, Pa.
Hsnnoversche Maschlnenbau - Actlen - Geaell- schaft. Linden vor Hannover, Germany.
Lima Locomotive A Machine Co., Lima, Ohio.
Locomotive A Machine Co. of Montreal, Mon- treal. Canada.
LUBRICATORS:
Detroit Lubricator Co., Detroit, Mlcb. Nathan Mfg. Co.. New York. N. Y.
MACHINE TOOLS:
Betts Machine Co., Wilmington, Del. Cincinnati Shapcr Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Manning, Maxwell A Moore. New York, N. Y. National Machinery Co., Tiffin, Ohio. Nlles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y. Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111. Sellers A Co., Incorp., Wm.. Philadelphia, Pa. Steptoe Shapcr Co., John, Cincinnati, Ohio. Stockbridge Machine Co., Worcester, Mass. Underwood A Co., H. B., Philadelphia, Pa. Woodward A Powell Planer Co., Worcester, Mass.
MOTORS: Crocker- Wheeler Co., Ampere, N. J. (lencral Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Wcstlnghouse Electric A Mfg. Co., Pitts- burg, Pa.
NUTS AND BOLTS:
Ateliers Mctallurglquca (Ltd. Co.). Brussels,
Belgium. Columbia Nut A Bolt Co., Bridgeport, Conn.
OIL CT/P8:
Nathan Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y.
PACKING:
American Balance Valro Co., Jersey Shore, Pa. Franklin Mfg. Co., Franklin, Pa. Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111. United States Metallic Packing Co., Phila- delphia, Pa.
PILOT COUPLERS (See Couplers, Locomotive and Car).
PLANING MACHINES: Betts Mschlne Co., Wilmington, Del. Nlles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y. Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111. Woodward A Powell Planer Co., Worcester, Mass.
PLATES, BOILER AND FIRE-BOX: Worth Bros. Co., Coatesville, Pa.
PIPE THREADING MACHINERY:
Nlles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y.
PISTON RODS: Prosser A Son, The*., New York, N. Y.
PNEUMATIC TOOLS: Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111.
POP SAFETY VALVES: American Steam Gauge A Valve Mfg. Co.,
Boston, Mass. Ashton Valve Co., Boston, Mass. Consolidated Safety Valve Co., New York,
N. Y. Star Brass Mfg. Co., Boston, Mass.
PORTABLE TOOLS: Nlles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y. Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111. Underwood A Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
PRESSED STEEL SHAPES: Pressed Steel Car Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
PUMPS AND PUMPING MACHINERY: Hannoversche Maschlnenbau - Actlen - Gesell- schaft. Linden vor Hannover, Germany.
PUNCHING MACHINERY: Dudgeon, Richard, New York, N. Y. Pels A Co., Henry, New York, N. Y.
RAILROAD SUPPLIES:
Munnlng, Maxwell & Moore, New York, N. Y. Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111. Sherburne A Co., Boston, Mass.
REDUCING VALVES: Mason Regulator Co., Boston, Mass.
RIVETING MACHINERY:
National Machinery Co., Tiffin, Ohio.
Qulncy, Manchester, Sargent Co., Chicago, 111.
SANDING APPARATUS:
American Locomotive Sander Co., Philadel- phia, Pa.
SHAFTING: .Sellers A Co., Incorp., Wm., Philadelphia, Pa.
BHAFERS:
Cincinnati Sbaper Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Steptoe Shaper Co., John, Cincinnati, Ohio. Stockbridge Machine Co.. Worcester, Mass.
SIDE BEARINGS:
American Steel Foundries, Chicago, 111. Baltimore Railway Specialty Co.. Baltimore, Md.
SLOTTING MACHINES:
Betts Machine Co., Wilmington, Del. Nlles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y.
SPRINGS: American Steel Foundries Chicago, 111. Ateliers Metallurgiques (Ltd. Co.), Brussels,
Belgium. Railway Steel-Spring Co., New York, N. Y. Standard Steel Wks., Philadelphia, Pa.
STAYBOLTS:
Klannery Bolt Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
STAYBOLT SLEEVES:
American Balance Valve Co., Jersey Shore, Pa.
STAYBOLT THREADING MACHINES: National Machinery Co., Tiffin, Ohio.
STEEL CASTINGS (See Castings, Iron sad Steel).
STEEL TIRES (See Tires, Steel).
STEEL AND IRON: Prosser A Son. Thos., New York. N. Y. Railway 8teel-8prlng Co., New York, N. Y. Standard Steel Wks., Philadelphia. Pa. Wltteman A Co., A. P., Philadelphia, Pa. Worth Bros. Co., Coatesville, Pa.
STEEL, TOOL. Wltteman A Co., A. P., Philadelphia, Pa.
TENDER COUPLERS (See Couplers, Locomotive and Car).
TENDERS, LOCOMOTIVE (See also Locomo- tives, Steam). Pressed Steel Car Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
TIRES, STEEL: Prosser A Son. Thos., New York, N. Y. Standard Steel Wks., Philadelphia, Pa.
TIRE TURNING A BORING MILLS: Betts Machine Co., Wilmington, Del. Nlles-Bement-Pond Co., New York, N. Y.
TRACK SANDERS, LOCOMOTIVE:
American Locomotive Sander Co., Philadel- phia, Pa.
TRUCKS, LOCOMOTIVE:
American Locomotive Co., New York, N. Y.
Ateliers Metallurgiques (Ltd. Co.), Brussels, Belgium.
Baldwin Locomotive Wks., Philadelphia, Pa.
General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y.
Hannoversche Maschlnenbau - Actlen - Gesell- schaft, Linden vor Hannover, Germany.
Lima Locomotive A Machine Co., Lima, Ohio.
Locomotive A Machine Co. of Montreal, Mon- treal. Canada.
Pressed Steel Car Co., Pittsburg, Pa.
Weatinghouse Electric A Mfg. Co., Pitts- burg, Pa.
TRUCK BOLSTERS (See Bolsters, Truck).
TUBES (8ec Boiler Tubes).
TUBE EXPANDERS: Dudgeon, Richard, New York, N. Y.
TURNTABLES : Sellers A Co., Incorp., Wm., Philadelphia, Pa.
VALVE SETTING MACHINES: Sherburne A Co., Bostou, Mass.
VALVES (STEAM): American Steam Gauge A Valve Mfg. Co.,
Boston, Mass. Ashton Valve Co., Boston, Mass. Consolidated Safety Valve Co., New York,
N. Y. Hancock Inspirator Co.. New York, N. Y. Star Brass Mfg. Co., Boston, Mass.
VALVES, BALANCE, MAIN:
American Balance Valve Co., Jersey Shore, Pn.
VESTIBULES:
Uould Coupler Co., New York, N. Y. McConway A Torley Co.. Pittsburg, Pa.
WASHER MACHINE:
National Machinery Co., Tiffin, Ohio.
WHEELS:
Ateliers Metallurgiques (Ltd. Co.), Brussels,
Belgium. Prosser A Sou, Thos., New York, N. Y. Railway Steel-Spring Co., New York, N. Y. Standard Steel Wks., Philadelphia, Pa.
WHISTLES:
Aahton Valve Co., Boston, Mass. Maiming. Maxwell A Moore, New York, N. Y. Nathan Mfg. Co., New York, N. Y. Star Brass Mfg. Co., Boston, Mass.
Coes Wrench Co., Worcester, Mass.
A DICTIONARY OF THE
LOCOMOTIVE
A. B. C. Journal Bearing and Wedge. Fig. 44%'.
Acorn. A general term for the ornaments or tips re- sembling the acorn, used to finish the ends of rods of various forms.
Adjusting Spring (Trailing Truck). 20, Figs. 3393-3468. A heavy spiral spring or nest of springs used for con- trolling the side motion of a two-wheel radial trail- ing truck. Also called centering spring.
Adjusting Spring Case. 21, Figs. 3393-3468. A cylin- drical cast iron holder in which an adjusting spring is placed. Also called centering spring cylinder.
Adjusting Spring Seat. 22, Figs. 3393-3468. A casting, or a part of the bolster of a two-wheel trailing truck, forming a bearing for the end of the adjust- ing spring.
Admission. The opening of a steam port to admit steam to one end of a cylinder. If the valve has no lead, admission takes place at the moment the piston reaches the end of its stroke and just as it is to begin the return stroke.
Air Brake. Any brake operated by air pressure, but usually restricted to systems of continuous brakes operated by compressed air, in distinction from Vacuum Brakes, which see, which are operated by creating a vacuum. The air is compressed by some form of steam pump on the locomotive, or a motor- compressor on electric locomotives, and is conveyed by pipes and flexible hose between the engine, tender and cars to cylinders and pistons under the tender and each car, by which the pressure is trans- mitted to the brake levers, and thence to the brake shoes. This system is what is now termed the straight-air brake. This brake is now obsolete in steam road practice, having been replaced by the Automatic Air Brake, which see, and also see Westinghouse Air Brake, Quick-Action Air Brake, Vacuum Brake, New York Air Brake.
Air Brakes (Standards). The following standards have been generally adopted:
1. Maximum brake-pipe pressure 70 lbs. for ordinary service, 90 lbs. for double pressure con- trol freight service, and 110 lbs. for high-speed brake service.
2. Maximum braking power for locomotives should be as follows: 75 per cent, of weight on drivers, engine in working order, for driver brakes; 60 per cent, of weight on truck and trailer wheel brakes, and 100 per cent, of the light weight of the tender for tender brakes.
3. For electric locomotives, the maximum brak- ing power should be 100 per cent, of the weight on axles driven by motors, and 90 per cent, on free axles.
For tenders the M. C. R. Standards relating to brake levers, jaws or clevises, rods and brake beam levers, location of angle cock, etc., are commonly adopted.
AIR
Air Brake Hose. Fig. 2538. Flexible tubes made of alternate layers of rubber and canvas by which the brake pipes under engines, tenders, and cars are connected together, and compressed air, which operates the brakes, conducted through the train. The hose is made with a coupling at each end of the engine and tender, so that it can readily be connected or disconnected. Also called air hose and brake hose.
Air Cylinder. (Air Pump). 63, Figs. 2429-2435. A cylinder forming part of the air brake pump, and having its piston fastened to the same rod to which the piston of the steam cylinder is fastened. It is furnished with air inlet and discharge valves at each end, communicating respectively with the air inlet and the discharge pipe.
Air Cylinder Bracket. A projecting piece of metal bolted to the frame of a locomotive or tender, to which the brake cylinder is attached. See Truck Brake, Tender Brake.
Air Cylinder Gasket. See Gasket.
Air Cylinder Oil Cup (Air Pump). 98, Figs. 2429-2435; Fig. 2451. A small brass receptacle with a stop cock or faucet, screwed to the air cylinder of an air pump, to hold a supply of lubricant for the air cylinder. See Automatic Air Cylinder Oil Cup.
Air Drum. Fig. 2463; 156, Figs. 76-124. Also called Main Reservoir and Reservoir, which see. A cylin- drical reservoir, made of sheet steel, into which air is pumped and stored for use in the air brake sys- tem and train air signal line. Sometimes placed under the cab deck or between the frames in front of the guide yoke; but now two are commonly used, placed under the running board near the cab, one on each side of the engine
Air Drum Hanger. 180, Figs. 76-124. An iron strap riveted to the lower side of the running board, or to the boiler, to support the air drum.
Air Drum Head. The end of the air drum, to which the cylindrical body is riveted or welded.
Air Drum Saddle. A strip of iron fastened to the locomotive frame for supporting the air drum or drums when the drums are placed between the cylinder saddles and the guide yoke.
Air Gage (Air Brake). Figs. 2483-2486. A gage to register the pressure of air in the reservoirs, brake pipe or brake cylinders, similar to an ordinary steam pressure gage. They are made either with a single pointer, Fig. 2484, or with two pointers, Figs. 2483, 2485-2486, to indicate on one dial both the reservoir pressure and the brake pipe pressure. The latter type is called a duplex gage.
Air Gage Fitting. A pipe connection by means of which an air gage is connected to an engineer's brake valve in a locomotive cab.
Air Gage Stand. Figs. 3014-3015. A bracket or support to hold an air gage.
AIR
ANG
Air Hose. Sec Air Brake Hose.
Air Inlet. An opening for the admission of air to an air compressor. The term includes both the air strainer and air pipe.
Air Pipe (Air Brake). More properly Brake Pipe, which sec. Often called train pipe.
Air Pipe Strainer (Air Brake). Fig. 2541. More prop- erly Brake Pipe Air Strainer, which see.
Air Piston (Air Brake). 00, Figs. 2420-2435; 5, Figs. 2512-2515. The piston fitted to the air cylinder of a pump or compressor, and whose motion back and forth in the air cylfndcr draws in and compresses atmospheric air and forces it through suitable valves, to the main reservoir.
Air Piston Packing Rings (Air Pump). 07, Figs. 2423- 2428; 0, Figs. 2512-2515. The metal rings fitted to the air piston to make it air tight in the cylinder.
Air Pump. Figs. 2423-2450, 2503. A machine attached to a locomotive for compressing air. It consists of a steam and air cylinder, the pistons in which are connected to the same piston rod, so that the air piston is worked directly by the steam piston. Suit- able valves are provided for admitting and exhaust- ing the steam and air to and from the cylinders. The steam cylinder is supplied with steam through a pipe from the boiler, and in this pipe is a pump governor, which is connected to the main reservoir in such a way that when a certain pressure of air is attained in the reservoir the governor closes the steam valve of the pump. When the air pressure falls, the governor opens the steam valve and starts the pump. The motion of the steam piston is re- versed by a reversing valve on the cylinder top head, moved by a rod having a tappet on it which is raised by the reversing valve plate on the piston striking it. The reversing valve controls the admis- sion of steam to the main valve which moves the main slide valve, which in turn, admits steam to or exhausts it from either end of the cylinder. The steam cylinder exhaust goes through a pipe to the smokebox and stack. The air cylinder takes in air through a perforated metal inlet and through disk or poppet valves at each end, and discharges it through similar valves to the main reservoir. The air cylinder is cast with corrugations or ribs to give as large a radiating surface as possible because the rapid compression of air develops a large amount of heat in it which would be destructive to packing leathers and gaskets, and cause the deposit of mois- ture in parts of the brake system where it would give trouble by freezing. See below and Motor- Compressor.
Air Pump and Motor. Figs. 2512-2515, 4628, 4066. A machine for compressing air, mounted on an elec- tric locomotive and consisting of air cylinders, the pistons of which are gear driven by an electric motor. Also called Motor-Compressor, which see.
Air Pump Bracket Figs. 2641-2643. An iron or steel casting secured to the boiler shell for holding the air pump.
Air Signal. See Train Air Signal.
Air Signal Reducing Valve. See Reducing Valve.
Air Strainer. Fig. 2541. A Brake Pipe Air Strainer, which see.
Air Valve (Air Pump). See Discharge Valve.
Air Whistle. 1. Fig. 2556. A small whistle placed in the locomotive cab for giving signals to the engine- man from any part of a train. Operated by an independent line of pipe supplied with air from the main reservoir of the air brake system. See Train Air Signal.
2. A pneumatic signal whistle for electric loco- motives.
Alexander Car Replacer. Fig. 4581.
Allen Paper Wheel. Figs. 4538-4539. A car wheel with a steel tire, a cast iron hub or center, and the space between the tire and center rilled with compressed paper and held in place by wrought iron plates on either side extending from the center to the tire and bolted thereto. See Steel Tired Wheel.
Allen Valve. A slide valve made with a curved passage through it extending from near one edge of the face to the other. This passage conveys steam from either end of the steam chest to the steam port at the other end when the port is only slightly open, and thereby gives a higher initial pressure in the cylinder. The Allen-Richardson valve, Figs. 2126- 2129, is a modification of the original Allen valve.
Alligator Crosshead. Figs. 1059-1073, 1103-1111. See Crosshead.
Alligator Wrench. See Wrench.
Alternating Current. An electric current whose mani- festations cause it to appear to reverse its direc- tion continuously and periodically. The induction produced by the variation of electric current per- mits a change of the electric pressure to a lower or higher voltage by means of a device called a Transformer, which see. See also Direct Current*
Alternating Current-Direct Current Motor (Electric Locomotive). Figs. 4650, 4659-4660. A motor wound with compensating field coils and supplied with a transformer, capable of operating with either alternating or direct current.
American Balanced Slide Valve. Figs. 2108-2118.
American Controller Spring. Fig. 4532.
American Railway Master Mechanics' Association Standards. See Master Mechanics' Standards.
American Steam Gage & Valve Mfg. Co. Vacuum valve, Figs. 1009-1011; cylinder relief valve, Figs. 1012-1014; steam gage, Fig. 3154; whistle, Fig. 3213; safety valve, Figs. 3214-3215.
American Type Locomotive. Figs. 49-50, 106-109. The prevailing type of locomotive several years ago. One having a four-wheel front truck and four- coupled driving wheels, but no trailing truck. See Whyte's Nomenclature.
Ammeter (Electric Locomotive). An instrument used to indicate the amount of current, or number of amperes flowing in a circuit.
Ampere. The unit of electric current.
Amperage. The amount of electric current flowing in a circuit, expressed in amperes.
Andrews Cast Steel Tender Truck. Figs. 4346-4348.
Angle Cock (Air Brakes). Figs. 2530, 2535. A cock placed in the brake pipe under the rear of the ten- der and at each end of each car just in front of the hose connection. This cock must always be open except at the rear end of the last car, where it must always be closed to prevent escape of air from the brake pipe and applying the brakes.
Angle Cock Body. 1, Fig. 2535. See above. Usually made of cast iron, and bored out to receive the stem or key.
Angle Cock Handle. 5, Fig. 2535. A flat or half-round piece of iron, bent to conform to the shape of the angle cock and fastened to the end of the stem or key to open and close the cock.
Angle Cock Locking Arm. Fig. 2530. A device at- tached to the handle of an angle cock to prevent the accidental closing of the valve by jarring or otherwise. It consists of a hinged handle fitting down over a lug cast on the body of the cock to hold the handle in place when in the wide open position. The handle can then be moved to the closed position only by lifting it off the lug and turning it.
ANG
ASH
Angle Cock Stem. 2, Fig. 2535. A slightly conical plug, ground to fit the interior of the angle cock body, and having a rectangular opening through it so as to open communication between the two ends of the angle cock body. Also called a cock key.
Angle Cock Stem Nut. 3, Fig. 2535. A nut screwed on the lower end of the angle cock stem for the pur- pose of holding it in place by a washer which is thereby bound against the angle cock body with any desired degree of tightness. Called also a cap.
Angle Cock Stem Washer. A flat metal ring sometimes put in between the cap and stem or key of an angle cock. Sec above.
Angle Fitting (Air Hrakc). A special pipe elbow for use with brake and signal pipe hose couplings.
Angle Globe Valve. Figs. 3010-3017. A Globe Valve, which sec, having the inlet and outlet connections at an angle with each other, commonly 90 degrees.
Angle Iron or Angle. A general term applied by makers to iron or steel rolled in the form of an L. but with the corner rounded off somewhat. When the angle is rolled with a sharp interior corner and not rounded off, it is termed a square-root angle.
Angle Valve. An Angle Cock, which sec.
Anti-Friction Metal. A term applied to bearing metals having a low coefficient of friction, such as Babbitt Metal, which sec, and other alloys of spe- cial composition which arc used for bearings.
Anti-Friction Side Bearings. Figs. 4511-4521. Devices, a few of which are shown, to eliminate the friction between body and truck in curving. The two gen- eral forms are roller side bearings and ball-bearing side bearings.
Application Chamber Pipe (Air Hrakc). The pipe which connects the application chamber of the dis- tributing valve with the automatic brake valve through the independent brake valve. See Distrib- uting Valve.
Apron. Sec Cab Apron.
Arbor. "A spindle or axle for a wheel or pinion; a mandrel on which a ring or wheel is turned in a lathe."— Knight.
Arc. The brilliant flash of light that occurs when a circuit carrying an electric current is opened or broken. It is sometimes very destructive in its effects unless destroyed by a powerful magnetic field.
Arc Lamp. Figs. 3267-3270. A device for producing illumination, wherein an electric arc is maintained between the ends of two rods or pencils of carbon held Dy suitable mechanism at a distance of % to % inch apart. With an electric current of from 7 to 9 amperes at 45 volts maintained between the car- bon points, an amount of energy equal to about %- horsepower, a brilliant light is produced. The arc lamp is enclosed in the case of the headlight on the smokebox. Sec Electric Headlight.
Arch. A term sometimes applied to the Smokebox, which see. See also Brick Arch.
Arch (Elliptic Spring.) The height from the center of the scrolls at the ends of the elliptics to the under side of the main leaf of the spring. Twice the arch of an elliptic spring, less the thickness of the spring bands, is the set, and is the maximum amount which an elliptic spring can be compressed. In a half-elliptic spring the arch and set differ only in the thickness of the spring band.
Arch Bar. 1, Figs. 4294-4382. A bent wrought iron or steel bar, which forms the top member of a dia- mond truck side frame. In the diamond truck the next lower member is the inverted arch bar, and the next lower (occasionally used) is the auxiliary
arch bar. The tie bar comes under all, and some- times becomes an arch bar.
Arched Roof. A cab roof, the surface of which is curved.
Arm. A lever or handle. Sec Sand Box Arm, Reverse Shaft Arm, Rocker Arm.
Arm Rest. Figs. 2874-287(i. A wooden or metal bar or ledge attached to the side of a cab, usually upholstered, for the engineer or fireman to rest the arm upon.
Arm Rest Bracket. A shelf or bracket supporting the arm rest.
Armature (Klcctric Locomotive). 2, Fig. 4589; Fig. 4fif>4. The rotating part of an electric motor, con- sisting of a laminated iron cylinder or core keyed to a shaft, and in the slots of which are wound the armature coils of insulated copper wire or ribbon. At one end of the core on the shaft is mounicd the commutator, a copper cylinder composed of in- sulated segments, which arc connected to corre- sponding armature coils.
Armature Key. A long, slender piece of steel, driven in a longitudinal slot cut on a driving axle or on an armature shaft, to hold the armature firmly on the axle or shaft.
Armature Keyway. l\, Fig. 4588. A longitudinal slot cut on a driving axle or an armature shaft for the insertion of a key used to hold the armature fast.
Armature Quill. Fig. 4<>54. A sleeve or tube, surround- ing a driving axle but not touching it, and having an armature attached to, or built around it. A cir- cular enlargement on the outer end of the quill carries a number of short, stout pins that fit in cylindrical pockets in the inside hub of the driving wheel.
Armature Shaft The shaft on which the armature of an electric motor is fastened. In the case of gear- less motors, the driving wheels of the locomotive are keyed to this shaft; but if the motor transmits power to the driving axle through gears, a pinion is fastened on the armature shaft which engages a gear wheel on the main driving axle.
Armored Brake Hose. Brake hose, covered with a woven wire fabric, to protect it from injury or abrasion. Another form of armored brake hose is formed by winding a continuous wire spirally around it by a. machine which makes the spiral slightly smaller than the tube, so that it grips tightly. Vacuum brake hose, for vacuum brakes, is usually lined with coiled wires on the inside to prevent collapsing, but such is not properly termed armored brake hose.
Articulated Locomotive. Figs. 22, 83-87. A locomotive having two sets of cylinders driving independent groups of wheels. See Mallet Articulated Com- pound Locomotive.
Asbestos Dust Guard. Fig. 4510.
Asbestos Felt. A preparation of asbestos in loose sheets, for use as a non-conductor of heat in the covering of steam pipes. It must be handled with care to prevent tearing.
Ash Dump (Stayless Boiler). 72, Figs. 151-152. A cylindrical chute or pipe, usually 18 or 20 in. in diameter, leading from an aperture in the bottom of a corrugated firebox to the outside shell below. It is to allow the ashes to be discharged into the ash pan. See Stayless Boiler, Vanderbilt Boiler.
Ash Ejector. 29, Figs. 520-522. A device for removing- ashes from an ash pan, operated by compressed air, and consisting of a cylinder having its piston rod connected to the ash pan dump shaft or slide
ASH
ASH
rod. Air is admitted to and exhausted from the cylinder usually by a three-way cock.
Ash Ejector Valve. A three-way cock or other form of valve for operating an ash ejector.
Ash Pan. Figs. 508-549. Details, Figs. 638-720. A receptacle underneath the grate for holding the ashes that drop through the grate bars. In order to control the admission of air under the grate, it is provided with hinged or sliding openings or dampers at either end operated by rods and levers from the cab. The ashes are dumped from the bot- tom through one or more hoppers closed by hinged or sliding doors.
Ash Pan Angle. An angle iron hanger or support bolted to the lower rail of the frame or to the bottom of the firebox ring, to support the ash pan.
Ash Pan Axle Guard. A piece of sheet steel made fast underneath the ash pan and over or partly sur- rounding a driving axle for the purpose of protect- ing the axle from the excessive heat of the ash pan. Used on locomotives having one or more axles under the firebox.
Ash Pan Damper. 2, Figs. 508-549; Figs. 677-679. A flap or door, hinged at the top, to regulate the amount of air admitted under the grate bars. Also hung from hinge pivots and made to slide vertically in guides or ways.
Ash Pan Damper Crank. 3, Figs. 546-549; Figs. 674- 676, 698-700. A bell crank transmitting the motion of an ash pan damper handle to a damper rod. In some designs, where dampers are arranged to slide vertically in ways or guides, two bell-cranks are used, one connecting the lower end of the damper handle to the damper rod, the other con- necting the damper rod with the damper by an intermediate lever. The bell crank nearest the damper is provided with a counterweight to bal- ance the weight of the damper.
Ash Pan Damper Crank Support. A casting secured to an ash pan or firebox to support the damper crank by a pin or short shaft.
Ash Pan Damper Handle. 2b, Figs. 546-549; Figs. 711- 712. An operating handle attached to the ash pan damper crank and with its upper end passing up through the deck.
Ash Pan Damper Hinge. Figs. G85-C86. The pivot or support on which the ash pan damper turns in open- ing or closing.
Ash Pan Damper Hinge Bearing. A lug on the ash pan to hold the hinge on which the damper is hung.
Ash Pan Damper Latch. Figs. 718-720. A fastening device for holding an ash pan damper in any posi- tion. A catch consisting of a small lever is secured in the casting through which the ash pan damper handle passes, and drops a pin or detent into a notch in the edge of the ash pan damper handle.
Ash Pan Damper Lever. 2i, Figs. 546-549; Figs. 703- 704. A lever making connection between the damper rod and the damper.
Ash Pan Damper Lug. A projection cast on a damper for attaching the damper lever by pins.
Ash Pan Damper Rod. Figs. 705-710; 2c, Figs. 540-549. A slender bar connecting the damper with the ash pan damper crank for opening and closing the damper.
Ash Pan Damper Rod Pin. A bolt to secure the damper rod at either end.
Ash Pan Damper Shaft. 2d, Figs. 546-549; Figs. 689- 692. A transverse shaft with a bell crank attached, resting in bearings on a support or bracket, for operating an ash pan damper.
Ash Pan Damper Shaft Bearing. 2e, Figs. 546-549;
Figs. 698-697. A bracket attached to the frame of the locomotive for holding the end of the ash pan damper shaft.
Ash Pan Drop Cross Brace. Figs. 652-657; 5, Figs. 546-549. A transverse angle connecting the two sides of an ash pan hopper to strengthen it at the opening of the drop door or dump.
Ash Pan Drum. A hopper underneath an ash pan, used on some locomotives where the firebox is over one or more driving axles.
Ash Pan Dump. 4, Figs. 546-549; Figs. 665-667. A door or flap that closes the bottom of an ash pan hopper.
Ash Pan Dump Connection. 4a-4d, Figs. 508-549. The rods and levers comprising the mechanism for operating a dumping ash pan.
Ash Pan Dump Connection Pins. Bolts used in the ends of the rods and levers of the ash pan dump connection.
Ash Pan Dump Crank. 4e, Figs. 508-549. A crank connecting the ash pan dump with an operating rod and handle.
Ash Pan Dump Crank Support. A bracket on which an ash pan dump crank is pivoted.
Ash Pan Dump Cylinder. 29, Figs. 520-522. A cylinder in which a piston and piston rod, operated by air from the main reservoir, pushes or pulls a rod connected to the ash pan dump crank.
Ash Pan Dump Lever. 4a, Figs. 508-549. Connected to the ash pan dump and operated by a rod.
Ash Pan Dump Plate. 4, Figs. 508-549; Figs. 665-667. A steel plate or casting covering the opening in the bottom of an ash pan or ash pan hopper. Also called slide.
Ash Pan Dump Shaft. Part of an ash pan dump rig- ging, and attached to the handle used to move the dump plates.
Ash Pan Dump Shaft Arm. 4e, Figs. 508-549. Attached to an ash pan dump shaft for connection to the rod that operates the dump.
Ash Pan Dump Shaft Bearing. The support of the dump shaft in a bracket attached to the locomotive frame.
Ash Pan Dump Shaft Connection. The rods or bars by which an ash pan dump shaft is operated.
Ash Pan Dump Shaft Connection Rod. 4b, Figs. 508- 549. A slender bar connecting the lever on the dump shaft with a lever that moves the dump.
Ash Pan Dump Shaft Handle. 4d, Figs. 508-549. A handle for operating a dumping ash pan. Usually but not always arranged to be worked from the foot plate.
Ash Pan Dump Shaft Handle Catch. A fastener for securing the dump shaft handle in place.
Ash Pan Dump Shaft Handle Lock Pin. A detent for fastening the dump shaft handle catch in place.
Ash Pan Dump Valve. A valve controlling the admis- sion of air to the ash pan dump cylinder.
Ash Pan Heater Valve. A globe valve attached to the boiler to supply steam to a set of pipes placed in an ash pan to prevent the accumulation of snow and ice, which would interfere with the operation of the dampers and dumps or hopper slides.
Ash Pan Hopper. A receptacle fastened underneath a grate to receive and retain the ashes that fall through. More commonly, simply ash pan.
Ash Pan Slide. 4, Figs. 508-549; Figs. 665-667. A cast- ing or plate sliding in guides to close the bottom of an ash pan hopper.
Ash Pan Slide Guide. 4c, Figs. 508-549. Ways formed on the bottom of an ash pan hopper for holding a plate or slide.
Ash Pan Support. 6, 7, 20, 20a, Figs. 508-549. Braces
ASH
AXL
or hangers to hold the ash pan and secure it to the firebox or frame. See Ash Pan Angle. In Figs. 088-641 the injector overflow discharge pipe is com- bined with the ash pan support.
Ash Pan Wheel Pocket. That portion of an ash pan that is arched or bent up to pass over an axle.
Aahton Pressure Gages. Figs. 3159-3160.
Ashton Safety Valves. Figs. 3224-3225
Atlantic Type Locomotive. Figs. 54-59, 110-118. A locomotive having a four-wheel front truck, four coupled driving wheels and a two-wheel trailing truck. Used for fast passenger service. See Whyte's Nomenclature.
Atmospheric Brake. See Air Brake, Vacuum Brake. This term, but little used, includes both the air brake and the vacuum brake.
Aurora Metallic Rod Packing. Fig. 1021.
Automatic Air Brake. Figs. 2410-2614. One which is automatically applied by a rupture in the hose couplings or brake pipe, or by train separation. The term is indefinite, but usually refers to the Westinghouse Air Brake, Figs. 2410-2556, or the New York Air Brake, Figs. 2557-2614, which see, which are the ones in most general use throughout the world.
Automatic Air Cylinder Oil Cup. 98, Figs. 2429-2435; Fig. 2451. An oil cup for automatically supplying a proper amount of lubrication to the air cylinder of an air pump.
Automatic Coupling (Steam and Air Pipes). A device by means of which the steam, air brake and signal pipes are automatically coupled by impact. It is usually supported by a hanger from the coupler, and springs back of the head keep the parts tight together. Allowance is made for vertical and lateral movement, and provision made for inter- change with cars not equipped with the device.
Automatic Lubricator. Figs. 3195-3205. A device for feeding at regular intervals a certain quantity of oil or lubricant to a cylinder or other mechanism. See Sight-Feed Lubricator.
Automatic Reducing Valve (High-Speed Brake). Figs. 2503-2507. A valve attached to the brake cylinder to automatically bleed the pressure down to 60 lbs. after an emergency application, when the pressure in the cylinder rises to 85 lbs. or more. The trian- gular port gives a graduated reduction. It also prevents the brake cylinder pressure from exceed- ing 60 lbs. in a service application. The triangular port then gives a wide opening.
Automatic Slack Adjuster. A device inserted in the foundation brake gear for automatically taking up the slack resulting from wear of the brake shoes and other parts.
Auxiliary Arch Bar. A wrought-iron bar sometimes used, which forms the lower member of a diamond truck side frame. See Arch Bar.
Auxiliary Reservoir (Air Brake). Figs. 2410-2421. A cylindrical reservoir made of steel tubing, attached to some part of a locomotive and to the under side of the tender by hangers or bands. The reservoir serves to hold a supply of compressed air to operate the brakes of the driving or truck wheels, and of the tender, and is supplied from the main reservoir on the engine through the brake pipe and triple valve.
Auxiliary Reservoir Bleed Cock (Air Brake). A faucet or cock for emptying the reservoir of any water condensed from the compressed air. More com- monly Reservoir Drain Cock, which see.
Auxiliary Reservoir Nipple (Air Brake). See Triple Valve Nipple.
Axe. A steel chopping tool with a wooden handle, carried on the engine or tender for use in emer- gencies.
Axle.- 23 and 72, Figs. 77-124, Figs. 1363-1385, 3545- 3548. . A shaft made of wrought iron or steel to which a pair of wheels is attached by pressing on in a hydraulic wheel press. This method suffices for tender and engine truck wheels. Locomotive driving wheels are keyed on in addition. Axles are distinguished according to their use as driving, front truck, trailing truck and tender axles, and according to the method of manufacture, as ham- mered, fagotted, muck bar axles, etc. The A. R. M. M. Standard truck axles are shown in Figs. 4878-4881.
Axles. (A. R. M. M. Standards.) Figs. 4878-4881.
At the convention of 1879 the Master Car Build- ers' Standard Axle with 3% by 7-inch journals was adopted as standard. Changed to Recommendations 1891. Modified to conform to M. C. B. standard 1903.
At the convention of 1890 the Master Car Build- ers1 Standard Axle with journals 4% by 8 in. was adopted as standard. Changed to Recommenda- tions in 1891. Modified to conform to M. C. B. standard in 1903.
At the convention of 1903 the Master Car Build- ers' Standard Axle with 5 by 9-inch journals was adopted as standard.
At the convention of 1903 the Master Car Builders' Standard Axle with journals 5 Mi by 10-inch' was made a standard.
Axles. A. R. M. M. A. Standard. Specifications for Locomotive Driving and Engine Truck Axles.
1. Material. — Open-hearth steel.
2. Chemical Requirements. — Phosphorus, not to ex- ceed .05 per cent.; sulphur, not to exceed .05 per cent.; manganese, not to exceed .60 per cent.
3. Physical Requirements. — Tensile strength — not less than 80,000 lbs. per square inch; elongation in two inches — not less than 20 per cent.; reduction in area — not less than 25 per cent.
4. Tests. — One test per melt will be required, the test specimen to be taken from either end of any axle with a hollow drill, half-way between the cen- ter and the outside, the hole made by the drill to be not more than 2 inches in diameter nor more than 4% inches deep. The standard turned test speci- men, % inch in diameter and 2 inches gage length, shall be used to determine the physical properties. (See Fig. 1.)
*-X-
-4K:
tHt-^=-
KS
u
35
Fig. 1.
Drillings or turnings from the tensile specimen shall be used to determine the chemical properties.
5. Stamping and Marking. — Each axle must have heat number and manufacturer's name plainly stamped on one end, with stamps hot less than % inch high, and have order number plainly marked with white lead.
6. Inspection. — All axles must be free from seams, pipes and other defects, and must conform to draw- ings accompanying these specifications.
7. Axles must be rough-turned all over, with a flat-nosed tool, cut to exact length, have ends smoothly finished and centered with 60° centers.
AXL
BAF
8. Axles failing to meet any of the above require- ments, or which prove defective on machin:ng, will be rejected.
Axle Box (British), 46, Figs. 5077-5078. A Journal Box, which see. See also Grease Axle Box, Oil Axle Box.
Axle Box Bearing (British). Sec Journal Bearing.
Axle Box Cover (British). A hinged movable cover on the tender axle box through which the lubricant is introduced. On British oil axle boxes the cover is generally bolted to the box with a strip of leather interposed to make an oil-tight joint. The oil is replenished through a small orifice closed by a screw plug or spring hinge.
Axle Box Keep (British). The lower part of a tender axle box, which in an oil box, contains the lubri- cant, and in a grease box simply protects the under side of the journal from dust.
Axle Box Sponge Box (British). See Driving Box Cellar.
Axle Box Lid (British). See Journal Box Lid.
Axle Collar 10, Fig. 3545. A rim or enlargement on the end of an axle which takes the end thrust of the journal bearing.
Axle Guard (British). American equivalent, pedestal. The ordinary or W pattern consists of a wrought iron plate attached to the sole bar, which permits vertical motion of the tender axle box, but restrains movement in any other direction.
Axle Guard Crown (British). The main part of the Axle Guard, which see.
Axle Guard Crown Washer (British). A piece of wrought iron plate, used as a washer for three or more bolts, which secure the main part of the axle guard to the tender sole bar.
Axle Guard Keep or Horn Stay (British). A piece of iron which secures the lower end of the jaws of the tender axle guards together.
Axle Guard Stay Rod or Axle Guard Stretcher (Brit- ish). American equivalent, pedestal tie bar. A longitudinal bar connecting the lower ends of the tender axle guards, and keeping them the right distance apart.
Axle Guard Wing (British). The inclined part of an axle guard, strengthening it fore and aft.
Axle Guard Wing Washer (British). A piece of iron plate used as a washer for two or more bolts secur- ing the wing of the axle guard to the sole bar. See Axle Guard Wing.
Axle Packing. A Dust Guard, which see. The journal packing is often called axle packing.
Axle Seat. 4, Figs. 3526-3540. The inside surface of the hole in a wheel which comes in contact with the axle, and not the hole itself. The corresponding part of an axle is called the wheel seat or wheel fit
Babbitt MetaL "An alloy, consisting of 9 parts of tin and 1 of copper used for journal boxes; so called from its inventor, Isaac Babbitt, of Boston. Some variations have ber.n made, and among the pub- lished compositions are:
Copper 1 1
Antimony 1 5
Tin 10 50
Another formula substitutes zinc for antimony. The term is commonly applied to any white alloy for bearings, as distinguished from the box metals or brasses in which copper predominates." — Knight.
Babbitt Metal Bearings. A style of bearing of which a great ysLTiety of forms exist, which in effect sub- stitutes Babbitt metal in some of its many forms for brass as a bearing surface. Lead-Lined Bear- ings, which see, are different in that they merely use a thin sheet of lead over the brass, to correct slight irregularities and give an even bearing sur- face. The bearing or brass should be bored out to remove scale.
Back Bumper. 122, Figs. 76-124; Figs. 1531-1537. A cast iron or steel beam fastened across the frames under the deck at the back end of an engine. Also called tail piece, foot plate and deck plate.
Back Course (Stayless Boiler). 71, Figs. 151-152. The plate on a Lents or Vanderbilt Boiler, which see, that corresponds to the outside firebox sheet of an ordinary locomotive boiler.
Back Cylinder Head. 1. (Air Brakes.) See Non-Pres- sure Head.
2. (Engine Cylinder.) Figs. 918-919, 922-925, 928-933. The Cylinder Head, which see, through which the piston rod passes; the head nearest the crosshead.
Back Face Plate (Steel Tired Wheels). The inner one of the two plates connecting the tire with the hub.
Back Head (Boiler). 129, Figs. 77-124; 4, Figs. 151-204. The plate forming the back end of a boiler. It is separated from the back firebox sheet by the back water space. See Boiler.
Back. Head Braces. 9, Figs. 151-204; Figs. 265-269. Sup- ports for the back head extending from the fire- box side sheets. They are attached with pins to angle or channel brackets riveted to the inside face of the back head.
Back Head Brace Angle. 5, Figs. 151-204. A steel plate bent to a right angle and riveted inside the boiler back head to hold one end of a brace binding the back head to the firebox side sheet.
Back Head Brace Jaw. A bifurcation on the end of a back head brace for attaching the brace to a lug on the back head or boiler shell.
Back Head Brace Lug. A projection riveted to the shell or back head sheet for securing one end of a back nead brace. See Back Head Brace Angle.
Back Head Brace Pin. 11, Figs. 151-204. A bolt pass- ing through the jaw of a brace and through a corre- sponding hole in a lug, for holding the brace.
Back Head Crow Foot. 10, Figs. 151-204. A bifurcated lug riveted to the inside of the back head for the attachment of a brace.
Back Head Tee Iron. A T-shaped piece of iron riveted to the inside of the back head for the attachment of a brace. See Back Head Brace Angle.
Back Stop Timbers. Short sub-sills bolted and keyed by packing blocks to the center sills of a tender in line with the draft timbers, to assist the draft or center sills in transmitting the buffing shocks and strains. Usually called a buffing sub-sill.
Back Water Space. 3, Figs. 151-204. See Water Space.
Badge Plate (For Boiler Pressure). Figs. 237-238, 243- 244. A cast or stamped metal plate fastened to the back head of a boiler or in some other prominent place in the cab to indicate the pressure allowed to be carried.
Baffle Plate. 14, Figs. 343-442. An apron for regulating the draft through the tubes, placed in the smoke- box and attached to the tube sheet at an angle of 20 to 30 deg. It is intended to prevent sparks being drawn up the stack. Called also deflecting plate and diaphragm.
BAI
BEV
Bait A curved handle of a more cr less semi-circular form for a pail, bucket, lantern or other utensil. As applied to lanterns, 15, Figs. 3317-3322.
Balanced Compound Locomotive. See Compound Locomotive.
Balanced Valve. Figs. 2097-2192. A valve in which the steam pressure on all sides is evenly balanced. All Piston Valves, which see, are balanced valves, and most Slide Valves, which sec, are balanced, bal- ancing is accomplished by admitting steam behind or underneath the valve over the same area as the parts normally under pressure.
Balanced Valve Regulator. Fig. 3164. A valve for au- tomatically regulating the pressure in the steam pipe in a car heating system.
Baldwin Tandem Compound Locomotive. Figs. 47, 2207. See Compound Locomotive.
Baldwin Balanced Compound Locomotive. Figs. 54, 56, 63, 2193-220G. See Compound Locomotive.
Ball Bearing Side Bearing. Figs. 4511-4512.
Baltimore Ball Bearing Side Bearing. Figs. 4511-4512.
Band. 1. A metal strip or hoop surrounding the outside of a boiler to hold the jacket in place.
2. A piece of iron shrunk around the middle of a spring to hold its leaves or plates in their relative positions.
Barber Tender Truck. Figs. 431 1-4314.
Barrel (Boilers). Also called shell. That portion of a locomotive boiler extending from the smokebox to the firebox and enclosing the tubes.
Bearing. That which supports or rests on. something, and is in contact with it. Thus a block or stone on which the end of a timber rests is called a bear- ing. The metal block or bushing in contact with a journal is called a bearing. For M. M. Standard journal bearings sec Figs. 4797-4877. See Brake Hanger Bearing Lead Lined Journal Bearing Brake Shaft Bearing Lifting Shaft Bearing Center Bearing Rocker Side Bearing
Dust Guard Bearing Rocker Bearing Journal Bearing Side Bearing
Stop Key Journal Truck Side Bearing
Bearing Driving Axle Bearing
Main Rod Bearing Side Rod Bearing
Bearing Metal. An alloy of copper and tin or copper and zinc, to which antimony and lead are some- times added, for use in engine and tender axle bearings. Sec Anti-Friction Metal, Babbitt Metal
Bearing Spring (British). American equivalent, bolster spring, or journal box spring. The spring which carries the weight of the vehicle and rests on the axle box. In British practice usually a half-elliptic spring.
Bearing Spring Buckle (British). American equivalent, spring baud. A solid wrought iron strap which confines the plates of the bearing spring, and is generally provided with lugs on the lower side so that it cannot be moved transversely or longi- tudinally on the axle box. The plates arc secured to the buckle by a vertical rivet. Bearing Spring Shoe (British). A cast iron lipped rub- bing piece, secured to the under side of the sole bar, on which the ends of a bearing spring bear. Bell. 57, Figs. 77-121; Fig. 3255. A device for making a sound, consisting of a hollow, cup-shaped brass casting with a swinging rod or clapper inside, mounted on the boiler of a locomotive to give warning of its approach. Operated cither by hand with a bell rope leading into the cab, or by a small air engine, or Bell Ringer, which sec. Bell Clapper. 8, Fig. 3255. A rod having a knob or en- largement on the end hanging from the top of a
bell on the inside for the purpose of striking the bell and making a sound. Also called a bell tongue.
Bell Clapper Hanger. 4, Fig. 8255. A lug cast on the upper inside surface of a bell for the purpose of hanging the clapper. Also called bell clapper jaw.
Bell Cord or Bell Rope. A cord extending from the cab to the lever of the bell by which the bell is rung.
Bell Cord Bushing. Figs. 325G-3257. A thimble lining a hole through a partition for a bell cord to pass through. Usually placed in the front or rear wail of the cab, according to the location of the bell.
Bell Crank. 1. An arm or rod attached to a bell to move it and cause it to sound.
2. A pivoted crank having two arms usually at right angles' to each other and in the same plane for changing the direction of motion 90 dcg., more or less.
Bell Ornament. An ornament or device on top of a bell, formerly much used, but now almost obsolete.
Bell Ringer. Figs. 3261-3206. A small motor consist- ing of a cylinder, piston, piston rod and suitable valve for admitting compressed air to the cylinder, the piston rod of which moves, by means of a con- necting rod, the crank attached to the bell and thus rings the bell.
Bell Ringer Support. A stand or bracket, bolted to the boiler to form a base to which the bell ringer is bolted.
Bell Rope. See Bell Cord.
Bell Rope Eye. A circular hole in the end of the bell crank arm for the attachment of a rope by which the bell is rung.
Bell Stand. 58, Figs. 77-124; 9, Fig. 3255. A stand with two arms on which the studs or trunnions of the bell yoke rest.
Bell Stand Seat. The base or support bolted to the top of the boiler, and on which the bell stand is secured.
Bell Yoke. 3, Fig. 3255. A curved piece of metal pass- ing across the top of the bell, usually of one piece with the bell itself, and having a stud or trunnion at each end resting in and turning upon bearings on the bell stand.
Belpaire Firebox Boiler. Figs. 184-llKi. A boiler having a firebox with a flat crown sheet joining the side sheets by a curve of short radius and having the outside crown sheet and the upper part of the outer side sheets flat and parallel to those of the inner firebox. These flat parallel plates are then stayed by straight direct vertical and transverse horizontal Stays, obviating the necessity of crown bars to sup- port and strengthen the crown sheet.
Bend (Iron Pipes). See Return Bend. They are dis- tinguished as close and open return bends.
Bending Rolls. Fig. 4888. A machine for bending metal plates to a circular form, such as boiler plates. Three rolls arc arranged in pyramidal form. The two lower rolls arc generally geared together and the upper roll runs free, but is provided with means for vertical adjustment and is also arranged so that it can be swung out of the way to allow the removal of the piece which has been formed. By changing the distance between the upper roll and the lower rolls, plates can be bent to varying radii of curvature.
Beat, W. N., American Calorific Co. Oil Burner. Figs. 734-736, 756-757.
Bettendorf Cast Steel Tender Truck. Figs. 4342-4345.
Beveled Washer. A washer used to give an even bearing for rods which stand at an acute angle to the surface on which the nut or bolt head bears. Sometimes two such washers which come near
BIB
BOD
together are cast in one piece, and are then called double beveled washers.
Bibb. A curved nozzle for conveying liquids and changing the direction of flow, usually from a hori- zontal to a vertical current. Hence —
Bibb Cock. Literally, a cock with a curved nozzle or spout, but commonly restricted to a cock with a plain valve without springs, moved by the hand only.
Binding Pott. 28, Figs. 3267-3270. . A short brass stud with a hole through it for a conductor or wire which is held fast in the top or side of the post by a thumb screw.
Blast Pipe (British). 21, Figs. 5077-5078. See Exhaust Pipe.
Blast Pipe Nozzle (British). 22, Figs. 5077-5078. See Exhaust Nozzle.
Bleeding Cock or Bleeding Valve. Another name for Release Valve, which see. The operation of releas- ing the brakes when applied upon a car detached from the locomotive is sometimes called bleeding. The bleeding valve is located in the auxiliary reser- voir, and the brakes may be released by holding it open and allowing the air in the brake cylinder to escape.
Block. 1. "A heavy piece of timber or wood, usually with one plane surface; or it is rectangular and rather thick than long." — Webster.
2. "A pulley or system of pulleys, mounted on its frame or shell, with its bands or strap. A block consists of one or more pulleys or sheaves, in a groove of which the rope runs, fastened in a shell or frame by pins, on which they revolve; of a shell or frame enclosing the pulley or pulleys; and of a strap or band, consisting of a rope, en- compassing the shell, and attached by an eye of rope or a hook to some object." — Ed. Ency.
The interior wheels are termed sheaves, which latter term is often used to designate the whole block or pulley, but incorrectly. A snatch block is a block with only one sheave, and with an opening at the side for the ready insertion and removal of the rope. Blocks without this opening, however, arc sometimes loosely termed snatch blocks. Block and Tackle. A general term applied to a pair or more of pulleys and accompanying rope. Also termed fall and tackle, or simply tackle. Blooms and Billets (A. R. M. M. A. Standard Speci- fications for Steel Blooms and Billets for Locomo- tive Forgings).
Material. — 1. Open-hearth steel.
Physical Requirements. — 2. Grade "A": Tensile strength, 70,000 lbs. per square inch. Elongation in two inches, 20 per cent.
3. Grade "B":
Tensile strength, 80,000 lbs. per square inch. Elongation in two inches, 17 per cent.
Chemical Analysis. — 4. Grade "A":
Carbon 25 to .40 per cent.
Phosphorus, not to exceed .0(5 per cent.
Sulphur, not to exceed .00 per cent.
Manganese, not to exceed .00 per cent.
5. Grade "B":
Carbon 35 to .50 per cent.
Phosphorus, not to exceed .05 per cent.
Sulphur, not to exceed .05 per cent
Manganese, not to exceed .00 per cent.
Tests. — C. One test per melt will be required, the test specimen to be cut cold from the bloom, parallel to its axis and half-way between the center and the outside. The standard turned test speci- men, % inch in diameter and 2 inches gage length,
shall be used to determine the physical properties. (See Fig. 1. Axles, Specifications.) Drillings or turnings from the tensile specimen shall be used to determine the chemical properties.
Stamping and Marking. — 7. Each bloom or billet must have heat number and manufacturer's name plainly stamped on one end, with stamps not less than % inch, and have order number plainly marked with white lead.
Inspection. — 8. Blooms and billets must be free from checks, pipes and surface defects. Any blooms or billets chipped to a depth greater than Vi inch will be rejected.
9. Any billet or bloom failing to meet the above requirements will be rejected and held subject to disposal by manufacturers.
10. Inspector to have the privilege of taking drillings from the center of the top bloom billet of the ingot in order to determine the amount of segregation.
Grade "A" is intended for rod straps and mis- cellaneous forgings.
Grade "B" is intended for driving and truck axles, connecting rods, crank pins and guides.
Blower Pipe. 250, Figs. 77-124. A pipe to convey steam from a valve on the boiler head to the exhaust nozzle tip or base of the stack in order to create a draft and thus stimulate the tire when the engine is standing. Also used to diminish black smoke when steam is shut off, as when approaching a station.
Blower Pipe Connection. Figs. 390-393. • A threaded nipple in the side of the smokebox for attaching a steam pipe while the locomotive is standing in the engine house to create a draft and start the fire.
Blower Pipe Coupling Nut. 49, Figs. 390-393. A union for joining the two parts of the blower pipe, i. e. : the one leading from the valve on tHc boiler head and the one leading to the stack or exhaust tip.
Blower Pipe Fittings. The couplings, unions, elbows, nipples, etc., used in connecting the blower pipe from the valve on the boiler head to the point where it enters the stack or exhaust pipe.
Blower Valve. Figs. 3027-3031. A valve attached to the boiler head, or more usually to the Turret, which sec, to admit steam through the blower pipe to the stack, in order to increase the draft.
Blow-off Cock. Figs. 277, 3334-3339; 224, Figs. 77-124. A plug valve having a large opening, usually screwed into the front water leg of the firebox, but sometimes into the back head above the crown sheet, used for emptying the boiler and carrying off accumulated mud and loose scale. Sec Pneu- matic Blow-off Cock.
Blow-off Cock Arm. The handle or lever by means of which the blow-off cock is opened and closed.
Blow-off Cock Extension. A pipe, usually having an elbow or right angle bend, screwed oh a blow-off cock to conduct the water from the boiler into a pit Or other opening between the rails.
Blow-off Cock Rod. A slender bar connected to a blow-off cock for operating it and extending out to the side of the engine, where it is connected to a shaft and handle.
Blow-off Cock Valve. Fig. 3339. A valve, controlling by means of air pressure, the operation of a blow- off cock. Sec Pneumatic Blow-off Cock.
Board. "A piece of timber sawed thin, and of consider- able length and breadth, compared with the thick- ness, used for building and other purposes." — Webster. See Letter Board, Runboard.
Body Bolster. 5, Figs. 3G14-3656; Figs. 4413-4416. The
BOD
BOL
transversa members of the underframc over the trucks which transmit the loads carried by the lon- gitudinal sills to the truck through the center plates. Metal body bolsters are becoming standard for use on tenders regardless of whether the sills are of wood or steel. The term body transom is sometimes applied to the bolster, but incorrectly, as this term applies more properly to the cross tie timbers. See Bolster.
Body Center Plate. 8, Figs. 3614-3656. The center plate attached to the under side of the body bolster. See Center Plate.
Body Check Chain Eye. 31, Figs. 3614-3656. An eye bolt or clevis for fastening a truck chain or safety chain to the tender frame. See Truck Check Chain Eye.
Body Check Chain Hook. An iron hook on the Check Chain, which see, which enters into the body check chain eye. See Figs. 3768-3770.
Body Side Bearings. 32, Figs. 3614-3656; Figs. 4511- 4521. The upper one of the two Side Bearings, which see, attached to the body bolster.
Body Spring. A Bolster Spring, which see.
Bogie (British). Figs. 5137-5140. A swiveling four- wheel truck used ir.ider engines and tenders. See Truck.
Bogie Frame (British). See Truck Frame.
Bogie Frame Cross Stay (British). See Truck Frame Cross Tie.
Bogie Horn Plate (Briiish). 48, Figs. 5077-5078. See pedestal.
Bogie Horn Plate Stay (British). 49, Figs. 5077-5088. See Pedestal Cap.
Bogie Pin (British). 52, Figs. 5077-5078. See Center Pin.
Boiler. Figs. 144-200; Details 207-330. A steel shell containing water which is converted into steam by the heat of the fire in the firebox to furnish energy to move the locomotive. Locomotive boilers are of the internal firebox, straight fire tube type, hav- ing a cylindrical shell containing the fire tubes or flues, an enlarged back end for the firebox and an extension front end, or smbkebox, leading out from which is the stack. Boilers are classified by their shape as Straight Top, which see, having the cylin- drical shell of uniform diameter from the . firebox to the smokebox; as Wagon Top, which see, having a conical or sloping course of plates next to the firebox and tapering down to the cylindrical courses; as Extended Wagon Top, which see, hav- ing one or more cylindrical courses between the firebox and the sloping course which tapers to the diameter of the main shell. They are further classified as Wide Firebox, Narrow Firebox, Bel- paire Firebox, and Wootten Firebox, which see. See also: Firebox, Heating Surface, Radial Stay Boiler, Riveting, Staybolt, Tubes, Vanderbilt Boiler, Water Tube Boiler.
Boiler Angle. A plate or strip of right angle or L sec- tion, used as a brace or strut in any part of a locomotive boiler.
Boiler Bracing. The system of stays and braces used in a boiler to enable its plates to resist the pressure imposed upon them by the steam. See Crown Bar, Stay Bolt and Sling Stay.
Boiler Check. See Injector Check.
Boiler Clothing Band (British). 93, Figs. 5077-5078. See Jacket Band.
Boiler Clothing Plate (British). 92, Figs. 5077-5078. See Jacket.
Boiler Filler. A metal plug screwed in a hole in the upper part of a boiler for convenience in filling with water.
Boiler Jacket. See Jacket.
Boiler Plate. Sheets of iron or mild steel from % to %-in. thick, of which the shell of a boiler is made.
Boiler Shell The cylindrical part of a boiler in front of the firebox.
Boiler Staying (British). See Boiler Bracing.
Boiler Steel (Specifications for). See SteeL
Boiler Tee. A T-shaped piece of iron riveted to one of the boiler plates for holding a boiler brace.
Boiler Tube. See Tube and Flue.
Bolster. 5, Figs. 3614-3656; Figs. 4399-4328. A trussed wooden beam or a rolled or pressed steel shape placed across the frame of a tender truck to receive, through the center plate, the weight of the tender, and transfer it to the truck frame and wheels through the springs on which it is carried. A similar bol- ster is placed transversely on the under side of the tender sills, over the center of each truck, and called a Body Bolster, which see. It transfers the weight through the center plates to the truck bol- ster. Two-wheel engine trailing trucks also have bolsters, which are often combined with the journal boxes as in Figs. 3432-3435.
Bolster Arch Bar. The name sometimes applied to the upper bar in the side frame of a diamond arch bar tender truck. See Arch Bar.
Bolster Center Casting. Figs. 3676-3678. A hollow rectangular casting placed between the draft tim- bers or center sills and the body bolster plates. The king bolt passes through it.
Bolster End Cap. A metal plate over the end of the truck bolster, replacing the bolster truss rod washers used on trussed wooden bolsters.
Bolster Flitch Plates. 28, Figs. 4328-4330. The iron or steel plates of a built-up bolster, sandwiched be- tween wood pieces. They are rarely met with now, having been almost entirely superseded by metal bolsters. They are also called bolster sandwich plates.
Bolster Guide. 5, Figs. 4294-4382; Figs. 4385-4387. Ver- tical posts between the top and bottom arch bars of a tender truck, primarily to stiffen the truck frame, but which serve as guides for the ends of the bolster. More commonly Column, which see.
Bolster Sandwich Plate. See Bolster Flitch Plate.
Bolster Springs. 4a, Figs. 4294-4382; Figs. 4522-4537. The main springs of a tender, carried on the spring plank and supporting the truck bolster, on which the weight of the tender body rests.
Bolster Spring Cap. See Spring Plate.
Bolster Spring Seat. See Spring Plate.
Bolster Truss Rod. 24, Figs. 4319-4323. A bent rod secured at the ends of a tender truck bolster and bearing upon a saddle or king post. Two truss rods are commonly used.
Bolt. A pin, rod or bar of metal used to hold or fasten anything in its place. Ordinarily a bolt has a head on one end and a screw and nut on the other, while a rod has a nut on both ends. Vari- ous forms of bolts, which see for further defini- tions, are as follows: Carriage Bolt, Eye Bolt, Jaw Bolt, Joint Bolt, Key Bolt, Lug Bolt, Machine Bolt, Strap Bolt or U-Shaped Bolt For bolts whose names are derived from the purpose for which they serve, see Box Bolt, Column Bolt, Hub Bolt, Journal Box Bolt, Journal Box Cover Bolt, King Bolt or Center Pin, Tire Bolt, Saddle Bolt, Stay Bolt, Frame Bolt, Cylinder Head Bolt, Patch Bolt
Bolt Cutter. Figs. 4889-4894. A machine for cutting threads on bolts by means of a die. Boh cutters are made in various designs, as single and multiple
BOL
10
BRA
head bolt cutters, special bolt cutters for cutting the threads on stay bolts, etc.
Bolt Head. The enlarged portion of a bolt at one end that conies in contact with the material through which the bolt is passed, and which prevents the whole bolt from going through the hole. The American Railway Master Mechanics' Association in 1899 adopted the following dimensions for square bolt heads as standard: The side of the head shall be one and one-half times the diameter of the bolt, and the thickness of the head shall be one-half the side of the head.
Bolt Header. Figs. 4933-4934. A machine for forging the heads on bolts. See also Forging Machine.
Booth Fuel Oil Burner. Figs. 768-771.
Boring and Turning Mill. Figs. 4895-4903. A tool for machining circular holes and turning metal. It is provided with a horizontal circular table to which the work to.be machined is secured. The table is revolved on substantial bearings and the cutting tools are carried in saddles attached to a cross rail, which is secured to and has a vertical movement on the face of two uprights similar to the housings of a planer. This type of machine has supplanted the lathe for much work formerly done on the face plate. Work can be set up with greater rapidity and ease on the horizontal table of the boring mill than can be done on the vertical face plate of the lathe. .In the horizontal boring and turning mill, Figs. 4895-4898, the adjustment is made by moving the table or bed carrying the work, instead of by moving the tool, as in the vertical type.
Boss or Hub (of a Steel-Tired Wheel). 3, Figs. 1353- 1367. The central portion, through which the axle passes. Boss is the usual British term, but little used in the United States.
Bottom. "The lowest part of anything, as the bottom of a well, vat or ship." — Webster. See Ash Pan Bottom, Lamp Bottom.
Bottom Arch Bar. 2, Figs. 4294-4382. An inverted arch bar. The pedestal tie bar is sometimes called bot- tom arch bar. See Arch Bar.
Bottom Bolster. A Truck Bolster, which see, is some- times spoken of as the bottom bolster, while the body bolster is called the top bolster.
Bottom Brace (Engine Truck). 3, Figs. 4294-4382. A flat bar bolted on the bottom of the engine truck box jaws, and frequently called a Pedestal Binder or Pedestal Tie, which see.
Bottom Truck Connection. The common name for a Brake Lever Coupling Bar, which sec.
Box. See Journal Box.
Box Bearing. A Journal Bearing, which see.
Box Bolt. (Diamond Trucks.) The bolts holding the journal box in place. More properly, Journal Box Bolts, which see.
Box Cover. See Journal Box Cover or Lid.
Box Guide. See Journal Box Guide and Pedestal.
Box Lid. See Journal Box Cover or Lid.
Box Packing. Journal Packing, which see.
Box Steps. Tender or locomotive steps made with closed sides and backs, as distinguished from open steps which have an opening through the parts named.
Brace. An inclined beam, rod, or bar of a frame, truss, girder, etc., which unites two or more of the points where other members of the structure are connected together, and which prevents them from turning about their joints. A brace thus makes the structure incapable of altering its form from this cause, and it also distributes or transmits part of the strain at one or more of the joints toward the
point or points of support, or resistance to that strain. A brace may be subjected to either a strain of compression or tension. See Boiler Brace, Back Head Brace, Tube Sheet Brace, Back Brace, Pilot Brace, Frame Brace.
Bracket. 1. An angular brace or stay to hold one piece at right angles to another. See Bumper Bracket Headlight Bracket
Cab Bracket Running Board Bracket
Air Pump Bracket Cylinder Lever Bracket
2. On cast iron tender or truck wheels, the curved stiffening ribs cast on the inside of the plate are called brackets. See WheeL
Bracket Nut. A small nut, turned by a Spanner, which see.
Bradford Draft Gear. Figs. 3923-3926.
Brake. The whole combination of parts by which the motion of the locomotive or train is retarded or arrested. The Foundation Brake Gear, which see, includes all of the parts by which the pressure of the air in the brake cylinder is transmitted to the wheels.
Air Brake High-Speed Brake Gear
Automatic Air Brake New York Air Brake Brake Beam Quick Action Brake
Brake Lever Straight Air Brake
Driver Brake Vacuum Brake
Foundation Brake Westinghouse Automatic
Gear Air Brake.
Brake Beam. 16, Figs. 4294-4382; Figs. 4429-4458. A transverse beam of iron, steel or wood, often strengthened by a truss and carrying a brake head and shoe at each end, by means of which the pres- sure in the brake cylinder transmitted through the brake levers is conveyed to and equally distributed on the treads of both wheels on an axle. The brake beams are sometimes hung from the under- frame or the truck frame outside of the wheels, outside hung, but more commonly between the wheels, inside hung.
Brake Beam Adjusting Hanger. 17, Figs. 4294-4382. A link sometimes attached to a brake beam to cause the latter and the brake head and shoe to main- tain the same relative positions when the brakes are released, so as to prevent the ends of the brake shoes from coming in contact with the wheel when the brakes are released. It is attached to the truck transoms or truck bolster in tender trucks, by a projecting brake beam adjusting hanger carrier, and to the brake beam by an eye or clip. Sometimes called a parallel brake hanger.
Brake Beam Adjusting Hanger Carrier. See above.
Brake Beam Bye Bolt. Properly an eye bolt for fast- ening a lower brake rod to a wooden brake beam. They have threads cut nearly their entire length, and usually a nut is placed on each side of the brake beam, which can be screwed up so as to take up the wear of the brake shoes.
Brake Beam Fulcrum. See Brake Lever Fulcrum. A brake beam king post or strut is frequently called a brake beam fulcrum.
Brake Beam Hanger. 11, Figs. 4294-4382. A rod or bar by which a brake beam is hung or suspended from a tender truck. More commonly, Brake Hanger, which see. See also Brake Beam Adjusting Hanger.
Brake Beam King Post. A strut or distance piece which forms a bearing for the truss rod of a brake beam. In metal brake beams the brake lever is attached to it, and it then becomes a brake lever fulcrum.
Brake Beam Safety Chain. A Brake Safety Chain, which see.
BRA
11
BRA
Brake Beam Safety Chain Hanger. Sec Brake Safety Chain Eye Bolt.
Brake Beam Strut A Brake Beam King Post, which sec.
Brake Beam Support. Sec Brake Hanger.
Brake Beam Truss Rod. A rod used to strengthen a brake beam:
Brake Block. Another name for a Brake Head, which sec. J J rake block is the usual British term for the combined brake head and shoe. The two arc often combined in one piece in Hritish practice, no re- movable shoe being used.
Brake Carrier. Sec Brake Hanger Carrier.
Brake Chain. See Brake Shaft Chain.
Brake Chain Connecting Rod. An iron rod connect- ing the brake chain to one of the brake levers, usually the floating lever.
Brake Clevis. A Brake Lever Fulcrum, which see.
Brake Connecting Rod. More properly, Brake Chain Connecting Rod, which sec.
Brake Connection. 8, Figs. 2053-2090. A Brake Rod, which sec. A round iron rod, usually made with jaws on the ends to lit over the brake levers. They transmit the pressure of the brake cylinder piston from one brake lever to another and finally to the brake shoes. The rods take their names from the brake lever to which they arc attached, which is farthest from tht cylinder.
Brake Cut-out Cock. See Cut-out Cock.
Brake Cylinder. (Air Brake.) GO, Figs. 77-1*24; Figs. 2497-2490. A cast iron cylinder attached to the frame of the tender or locomotive, or to the loco- motive forward truck. It contains a piston which is forced outwardly by compressed air to apply the brakes, and when the air pressure is released the piston is returned to its normal position by a re- lease spring coiled about the piston rod inside the cylinder. On locomotives, tenders and passenger cars the brake cylinder is fitted with two heads, the pressure head and the non-pressure head, while in the freight brake the end of the auxiliary reservoir forms one head of the brake cylinder. The piston rod of the tender brake cylinder, Fig. 2499, lias a crosshead at its outer end, to which is attached the cylinder lever. The piston rod of the freight brake cylinder, as well as that of the tender brake, .'i, Figs. 2498-2199, is hollow and loosely encloses a push rod which is attached to the cylinder lever. The driver brake cylinder is attached either to tnc framu back of the driving wheels, or to one of the cross- ties or to the guide yoke.
Brake Cylinder Bracket. 9, Figs. 205:1-2090. A plate or bar of steel riveted to the under side of a tender frame and having holes for bolts to secure the brake cylinder. See Brake Cylinder Plate.
Brake Cylinder Lever. (Tender lirake.) 5 and 0, Figs. 205.V20!Mi. One of two levers which are connected together by a tic rod attached near their centers. One end of one lever is attached to the crosshead of the brake cylinder, and the corresponding end of the other is attached to a bracket on the brake cylinder head at the opposite end of the cylinder. The other ends of the levers are connected with the floating lever by rods.
Brake Cylinder Pipe (Air lirake). J. The pipe that connects the brake cylinder with the triple valve.
2. The pipe that connects the distributing valve with all the brake cylinders in the Westinghousc \i T locomotive brake equipment.
Brake Cylinder Piston Rod. :t, Figs. 2497-2499. A pis-
ton rod attached to a piston in a brake cylinder for locomotive driving, trailing, truck or tender wheels. Sec Push Rod.
Brake Cylinder Plate (Air lirake). The steel plate to which the brake cylinder is bolted and by which it is attached to the tender sills.
Brake Cylinder Push Rod. Sec Brake Cylinder Piston Rod and Push Rod.
Brake Cylinder Support. See Brake Cylinder Plate.
Brake Dog. A Brake Pawl, which see.
Brake Equalizer. A Floating Lever, which see.
Brake Eye Bolt. A Brake Beam Eye Bolt, which see.
Brake Finger. A Brake Pawl, which see.
Brake Gear. See Air Brake Standards, Driver Brake, Foundation Brake Gear, Tender Brake, Truck Brake.
Brake Hand Wheel. A wheel secured to a shaft around which a brake chain is wound to apply the tender brakes by hand.
Brake Hanger. 1. 11, Figs. 4294-4.182. A link or bar by which brake beams and attachments are suspended from a truck or tender frame. It is attached to the truck or to the frame of the locomotive or tender by a brake hanger carrier. Drake hangers are dis- tinguished as hooked, linked and U-shaped. Best practice locates this hanger so as to have the brake shoes a predetermined height above the rail, thus insuring the same piston travel, regardless of whether the tender is empty or loaded.
2. (British.) A wrought iron bar by which the brake block is suspended. No brake beam is com- monly used.
Brake Hanger Bolt. A bolt which fastens the brake hanger to the brake hanger carrier.
Brake Hanger Carrier. An eye or U-bolt, a casting or other fastening by which a brake hanger is attached to the truck.
Brake Hanger Pin. A pin passing through the brake hanger carrier and the brake hanger.
Brake Head. Figs. 2758-02, 2778, 2784, 4459- 1400; 10, Figs. 4294-4'i92. A metal casting secured to the end of a brake beam or hanger to hold a brake shoe. The most common form is the Christie brake head and shoe. The shoe is cast with lugs which lit into cor- responding recesses in the head and a thin tapered key holds the two securely together. P»y withdraw- ing the key the worn-out shoe can be quickly re- moved and a new shoe substituted. In Great Britain the brake head and shoe arc commonly made in one piece, and called a brake block.
Brake Hose. See Air Brake Hose.
Brake Hose Coupling. See Hose Coupling.
Brake Hose Coupling Case. See Hose Coupling Case.
Brake Hose Nipple. See Hose Nipple.
Brake Lever (Air lirake). A general term including all the levers in the Foundation Brake Gear, which see. See also Dead Lever, Live Lever, Cylinder Lever, Truck Brake Lever.
Brake Lever Bracket. A wrought iron knee on the under side of a tender, to which the fulcrum of a brake lever is sometimes attached.
Brake Lever Bracket Brace. A diagonal wrought iron brace to stiffen the brake lever bracket.
Brake Lever Connecting Rod. 8, Figs. 205:1- 20!M>. An iron rod connecting the lloatiug levers operated from the tender brake cylinder. See Brake Cylin- der Lever.
Brake Lever Coupling Bar (Inner Hung llrakcs). 14, Figs. 429I-4MK2. A compression bar connecting the two brake levers (dead lever and live lever), to which it is fastened by the coupling bar pin. When the brakes arc outer *hung, this member becomes
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in tension instead of compression, and is known as the lower brake rod. It is usually called bottom truck connection.
Brake Lever Fulcrum. Figs. 4461-44C3. A forked iron attached to the brake beam, by means of which a brake lever is connected to the beam. In the trussed metal brake beams the king post of the brake beam becomes the brake lever fulcrum. See Brake Beam King Post.
Brake Lever Guide. 15, Figs. 4294-4M2. An iron bar which guides the upper end of a brake lever. Fur- ther distinguished as live lever and dead lever guides, the latter provided with pins for adjustment as the brake shoes wear, and also called a brake lever stop.
Brake Lever Jaw. A Brake Lever Fulcrum, which sec.
Brake Lever Pin, or Brake Pin. A small metal pin used in the brake lever connections.
Brake Lever Spring. A Release Spring, which see.
Brake Lever. Stop. 15, Figs. 4294-4:182. An iron bar or loop attached to a truck or tender frame, and which holds tlie upper end of a fixed or dead brake lever. It usually has holes in it in which a fulcrum pin is inserted. l»y moving the pin from one hole to an- other the lever is adjusted so as to take up the wear of the brake shoes. More commonly called Dead Lever Guide, which see.
Brake Lever Strut. A brake lever coupling bar or Bottom Truck Connection, which see.
Brake Lever Tie Rod. 4, Figs. 205:*- 2( 590. A rod con- necting the two brake cylinder levers at a point be- tween the ends of each. Also called cylinder lever connection.
Brake Pawl. A small pivoted iron bar for engaging in the teeth of a Brake Rachet Wheel, which see. It is placed in such a position as to be worked in and out of engagement with the ratchet wheel teeth by the foot.
Brake Pipe (Air Brake). Figs. 2410-2421. An iron pipe connecting the engineer's brake valve on the loco- motive with the brake apparatus on all the vehicles in the train, and connected between adjoining cars by flexible hose couplings. The air from the air pump or motor-compressor is conveyed from the main reservoir through the engineer's brake valve to the triple valve and auxiliary reservoir under each car. The brake pipe and auxiliary reservoirs contain air at normally the same pressure, which \i 70 pounds for ordinary service, 90 pounds for high pressure freight service and 110 pounds for high • speed passenger service. A reduction of the pressure in the brake pipe of from 5 to 20 pounds, made by opening a small port in the engineer's brake valve to the atmosphere, causes the triple valves to close communication between the brake pipe and the aux- iliary reservoir and to open communication from the auxiliary reservoirs to the brake cylinder. The compressed air stored in the auxiliary reservoir acts on the cylinder piston and applies the brakes. This is called a service application. In an emergency when it is desired to stop quickly, the engineer's brake valve is thrown to the emergency position and quickly returned to lap position. This gives a sudden reduction in the brake pipe pressure, which throws the triple valve slide valve to its extreme or emergency position. Air is admitted to the brake cylinder from the auxiliary reservoir, and also from the brake pipe through the emergency port, giv* ing additional volume of air and therefore higher brake cylinder pressure. An emergency ap- plication travels throughout the length of the train with great rapidity. In case a hose bursts the pres-
sure is suddenly released in the brake pipe, and the brakes arc applied in the same manner, but with less force, since there is no air in the brake pipe to help out the auxiliary reservoirs. An emergency check valve is provided in the triple valves to pre- vent air from flowing back from the brake cylinders to the brake pipe when the emergency port is opened due to a broken hose. To release the brakes after cither an emergency or service application, the brake pipe pressure is raised, and the triple valves thereby forced to the release position, con- necting the brake pipe to the auxiliary reservoir and the brake cylinder with the atmosphere. The auxiliary reservoirs arc then recharged with air at the brake pipe pressure, and the cylinder pressure is released. This pipe is sometimes called train pipe, train line, or train brake pipe, but its proper name is brake pipe, to distinguish it from the sig- nal and steam heating pipes. See Triple Valve.
Brake Pipe Air Strainer. Fig. 2511. A wire strainer inserted in the brake pipe to prevent foreign matter from entering the brake apparatus on a locomotive or tender.
Brake Pull Rod Safety Hanger. A metal loop or eye attached to a truck and through which the lower brake rod passes. It is intended to prevent the brake rod from falling on the track in case it or its connections should break. Not commonly used.
Brake Ratchet Wheel A wheel attached to a brake shaft, having teeth shaped like saw teeth, into which a pawl engages, thus preventing the wheel and shaft from running backward.
Brake Rod. Any rod serving to connect brake levers.
Brake Rod Guide. Any form of special support for a brake rod.
Brake Rubber. A Brake Shoe, which sec.
Brake Safety Chain or Link. 18a, Figs. 4291- l:W2. A chain attached by brake safety chain eye bolts to a brake beam and to the truck. It is intended for the same purpose as a Brake Safety Strap, which see, to hold the brake beams in case a brake hanger should break. Sometimes made of a single link or bars. A brake beam safety guard is not bolted or fastened to the brake beam, but is usually a T- shaped forging, the stem being bolted to the truck frame, the cross bar hanging under the brake beam to prevent it from falling upon the track if the hanger breaks.
Brake Safety Chain Eye Bolt. An eye bolt attached to a tender truck or tender frame, and which holds a brake safety chain.
Brake Safety Strap. A strap of iron fastened to the end piece or transom of a tender truck and bent into such a shape as to embrace the brake beam. In case any of the hangers should give way, the safety strap is intended to catch and hold the beam and prevent it from falling on the track. Some- times it is made of steel, and used as a release spring for throwing off the brake. A Brake Safety Chain, which sec, is another device for the same purpose.
Brake Shaft 14, Figs. 2053-2696. A vertical iron shaft on which a chain is wound and by which the power of a hand brake is applied to the wheels of a tender.
Brake Shaft Arm. A lever fastened horizontally on top of the brake shaft for turning it and applying the brake. Sometimes used instead of a brake hand wheel.
Brake Shaft Bearing. A metal eye by which a brake shaft is held in its place, and in which it turns.
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Brake Shaft Casing. A tube or slot in which a tender brake shaft is enclosed.
Brake Shaft Chain. 13, Figs. 2653-2G9G. A chain con- necting the brake shaft with the brake levers through the brake chain connecting rods, to the end of which it is attached. The force exerted on the shaft is transmitted by this chain.
Brake Shaft Chain Sheave. A roller or pulley over which a brake shaft chain passes.
Brake Shaft Connecting Rod. 8, Figs. 2G53-2G9t>. A rod which is attached at one end to a brake shaft chain and at the other to one of the levers in the foundation brake gear.
Brake Shaft Pawl. See Brake Pawl.
Brake Shaft Step. 11, Figs. 2G53-2096. A bearing which holds the lower end of the brake shaft. It usually consists of a U-shaped bar of iron, the upper ends of which are fastened to the tender end sill, with a hole in the curved part of the bar which receives the end of the shaft.
Brake Shaft Step Brace. A wrought iron brace at- tached to the brake shaft step to resist the pull of the brake chain.
Brake Shoe. Figs. 2744-54, 2765-278G. A piece of metal shaped to fit the tread of a wheel and attached by a key or otherwise to a brake block or brake head. The brake shoe rubs against the tread of the wheel when the brakes are applied. Such shoes are made of cast, wrought or malleable iron or steel, usually cast iron. Also called a brake rubber. Shoes for driving and engine truck wheels are usually flanged and wear on both the tread and flange of the wheels. Shoes for tender truck wheels wear on the tread of the wheel only.
Brake Shoe Key. Figs. 2763-2764. A flat wedge-shaped piece of iron or steel inserted in a brake head to hold the shoe in place.
Brake Slack Adjuster. A device to automatically take up any slack in the brake gear between the air brake cylinder and the brake shoes, so that the piston travel shall not be too great.
Brake Staff. A Brake Shaft, which see.
Brake Strut. 14, Figs. 4294-4382. A compression bar or strut between the live and dead levers of a truck with inside hung brakes. Probably the term brake strut is more common than brake lever coupling bar. Brake strut should not be confused with brake beam strut. A Brake Lever Coupling Bar, which see.
Brake Valve (Air Brake). The valve by which the engineer operates the brakes. The proper name is Engineer's Brake Valve, which see.
Brake Wheel An iron wheel attached to the upper end of the brake shaft, and by which the latter is turned to apply the brakes by hand. A brake hand wheel.
Branch Pipe. A common name for a Tee Head, which see.
Brass. "An alloy of copper and zinc. The term is commonly applied to the yellow alloy of copper with about half its weight of zinc, in which case it is called by engineers yellow brass; but copper al- loyed with about one-ninth its weight of tin is the metal of brass ordinance or gun metal. Similar alloys used for brass for bearings of machinery are called hard brass, and when employed for statues and metals they are called bronze."— Tom- linson's Cycl. Useful Arts.
Brewer Pneumatic Fire Door. Fig. 339.
Brick Arch, 2 and 96, Figs. 721-749. A rather flat arch of fire brick, supported on water tubes or side brackets and placed across the front end of the fire- box at an angle of from 30 deg. to 45 deg., with the
tube sheet. Its purpose is to promote combustion and thereby diminish black smoke.
Brick Arch Stud. 1. A bolt or fastener for holding a brick arch in position.
2. A nipple or short threaded pipe, screwed into the crown sheet or tube sheet for connection to a brick arch tube.
Brick Arch Tube. Iron tubes bedded in a brick arch and having connection with the front water leg and the space above the crown sheet. Used to support the brick arch and to promote circulation. They give additional heating surface as well. See Water Tube.
Brick Arch Tube Nut. A nut screwed on an inclined tube making connection between the water above the crown sheet and the front water leg, to secure it in place and make a tight joint.
Bridge. 1. (Valve.) 56, Figs. 2097-2118. In a locomo- tive valve chamber or valvet seat, the spaces or por- tions of the valve seat between any two ports are called bridges.
2. (Firebox.) 1 and 92, Figs. 721-749. A fire- brick wall built across a firebox in front of th« tubesheet and frequently used to support the front end of the brick arch. It forms a combustion cham- ber in front of the tubesheet and protects the ends of the tubes from the direct heat of the fire. Also called bridge wall.
Bridge Pipe. 100, Figs. 77-124. A pipe conveying steam from the dome to the turret in the cab. Sometimes called Turret Dry Pipe, which see. Sec Cab Turret
Briggs Standard Wrought-Iron Pipe Threads. At the convention of 1899, what is known as the Briggs Standard, as determined by the Pratt & Whitney gages, of threads for wrought-iron pipe and coup- lings, was adopted as a standard of the American Railway Master Mechanics' Association.
The gages used by the Pratt & Whitney Com- pany were made by them from an autograph copy of a table made by Mr. Robert Briggs personally, who originally established and published these standard threads. A copy of it is as follows:
STANDARD DIMENSIONS OF WROUGHT-IRON WELDED TUBES. BRIGGS STANDARD.
z— — Screwed ends. »
Length of perfect screw. Inch. 0.19 0.20 0.80 0.8© 0.40 0.51 0.54 0.65 0.58 0.80 0.05 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.16 1.80 1.88 1.46 1.57 1.88
Tapers of conical tube ends, 1 in 88 to axis of tube, (%-inch per foot.)
By the late action of the manufacturers of wrought-iron pipe, 8- inch outside diameter has been excepted from the original list, as above noted, the diameter now adopted being 0.685 instead of 0.688 inches given in the Briggs table.
Broad Gage. A term applied to a gage when the dis- tance between the head of the rails is greater than 4 ft. 9 in. The principal broad gage was 5 ft; other gages were 5 ft. 3 in., 5 ft. 6 in., 6 ft, etc. These gages have been abandoned and the 4-ft. 8%-in. or 4-ft. 9-in. gage adopted throughout this country on all lines. The broad gages, if any exist, are confined to short branches of no impor-
|
* Diameter of tube. v |
Number |
|||
|
Nominal |
Actual |
Actual |
Thickness |
of threads |
|
inside. |
inside. |
outside. |
of metal. |
per inch. |
|
Inches. |
Inches. |
Inches. |
Inch. |
No. |
|
* |
0.870 |
0.405 |
0.068 |
27 |
|
0.864 |
0.540 |
0.088 |
18 |
|
|
% |
0.404 |
0.676 |
0.001 |
18 |
|
ft |
0.688 |
0.840 |
0.100 |
14 |
|
% |
0.884 |
1.050 |
0.118 |
14 |
|
1 |
1.048 |
1.815 |
0.184 |
"ft |
|
IK |
1.880 |
1.660 |
0.140 |
HH |
|
1% |
1.610 |
1.000 |
0.146 |
11% |
|
8 |
8.067 |
2.875 |
0.154 |
11% |
|
»% |
2.468 |
8.875 |
0.204 |
8 |
|
8 |
8.067 |
8.500 |
0.217 |
8 |
|
*% |
8.548 |
4.000 |
0.226 |
8 |
|
4 |
4.026 |
4.500 |
0.287 |
8 |
|
4% |
4.608 |
6.000 |
0.846 |
8 |
|
5 |
5.045 |
5.668 |
0.860 |
8 |
|
6 |
6.065 |
6.685 |
0.880 |
8 |
|
7 |
7.088 |
7.685 |
0.801 |
8 |
|
8 |
7.082 |
8.685 |
0.888 |
8 |
|
0 |
0.000 |
0.688 |
0.844 |
8 |
|
10 |
10.010 |
10.750 |
0.866 |
8 |
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tancc. Tracks of 4-ft. 8!£-in. and 4-ft. 9-in. gage allow cars and locomotives which arc gaged by standard methods to pass over them. See Narrow Gage, Standard Gage.
Bronze. An alloy composed of copper and tin, some- times with a little zinc and lead, ltronzcs also often contain various other metals and chemical sub- stances as phosphor bronze. Hrass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Most journal bearings are bronzes. The variety of proportions of the various metals is very great.
Broom. A brush made of straw or twigs for sweeping the deck or foot plate on which the cngincmen and firemen stand.
Broom Holder. A bracket usually placed under the cab roof or back of the cab to hold a broom.
Brush. A piece or plate of carbon or copper held in contact with the commutator of a motor or dynamo for conveying electricity to or from the armature.
Brush Holder. 3, Fig. 4589. A metal bracket or support attached to the frame of an electric motor or dyna- mo, but insulated from it, for holding one or more brushes in contact with the commutator. Brushes are usually secured in the holder by clamps and nuts, and their contact with the commutator is in- sured by springs which press the brushes against it.
Buckeye "Little Giant" Tender Coupler. Figs. 4005- 4018.
Buckle Plate. See Expansion Knee.
Buffalo Brake Beam. Figs. 4429-4434.
Buffer. Figs. 3820-3825. An elastic apparatus or cushion attached to the rear end of a tender to re- ceive the concussions of the cars against it. The term is generally applied to those attachments in which springs arc used to give the apparatus elas- ticity. The term is often applied to a Drawbar, which see.
Buffer Bolt. 86, Figs. 3820-3825; Figs. 3867-3868. The stem or shank attached to the head of a buffer. More commonly buffer stem.
Buffer Flange. Figs. 3808-3810. A cast iron or cast steel pocket, shaped like a cylinder or like the frustum of a cone, with a flat base secured to a tender end sill and containing the spring and the stem or bolt of a buffer. Two are used, one on either side of the coupler. Also called buffing spring chamber.
Buffer Head. Figs. 3811-3813. A circular steel cup en- closing a buffer spring forming the outer surface of a buffer. Also called buffer cap.
Buffer Spring. 8c, Figs. 3820-3825. The spring that re- sists the compression of a train when it comes against the tender in coupling. This thrust is fre- quently not taken by the drawbar alone, but by the buffers which transmit it to the buffer springs, which absorb or transmit it to the tender frame.
Buffer Spring Bolt. S6t Figs. 3820-3825. A heavy rod or pin passing through a buffer spring and holding it in place. See Buffer Bolt.
Built-up Crank Axle. Figs. 1371-1380. See Crank.
Bulldozer. A machine with a reciprocating power- driven ram or head in which forgings arc made. Largely used instead of a drop hammer for making duplicate pieces.
Bull Ring (Piston). „ See Piston T-Ring.
Bull's Eye. 9, Figs. 3317-3323. A convex lens, which is placed in front of a lamp to concentrate the light so as to make it more conspicuous for a signal. They are used to close the opening in fixed signal lamps on trains, and also in signal lanterns.
Bull's-Eye Lamp. See Train Signal Lamp.
"Bull's Eye" Lubricator. Figs. 3203-3204.
Bumper or Bumper Beam. 15, Figs. 77-124; 4, Figs. 2316- 2318, Figs. 2319-2321. A piece of timber or a steel beam, secured across the frames of a locomotive or tender, to absorb shocks due to coupling or other collisions, and to provide a support for the coupler or draft gear. A Pilot Beam, which sec, is the term applied to the same part when the locomotive is fitted with a pilot. Sec Back Bumper and End Sill.
Bumper Angle. 2, Figs. 2316-2327. A right angled iron bracket for securing a bumper beam to the side frames or sills. Usually made of cast iron.
Bumper Bar. 17, Figs. 2316-2327. A metal rod or a piece of pipe secured by brackets or posts to an engine or tender bumper for use as a hand hold for a person standing on the bumper step.
Bumper Brace. 203, Figs. 77-124. An iron brace bolted to the pilot or bumper beam at one end and the smokebox at the other.
Bumper Bracket. See Pilot Bracket.
Bumper Clamp. The extension of the front frame to two pieces at right angles and bolted to the bumper.
Bumper Crosstie. A transverse frame brace directly back of the bumper or pilot beam and bolted to it.
Bumper Filling Piece. Sec Bumper Plate.
Bumper Frame Bracket. 2, Figs. 2316-2327. A bracket or rignt angle casting for securing the bumper beam to the frames. See Bumper Angle.
Bumper Knee. A Pilot Bracket, which see.
Bumper Plate. An iron plate extending across the frames and covering the space between the bumper beam and the cylinder saddle.
Bumper Plate Bracket. A bracket bolted to the frames or bumper beam to serve as a support for the bumper plate. Sometimes called bumper plate sup- port.
Bumper Plate Scroll End. A curved iron plate secured by screws to the ends of a wooden bumper beam.
Bumper Step. 197, Fig. 78. A wooden plank hung by iron brackets from the bumper beam of locomo- tives not provided with pilots. Also used on the back bumper of the tenders of yard or switch en- gines. In both cases it is intended to assist yard- men and switchmen in getting on and off the engine while making up trains, etc.
Bumper Step Hanger. A flat strip of iron bolted to the engine or tender bumper* beam to hold a bumper step.
Bumper Step Hanger Brace. A piece of iron riveted to a step hanger at the lower end and bolted through the bumper beam at the upper etid to stiffen the hanger.
Burner. "That part of a lighting apparatus at which combustion takes place."— Knight. See Headlight Burner, Lamp Burner.
Bus, or Bus Bar. A metal rod or bar, for conveying electric energy. A conductor. The term is com- monly applied to conductors leading from gener- ators, motors, storage batteries, switchboards or rheostats.
Bushing. 1. "A lining for a hole."— Knight.
2. Usually a metal cylindrical ring which forms a bearing for some other object, as a shaft valve, etc., which is inserted into the hole. Often con- tracted into bush.
3. (Pipe Fittings). A short tube with a screw cut inside and outside, used to screw into a pipe to re- duce its diameter. Generally, a bushing has a hex- agonal head by which it is turned, and is sometimes called reducer. See Lifting Shaft Arm Bushing, Bell Cord Bushing, Rocker Bushing, Cylinder Bushing, Steam Chest Bushing.
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Bushing Press. Fig. I9nl. A press for forcing the bushings in driving boxes, connecting rods, etc.
Butler Friction Draft Gear. Figs. 3947-3948.
Butt Hinge. A hinge for hanging doors, etc., which is fastened with screws to the edge of a door, so that, when the latter is closed, the hinge is folded up between the door and its frame. A hinge, the two parts of which are fastened together, that they cannot readily be detached, is called a fast joint butt hinge.
Butt Joint (Riveting). Figs. 321-330. A form of con- nection for fastening together the ends of a boiler plate or of two plates. The edges of the plate are brought together, but not overlapped, and a strip or welt is then riveted to both plates on the inside and outside, covering the joint and holding the ends of the plate or plates firmly together. The longitudinal seams in locomotive boilers arc made with butt joints.
By-Pass Valve. See Cylinder By-Pass Valve.
Cab. Figs. 2787-2817; Details, Figs. 2818-2957. A shelter built of wood or sheet steel, enclosing the back end of the boiler for the protection of the engincmen. On locomotives having broad (Woottcn) fireboxes, two cabs arc built; one on the waist of the boiler like a saddle; the other, much smaller, to shelter the fireman at the back end. With the latter type, a roof on the forward end of the tender is fre- quently used, the tender cab roof being slightly lower than that on the engine.
Cab Apron. Figs. 3782-3788: 211, Figs. 77-124. A flat iron plate hinged to the back end of the foot plate or deck to cover the space between engine and tender, and thus make a safe standing place.
Cab Apron Hinge. 212, Figs. 77-124. A rod hinge from which the apron is hung so that the latter may ad- just itself to the varying heights of the engine and tender.
Cab Apron Hinge Link. A bar or link supporting the cab apron hinge.
Cab Apron Strap. A strip of iron pivoted on the hinge and fastened to the cab apron.
Cab Brace. A support, made of cast iron or steel, to hold a cab. A Cab Bracket, which see.
Cab Bracket. Figs. 2833-2850. A support bolted to the back end of the main frame and foot plate, and transversely thereto, to support the cab.
Cab Corner Brace. A metal post or column fastened to the rear corner of a cab, and to the back bumper on each side of a locomotive.
Cab Corner Iron. A steel angle forming the corners of a cab frame, distinguished as front or back cab corner iron, according to its location.
Cab Door. Figs. 2893-2800, 2017-2918. The movable partition which closes the opening in the front of a cab leading out to the running board or the open- ing over the apron. It is usually hinged to swing outward and has glass in the upper panel.
Cab Door Bracket A projection on the front or back of a locomotive cab, to hold a hinge or pivot for a door.
Cab Door Clamp. See below.
Cab Door Fixture. Figs. 2017-2027. A device for hold- ing a cab door in any desired position; consisting of a sliding piece fastened to the door, which piece runs on a rod passing through it and is pivoted at one end to the door frame. A clamp holds the slid- ing piece on the rod in any desired position and prevents the door from opening or closing.
Cab Door Fixture Slide. See above.
Cab Door Fixture Thumb Screw. 27, Figs. 2919-2*20. A- screw having a milled or knurled head binding the jaw and slide so that neither can move. See above.
Cab Door Handle. Figs. 2911-2912. A knob or bent piece of metal grasped by the hand to open and shut a cab door.
Cab Door Slide. <>, Figs. 2S93-2XW. A strip of metal on either the lloor or on the under side of the upper frame or plate of a cab to form a runway or rail on which the cab door slides.
Cab Door Slide Rod. See Cab Door Fixture.
Cab Fittings. Figs. 2958-3207. The special devices on iind near the boiler head under the direct control of the engineman. These include the steam gage, sight-feed lubricator, air pump throttle valve, blower valve, steam heat valve, air gage, cylinder cock handle, sander handle, bell ringer, injector valves, gage cocks, water gage, throttle, reverse lever, air signal whistle, cab lamp, etc.
Cab Floor Beam (Klcctric Locomotive). One of sev- eral transverse steel I-beams or channels forming part of the floor frame of the cab of an electric locomotive.
Cab Gangway Chain. 2<>0, Fig. 124. A chain hung across the space between the cab and tender, as a protection to the fireman on engines with the boiler extending through to the back end of the cab.
Cab Gong. A stationary bell fastened to the ceiling of the cab and rung by a rope stretching back through the train for the purpose of signaling the engine- man. Now almost entirely superseded by the air signal whistle.
Cab Gong Connection. The mechanism by which the clapper or striker of the cab gong is operated.
Cab Gong Cord Bushing. A sleeve or lining fitting a hole in the back of the cab, near the roof, to enable the cab gong cord to pass through.
Cab Gong Frame. A support secured to the roof of the cab, inside, to hold a gong.
Cab Handle. 150, Figs. 77-124. A rod or hand hold on the back of the cab to assist the men in mounting or getting off an engine.
Cab Handle Post. A rod or hand hold secured to the cab at one end and to the end of the back bumper, or tail piece, at the other. See above.
Cab Knee. See Cab Bracket.
Cab Lamp. Figs. 3151, .3323. Often called gage lamp. An oil lamp mounted on the top of the back head to illuminate the face of the steam and air gages. See Gage Lamp.
Cab Panel. See Cab Sheet.
Cab Saddle Plate. A steel plate fitted at right angles to the outer firebox sheet of the boiler and extending across from one running board to the other to serve as a support for the front of the cab.
Cab Seat. Figs. 2870-2882. A box or shelf, usually covered with a cushion, built on each side of the cab for the engineman and fireman to sit on.
Cab Seat Frame. A metal frame, fastened inside the cab of a locomotive, to hold a hinged or folding scat for the engineman or fireman.
Cab Sheet. Any plate forming part of a steel cab.
Cab Sides. 10, Figs. 2787-2791. The metal plates or wooden panels and posts forming the sides of a locomotive cab.
Cab Step. 229, Figs. 77-124. A step secured on each side of an engine, to each end of the bumper, to enable the engincmen to mount and dismount.
Cab Strap. A piece of iron or steel bent at right angles and riveted to the side of a cab and to the foot plate, to secure the cab to the foot plate or frame.
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Cab Support (Electric Locomotive). 8, Figs. 4596-4600. One of several vertical projections cast on the top bar of the frame of an electric locomotive to sup- port the structure of the cab. Cab Turret. 137, Figs. 77-124; 5, Figs. 2958-2959. A distributing chamber or steam head secured on top of the boiler inside the cab, having one main valve for opening or closing communication with the steam in the boiler and a number of outlets, tapped for pipe connections, by means of which a steam supply can be taken off for the injectors, air pump, blower, steam heat, etc. Cab Turret Dry Pipe. 100, Figs. 77-124. A pipe from the cab turret connection running longitudinally through the boiler and taking steam from the dome. Also called bridge pipe.
Cab Turret Flange. A flanged casting on the turret base for securing it to a fitting screwed into the boiler.
Cab Turret Valve. 6, Figs. 2958-2959; Figs. 3018-3022. A valve forming an integral part of the turret, seated by means of a stem turned by a handle or hand wheel, and which, when closed, shuts off all steam supply from the auxiliary devices mounted on the back head of the boiler. Also called bridge pipe valve.
Cab Ventilator. Figs. 2928-2957; 136, Figs. 77-124. A hinged door in the roof of the cab to allow a cir- culation of air.
Cab Window. 161, Figs. 77-124. An opening in the side or back of the cab, closed with a pane of glass mounted in a frame or sash.
Cab Window Slide. A strip of wood or metal placed lengthwise on the side of a cab to form a groove or channel in which the cab windows slide back and forth.
Cam Driver Brake. Figs. 2562-2648-2649. A form of brake for locomotive driving wheels, now rapidly going out of use. A vertical brake cylinder is mounted on the frame between two driving wheels and the piston rod is connected at its bottom end by links to two cam levers, carrying the driver brake shoes which are suspended by hangers from the engine frame. The cam levers form a powerful toggle and when the piston rod is forced down, the levers are forced out and apply the brake shoes to the wheels.
Cam Nut Wrench. (Air Brake). A special double nut spanner wrench used for adjusting the cams and taking up the slack of the cam driver brake.
Camber. The upward deflection or bend of a beam, girder, or truss.
Cap. The top or covering of anything. See Dome Cap, Sand Box Cap.
Cardwell Friction Draft Gear. Figs. 3927-3930.
Carline or Carling. 33, Figs. .2787-2791. A transverse bar of wood or iron which extends across the top of a cab roof from one side to the other, and which supports the roof boards.
Carriage Bolt. A bolt made square under the head so as to prevent it from turning when in its place. They usually have button-shaped heads and are used for fastening wooden pieces together.
Carry Iron. See Drawbar Carry Iron, Drawbar Stirrup.
Case. "A covering, box, or sheath; that which in- closes or contains: as a case for knives; a case for books; a watch case; a pillow case." — Webster. See Hose Coupling Case, Spring Case.
Casey Water Gage. Fig. 3147.
Casing. 92, Figs. 77-124. A thin sheet-metal covering for the boiler, dome, sand box, cylinders and steam chest, to hold the lagging or insulation in place and
protect it from mechanical injury. In Great Britain, called clothing. See Jacket.
Casting. Any piece of metal which has been cast in a mold.
Cast Iron Wheel. See Wheel.
Catch. A device to prevent a door or window from opening, usually by means of a bolt held in place by some form of spring which engages with a keeper when closed.
Cellar. A box or receptacle under a box to hold waste and oil for lubrication. S<x- Driving Box Cellar, Engine Truck Box Cellar.
Center Bearing. The place in the center of a truck where the weight of the body rests. A body center plate attached to the car body here rests on a truck center plate attached to the truck. The general term center bearing is used to designate the whole arrangement and the functions which it performs, in distinction from Side Bearing, which see. See also Center Plate.
Center Pin. 5, Figs. 3344-335 L A large bolt or pivot passing through the center casting of an engine truck or the center plates at the body and truck bolsters of a tender. It usually has a washer under- neath where the head bears on the center plate. For engine trucks, a key is commonly put through the lower end to prevent the engine jumping off the truck when on a bad piece of track, or in case of derailment. In locomotives having two-wheel leading trucks, such as the mogul and consolida- tion types, the term center pin is applied to the cylindrical casting interposed between the center casting of the truck and the coil spring directly over it. This center pin is held in place by a long, heavy bolt called a king bolt, which passes through the top of the spring cap at its upper end, and holds the outer end of the truck equalizer at its lower end. The center pin fits loosely in a shallow cylindrical casting, called a center pin guide, bolted to transverse braces. With four-wheel trucks, the casting bolted to the bottom of the cylinder saddles and fitting in the center plate or casting is called a center pin.
Center Pin Guide. 7, Figs. $(44-3351. A cylindrical casting forming part of a center plate and through which a truck center pin passes. See above.
Center Pin Washer or Cap (Engine Truck). 6, Figs. 3344-3351. A washer through which the center pin or king bolt passes and on which the head of the king bolt rests.
Center Plate. 8, Figs. 3614-3656; 19, Figs. 4294-4382. One of a pair of plates made of cast or malleable iron or pressed or cast si eel, and having circular grooves which fit one into the other and which support the tender frame or front frame of the locomotive on the trucks, allowing them to turn freely. The center pin or king bolt passes through both, but does not really serve as a pivot. The body center plate or male center plate is attached to the under side of the body bolster or in cast steel bolsters is made an integral part of the cast- ing. The female or truck center plate is attached to the top side of the truck bolster. When the tender is tilted, as on a curve, part of the weight is carried on the Side Bearings, which see. Center Sills. 3, Figs. 3614-3656. The two main longi- tudinal members of the underframe of a tender which are usually close together in the center of the tender. They form as it were the back-bone of the underframe and transmit most of the buffing shocks from end to end. Tn steel underframe ten-
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ders the center sills are usually heavy I-beams, channels, or built-up girders.
Centering Machine. Fig. 4905. A machine for drilling the centers in work which is to be machined in a lathe, as in axles or round bars.
Centering Spring. 20, Figs. 3393-3468. See Adjusting Spring.
Centering Spring Cylinder. 21, Figs. 3393-3468. See Adjusting Spring Case.
Central Filling Piece (Steel Tired Wheels). The part surrounding the hub and connecting it with the tire. Also termed the skeleton. A wheel center is a hub and central filling piece combined in one.
Centipede Locomotive. A locomotive having a two- wheel front truck and 12 coupled driving wheels. Not in general use.
Chafing Iron or Chafing Plate. A metal plate to resist wear, used on brake beams, truck transoms, swing- ing spring planks, on the back bumper of loco- motives and the front end sill of the tender.
Chafing Iron Pocket. A casting forming a flange or recess, in which a chafing plate moves.
Chain. "A series of links or rings connected, or fitted into one another, usually made of some kind of metal. "—Webster. See Check Chain, Safety Chain, Cab Gangway Chain, Uncoupling Chain.
Chain Riveting. Figs. 319-322. A name applied to one method of setting rivets in boiler seams. Two parallel rows of rivets are put in with each rivet of one row exactly opposite a rivet in the other row. See Staggered Riveting.
Chamber Band. 1. A ring in the dash pot cylinder of an intercepting valve to make a close fit for the plunger.
2. (Separate Exhaust Valve.) A metal packing ring used to make a steam-tight fit between the separate exhaust valve chamber and the valve plunger, forming part of the intercepting valve of a two-cylinder compound locomotive.
Chambers Compensating Throttle Valve. Figs. 3064- 3065.
Channel. A rolled steel shape of [ section, sometimes used for tender sills and truck bolsters.
Check Chain. Figs. 3769-3770. A chain attached to a truck and the tender frame to prevent the truck from swinging crosswise on the track in case of derailment. Such chains are usually attached either to two or to each of the four corners Of a truck and to the sills of the tender.
Check Chain Eye. See Body Check Chain Eye, Truck Check Chain Eye.
Check Chain Hook. See Body Check Chain Hook, Truck Check Chain Hook.
Check Valve. 1. (Air Brake.) Figs. 2508-2510. A pipe fitting which allows air to flow in one direc- tion only. It is used in the main reservoir pipe of locomotive brake equipments when electric pump governors are used and arranged for operation in multiple with other governors in the train. The check valve allows air to flow from the main reservoir to the reservoir pipe, but prevents its flow in the opposite direction; so that if a compressor on another locomotive in the train starts to operate alone, and the reservoir pipe pressure is thereby increased, the check valve prevents a correspond- ing rise in the main reservoir pressure and the resulting difference in the pressure between main reservoir and reservoir pipe, causes the electric pump governor to cut in the compressor on that locomotive also.
2. (Triple Valve.) 15, Figs. 2490-2493. The valve under the emergency valve which prevents the
escape of brake cylinder pressure back into the train line when a hose bursts or the train parts. In an emergency application, the emergency valve opens and allows the brake pipe pressure to enter the brake cylinder through the check valve, which is raised off its seat.
3. Figs. 3108, 3110. A self-closing valve so ar- ranged that it will permit the free flow of air, gas or a liquid in one direction while- preventing a similar flow in the opposite. Common uses on the locomotives are the Injector Check and Water Glass Check, which see.
Check Valve Case (Triple Valve). 13, Figs. 2490-2493. See above.
Check Valve Case Gasket (Triple Valve). 14, Figs. 2490-2493. See above.
Check Valve Spring (Triple Valve). 12, Figs. 2490-
Chill. A kind of crystallization produced when melted cast iron is cooled suddenly. It is usually accom- plished by bringing the molten iron in contact with a cold metal (usually iron) mold. The hardened part of a car wheel is called the chill. The mold in which a chill is produced is sometimes called a chill, but the name chill mold has been given to this.
Chill Crack. An irregular crack developed in casting upon the chilled surface of the tread of car wheels. Chill cracks not over % in. wide, and not extend- ing to the flange, are not considered as injuring the wheel or as indicating weakness or inferior quality. Iron which makes the most durable car wheels is most liable to chill cracks.
Chilled Cast Iron Wheel. Figs. 4547-4550. A wheel cast in a chill mold. See Chili
Chime Whistle. Figs. 3210, 3212. See Whistle.
Chimney (British). 25, Figs. 5077-5078. See Smoke Suck.
Chimney Cap (British). 27, Figs. 5077-5078. See Smoke Suck Top.
Chimney Liner (British). 26, Figs. 5077-5078. See Smoke Suck Liner.
Chisel. A steel cutting tool flattened at one end and ground to an edge.
Choke Fitting (Air Brake). Fig. 2547. A special pipe fitting with a restricted air passage for connection to cut-out cocks in the brake cylinder pipe of the Westinghouse ET locomotive brake equipment, Fig. 2420, to prevent loss of braking power on the entire locomotive in the event of a hose connection to the truck or tender brake bursting.
Cinder Cleaning Hole. 7, Figs. 77-124; 26, Figs. 343- 442. A circular opening in one side of a smoke- box. It is for the insertion of a rod or poker by means of which the cinders are pushed down in the cinder pipe at the bottom of the smokebox. The hole is closed by a cast iron lid, secured in place by a cam and handle.
Cinder Hole. 25, Figs. 343-442. A circular opening in the bottom of a smokebox to which the cinder pipe or hopper is attached. Also called spark hole.
Cinder Pipe. 3, Figs. 343-442; Fig. 407. A cast iron tube bolted to the under side of the smokebox and passing down between the frames to discharge cinders or sparks into a pit or other receptacle. Also called spark hopper pipe.
Cinder Pipe Bracket. A support for the cinder pipe.
Cinder Pocket. 1, Figs. 343-442. A Hopper, which see, beneath a smokebox. Also called spark pocket.
Cinder Pocket Ring. A heavy iron ring, riveted around the cinder pipe opening at the bottom of a smoke- box to furnish a means of attachment for the cinder pipe.
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Cinder Pocket Slide. Figs. 406-410. Also called spark
pocket slide or Hopper Slide, which see. Cinder Valve. Figs. 408-410. Another name for the sliding piece used to open and close a cinder pipe under a smokebox. See Hopper Slide, Cinder Pocket Slide. Cinder Valve Cap. A cover fitted on the lower end
of a cinder pipe. Cinder Valve Chain. A chain attached at one end to the smokebox and at the other to the cap or cover on the lower end of a cinder pipe, to prevent the cap from being lost. Circuit Breaker. A device for automatically opening a circuit from a trolley or third-rail shoe to the controller when the current exceeds a predeter- mined amount. It operates when the current for which it is adjusted pulls an iron plunger into a coil through which the current passes. The end of the plunger actuates a trip that releases the jaw or blade of the breaker, which is then rapidly opened by the tension of a spring. A magnetic blow-out. device is commonly used to suppress the arc formed by the opening of the breaker. Circumferential Riveting. 34, Figs. 151-206. The row or rows of rivets that fasten one section of the shell of a boiler to the adjoining piece on the cir- cumference of the plate; hence the name. Clamp. 1. "In general, something that fastens or binds a piece of timber or of iron used to fasten work together."— Webster.
2. (Joinery.) "A frame with two tightening screws, by which two portions of an article are tightly compressed together, either while being formed or while their glue joint is drying." — Knight. See Pipe Clamp. Classification Lamp. Figs. 3317-3322. See Lamp. Cleaning Hole. 25, Figs. 343-442. An opening in the side of an extended smokebox for cleaning out sparks and cinders. Cleaning Hole Plate. 25b, Figs. 343-442. A cover or lid secured by a handle and a cam on the inside for closing a cleaning hole in the side of the smokebox. Cleaning Hole Rod (Smokebox). A metal rod, used to push cinders down to the cinder pipe by putting it through the cinder cleaning hole in the side of the smokebox. Cleat. "1. A narrow strip of wood nailed on in join- ery.
2. A term applied to small wooden projections in tackle to fasten ropes by." — Webster. Climax Pocket Pilot Coupler. Figs. 2377-2386. Climax Tender Coupler. Figs. 3974-3983. Close Return Bend. A short cast iron tube made of a U-shape, for uniting the ends of two wrought iron pipes. It differs from an open return bend in having the two branches in contact with each other. Clothing Belts (British). See Jacket Bands. Clothing Clamps (British): See Jacket Clamps. Clothing Moulding (British). See Jacket Edging. Clothing Plate (British). See Jacket. Coach Bolt (British). American equivalent. Carriage
Bolt, which see. Coach Screw (British). American equivalent, lag screw, but coach screw is also used. A square- headed screw with a pointed end used to screw into wood. Coal Pick. A curved tool or implement pointed ?t both ends and fitted with a handle. Carried on the tender and used to break up lumps of coal to a size suitable for firing. Coal Sprinkler. See Sprinkler.
Coale Safety Valve. Fig. 3217..
Cock. "A faucet or rotary valve, usually taking its name from its peculiar use or construction." — Knight. See Bibb Cock, Drain Cock, Cylinder Cock, Stop Cock, Angle Cock, Blow-off Cock, Cut- out Cock, Three-way Cock.
Cock Rigging. The arrangement of rods, levers and handles for opening and closing a cock or cocks. Thus: cylinder cock rigging, blow-off cock rigging.
Cock Shaft See Cylinder Cock Shaft
Coes' Monkey Wrench. Fig. 4574.
Cold Saw. Figs. 4900-4907. A machine provided with a circular saw for cutting metal while cold. Some saws are provided with inserted cutters or teeth made of high-speed tool steel.
Cold Shot. Small globules of iron resembling ordi- nary gun shot, which are found in the chilled por- tion of cast iron wheels.
Cole Four-Cylinder Balanced Compound Locomotive. Figs. 57, 59, 116-117; Details, Figs. 2208-2215. See Compound Locomotive.
Cole Superheater. Figs. 486-495. Also called Schenec- tady superheater. A design of locomotive Super- heater, which see, having superheating tubes nested inside of a number of enlarged fire tubes.
.Collar. 1. "A ring or round flange upon or against an object." — Knight. Ordinarily an axle collar, below, is meant.
2. (Of Journal.) 10, Fig. 3545. A rim or enlarge- ment on the end of a tender axle which takes the end thrust of the journal bearing.
Color Coat (Painting). The coat or coats which fol- lows the rough stuff or scraping filling coat in painting tender tanks and cabs. It is applied before the lettering and striping. The colors are mixed with turpentine and dryers, as little oil as possible being used, only sufficient to prevent the color from rubbing off. Twenty-four hours are allowed to each coat to dry, and the processes of lettering, striping and varnishing then follow, which vary greatly in the time and care given to them.
Columbia Lock Nut Figs. 3340-3341.
Columbia Type Locomotive. Figs. 24-27, 88. A loco- motive having a two-wheel front truck, four coupled driving wheels and a two-wheel trailing truck. This type is going out of use. See Whyte's Nomen- clature.
Column (Trucks). 5, Figs. 4294-4382. The casting which separates the top and bottom arch bars of a dia- mond truck side frame at the .center and serves as a guide for the vertical movement of the bolster. A bolster guide bar. Column Bolt 6, Figs. 4294-4382. A bolt passing through the arch bars and holding the column in place and th,e truck frame together. Combination Lever. (Walschaerts and Joy Valve Gear). 4, Fig. 5126. Also called combining lever, or lap and lead lever. A steel arm attached to the valve stem and radius rod at its upper end, and having its lower end moved by the union link at- tached to the crosshead arm. Its function is to give lap and lead to the valve. See Valve Gear. Combination Wrench. See Wrench. Combined Air Strainer and Check Valve. (Train Air Signal System.) Fig. 2544. A device which is es- sentially a combination of an O. B. Air Strainer, which see, and a Check Valve, which see, for use only on locomotives equipped with the Westing- house ET locomotive brake equipment. The strainer cleans the air supply to the train air sig-
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nal system and the check valve prevents air flow- ing back from the signal pipe. The check valve end is connected by a pipe nipple with a special brass pipe union having a restricted passage for the air, which prevents the flow of air to the signal system from being sufficiently rapid to interfere with its proper operation.
Combined Automatic and Straight Air Locomotive Brake (Air Drake). Figs. 2417, 2421. This equip- ment is composed of a standard automatic locomo- tive brake equipment with the addition of a straight- air brake valve and a few simple parts which per- mit the use of straight-air on the engine and tender brakes without interfering with the automatic action when the automatic brake valve is used, both brake valves being at all times cut in. Thus an in- dependent locomotive brake is obtained while pre- serving every function of the automatic system on both train and locomotive. It may be used on any class of service, freight, passenger or switching. Sec Straight-Air Brake, Double Check Valve, West- inghouse SWA-SWB Locomotive Brake Equip- ment.
Combustion Chamber. 31, Figs. 151-2O0. A compart- ment or space in a locomotive boiler between the firebox and smokebox. Its purpose is to promote combustion and secure additional heat from the gases before they enter the tubes. Not commonly used. The space between the lirebox and the back tube sheet is sometimes called a combustion cham- ber. The back tube sheet is in this case set from 8 to 20 inches ahead of the throat of the tirebox, because with wide, shallow fireboxes, the tubes give trouble by leaking unless kept away from the direct heat of the burning coal, where they are sub- jected to sudden and decided changes of tempera- ture.
Commonwealth Cast Steel Truck Bolster. Fig. 4425.
Commutator. 1, Fig. 4580. See Armature.
Compound Air Pump (Air Brake). Figs. 2430-2450. An air pump having compound air or steam cylin- ders, or both, for supplying compressed air to the brake system with greater economy of steam con- sumption and greater efficiency in air delivery than can be obtained with a simple pump. See Air Pump and Duplex Air Pump.
Compound Bolster. A bolster composed of one or more sticks of timber stiffened with vertical sand- wich or flitch plates of iron. The use of all-metal body bolsters is now almost universal.
Compound Locomotive. Details, Figs. 2193-2230. A steam locomotive having one or more cylinders so ar- ranged that the exhaust steam passes from one cylin- der into another cylinder or cylinders, where it per- forms additional work before being discharged from the exhaust nozzle and stack. Two general groups may be set off in classifying compound locomo- tives; two-cylinder compounds and four-cylinder compounds. The Midland Railway, England, has in service some three-cylinder locomotives in which one high pressure cylinder exhausts into two low pressure cylinders, but this method is exceptional. Two-cylinder compounds are built with the h. p. cylinder on one side and the 1. p. on the other, connection between them being made through a re- ceiver in the smokebox. An intercepting valve is provided in order to work the engine simple when that is necessary.
Four-cylinder compound locomotives are built with several different arrangements as indicated below:
(A) High pressure and low pressure cylinder on each side placed one above the other. Both
piston rods drive one crosshead. (Vauclain.) Figs. W-lOi).
(B) 11. p. and 1. p. cylinders placed one in front of the other on each side, both pistons being on one rod. (Player Tandem.) Figs. 101-105.
(C) Two h. p. cylinders between frames and two outside I. p. cylinders drive one axle. (Baldwin balanced type.) Figs. 03, 21!)3-220l>.
(I)) Two h. p. cylinders between frames drive the forward crank axle, and two outside 1. p. cylin- ders drive the second axle. ( Baldwin balanced type and Cole balanced type.) In the Cole compound the h. p. cylinders are set slightly ahead of the 1. p. cylinders and of the smokebox. Figs. 116-117.
(10 Two h. p. cylinders outside drive the sec- ond axle, two 1. p. cylinders inside drive the for- ward crank axle, the h. p. cylinders being set back of the smokebox, and each cylinder having its own valve, with independent cut-off arrangement for high and for low pressure cylinders.
(F) Two outside h. p. cylinders driving axles on a swivelling truck or bogie, and two outside 1. p. cylinders driving axles on a similar fixed frame. (Mallet articulated type.) Figs. 83-87.
Theoretically the advantage of a compound loco- motive over a simple engine lies in its ability to utilize a greater degree of expansion of the steam, a greater range of temperature between the live and the exhaust steam, and therefore for the same work performed, its smaller consumption of steam. With two-cylinder compounds the limit of power avail- able is attained when the diameter of the low pres- sure cylinder is so great as to reach the clearance limits allowed on any particular road, in practice, about 35 inches; and in addition, they possess the defect of all two-cylinder engines, lack of balance, which is destructive to track and roadbed. With four-cylinder compounds employing a crank axle, however, the inside h. p. and outside 1. p. cranks on one side are set 180 deg. apart, or at opposite dead centers, while the corresponding pair on the other side of the engine are similarly set with ref- erence to each other, but one-quarter revolution ahead of the first pair. This produces a balanced engine, and it is found that on a locomotive of the 4 — J — o type, the four-cylinder balanced compound can safely carry 15 per cent, more weight on the driving axles than a simple engine of the same type on the same kind of track. Compared with simple locomotives doing the same kind of work, compounds show a saving in coal and water of from 20 to 30 per cent. Stated in another way, the com- pound develops from 20 to 30 per cent, more power than the simple engine of the same type consuming an equal amount of fuel and water. Liability to breakdowns and cost of repairs arc items that usually show a balance in favor of the simple en- gine; but where intelligently handled and main- tained, the advantages of the compound outweigh these defects. Compression. The increase of pressure of steam con- fined in one end of a cylinder by the action of the valve in closing the exhaust* port while the piston is moving towards that end of the cylinder and thereby diminishing the volume for the steam to occupy. To a certain extent, compression is an advantage, because the steam shut up in one end of a cylinder and compressed by the advancing piston acts as an elastic cushion to absorb the shock of the reversal of motion of the reciprocating parts of an engine. Compressor Cradle (Air Brake). Figs. 2520-2527. A steel frame for supporting a motor-driven air com-
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pressor under an electrically propelled vehicle. The cradle is secured to the floor beams by means of brackets having pockets in which are rubber cushions so arranged as to prevent any vibrations of the compressor from being communicated to the body, and to allow its removal quickly and easily. Conductance (Electricity). A term often used as a
synonym of Conductivity, which see. Conductivity (Electricity). The relative facility with which a conductor transmits electric energy. The term Resistance, which sec, is applied to the in- verse or reciprocal of this property. Conductor (Electric Locomotive). A wire, rod, strip or rail, of metal or carbon; or an acid or a solu- tion of a metallic salt, possessing the property of transmitting or conveying an electric current. See Third-Rail. Conductor Terminal ( Electric Locomotive). Figs. 4U29-4630. The end of a conductor; the point where it enters the coupler socket. Conductor's Valve. A valve for applying the train brakes, occasionally placed at some convenient point on the tender. Conical Connection or Course (Boilers). 36, Figs. 151- 206. That plate or course of a boiler having a tapering shape, or of larger diameter at one end than at the other. In a wagon top boiler it comes next to the firebox and in an extended wagon top boiler one or more straight courses are put in be- tween it and the firebox. Connecting Rod. See Main Rod. Consolidated Safety Valve. Fig. 3216. Consolidated Steam Heating Apparatus. Figs. 3168-
3179. Consolidation Locomotive. Figs. 39-44, 95-98. A loco- motive having a two-wheel front truck and eight coupled driving wheels, but no trailing truck. Used for heavy freight service. See Whyte's Nomencla- ture. Continuous Brake. A system of brakes so arranged that by connecting together the brake apparatus on the different vehicles forming a train it can be operated on all of them from one or more points on the train, as from the engine or from any of the cars. See Air Brake, Vacuum Brake. Continuous Truck Frame. An iron bar which is welded together in a rectangular shape so as to form the sides and ends of a truck frame. Control System (Type M, General Electric Co.) A system of control where one or more controllers are operated from a distance. This system has been developed with special reference to the oper- ation of a train consisting of several motor cars or electric locomotives coupled together, all motors be- ing controlled simultaneously by a single operator. Each motor or locomotive is equipped with a motor controller, one or two master controllers, and con- trol couplers, together with such other apparatus as switches, fuses, rheostats, etc., as constitutes a com- plete operative motor car or locomotive equip- ment.
The motor controller consists of a number of electrically operated switches, called contactors, which close the various power and motor circuits, and which carry only the current for the operating coils of the contactors. These latter are designed to open the motor circuit contacts by gravity, and are provided with an efficient magnetic blow-out for quickly and positively disrupting the arc thus formed. The motor controller also includes an electric-
ally-operated reversing switch, called reverser, the function of which is to connect the motor arma- tures and fields in the proper relations for giving forward or backward movement of the locomotive. The reverser consists of a drum having two posi- tions and carrying the necessary contacts for en- gaging fixed contact fingers, together with two operating coils, one for throwing the reverser to each position. The operation of this reverser is also effected by the master controller.
The master controller is similar in construction to the ordinary hand controller, but very small and easily operated. It is provided with separate oper- ating and reversing interlocked handles, and has a magnetic blow-out for disrupting the arcs formed on opening the control circuit connections.
The combination of motors, rheostats, etc., effected by the motor controllers, is the same as that accomplished by ordinary hand controllers, giving series and parallel operation of motors and two economical running speeds. (Sec Controller.) Where several motor cars or locomotives are couplca together the control circuits of the various vehicles are joined together by means of couplers located at the end of each vehicle, so that all motor controller operating circuits and all master control- lers are connected together, making all of the motor controllers operative from any master con- troller.
The couplings for connecting the control cir- cuits between cars consist of a coupler socket fixed to the end of the car, or locomotive, and a jumper consisting of two coupler plugs connected by a multiple cable. The coupler sockets and plugs con- tain corresponding metal contacts for the connec- tion of the electrical circuits.
A cut-out switch is provided on each car or loco- motive, by means of which damaged motors or motor controllers may be disconnected from the energizing circuits. Control System, Multiple Unit. See Westinghouse
Unit Switch System of Control. Controller. Fig. 4665. An electric switching mechan- ism for controlling the speed and direction of rota- tion of electric motors. It includes the necessary movable and fixed contacts for connecting the mo- tors to the power circuit and to a variable resist- ance in the combinations necessary for starting, ac- celerating and reversing the car or locomotive. Nearly all railway controllers are of the series- parallel type, arranged to connect the motors first in scries with each other and then in parallel across the power circuit, giving two economical running speeds. While accelerating to these speeds, vari- able resistances introduced into the circuit prevent undue rise of current.
The controller consists of a main cylinder, car- rying the necessary contacts insulated from the shaft and from each other for engaging with fixed contacts or fingers, thus effecting the required electrical connections for reversing the direction of rotation of the motors. The arcs formed on open- ing the circuits are disrupted by a magnetic blow- out. The controller is enclosed in an iron casing, which protects all parts and serves to attach it to the car or locomotive. Controller Handle (Electric Locomotive). See Con- troller Lever. Controller Lever (Electric Locomotive). Fig. 4065. A brass arm secured to the shaft of a motorman's controller to operate it. The lever has a latch actu- ated by a spring, to lock it in any desired notch on
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the quadrant, thus giving different combinations of series or series-parallel arrangements of the motors. Controller Notch (Electric Locomotive). See Con- troller Lever. Contactor. Sec Control System.
Cooler Cock. 12, Figs. 4083-4085. A faucet screwed into the side of a tender tank over a truck, for connect- ing a small hose so as to convey water to the jour- nal bearings in case any of them should run hot. Also called flood cock. Cooler Cock Nipple. A nipple tapped into the side of
the tank fur attaching a cooler cock. Cooler Cock Nut. A coupling nut for attaching the
cooler cock hose to a truck box. Cooler Cock Valve. A globe valve sometimes used in- stead of a plug cock on a tender tank. Cooling Coil (Air Brake). Figs. 2027-2030. A coil or length of pipe placed in the air discharge pipe of the pump, having sufficient radiating surface to cool the compressed air from the temperature of discharge to that of the atmosphere, thus causing the moisture necessarily entrapped in compression to condense and collect in the main reservoir. Cord. "A string or small rope composed of several stranas twisted together." — Webster. See Bell Cord. Corner Handle. More commonly a Hand Hold or a
Grab Iron, which see.* Corrugated Firebox. Figs. 151-156, 5116-5117. See
Vanderbtlt Boiler, Lentz Boiler. Cotter (British). See Key.
Counterbalance. 8, Figs. 1353-1367. The weight or mass of metal placed in one part of a driving wheel to balance the revolving weights of the crank pin, main or side rod, and the reciprocating weights of the crosshcad, piston and piston rod. Counter Boring. An enlargement or other alteration of form, for a certain portion of its length, of a hole bored in any substance. Coupler. 1, Figs. 2328-2407, 3904-4062. An appliance for connecting or coupling tenders to cars and coupling cars together. By Act of Congress, Feb. 27, 1893, all engines, passenger and freight cars engaged in interstate commerce must be equipped with couplers, that couple automatically by impact and that may be uncoupled without going between the cars, on or before Jan. 1, 1898. A penalty of $100 is imposed for each violation of this act, unless the time shall have been extended for each road by the Interstate Commerce Commission after a hearing and for good cause. Of automatic couplers there arc a great many; the tender couplers all conform to the contour lines adopted by the M. C. B. Asso- ciation; they differ chiefly in the lock and the de- vice for uncoupling.
2. Sometimes applied to the devices for connect- ing steam and air hose between the tender and cars. Coupler Brace. 30, Figs. 231(5-2327. A brace placed on each side of the pilot coupler and bolted to the bumper to assist in resisting shocks in coupling. Coupler Horn. The projecting lug cast on the head of the coupler which bears on the face of the end sill or dead block when the draft gear is closed solid in compression. Coupler Side Spring. A spring bearing on the bumper beam and lugs cast on the side of the coupler head as in Fig. 23G8-2369 to limit the side movement of the coupler head. Coupler Side Spring Bracket. A cast or malleable iron holder fastened to the outside of the draft timbers
or sills of a tender on each side to hold a stem passing through the coupler side springs. Coupler Socket (Electric Locomotive). Figs. 4629-4630. A receptacle made of metal and hard insulating ma- terial, having inside of it plugs connected to a cir- cuit, leading to the controller of an electric locomo- tive. The socket is placed at the end of the locomo- tive, under the bumper, and when two locomotives are coupled for multiple unit operation, or double heading, the end or terminal of a flexible conductor or jumper connected to one, is inserted in the socket on the other, thus enabling the motorman of cither locomotive to control the operation of the other. Coupler Socket Lid. (Electric Locomotive.) 10, Figs. 4629-4630. A metal flap hinged at the top, to cover the outer end of a coupler socket. Coupler Support 2a, Figs. 3826-3829. A piece of cast or wrought iron fastened to a bumper and sur- rounding the shank or drawbar of a coupler to sup- port and hold it in place. A Drawbar Carry Iron, which sec. Coupler Yoke. 3, Figs. 3826-3829. A pocket strap, U- shaped, which contains the spring and follower plates of a drawbar. It is the means of attaching the drawbar to the spring and follower plates, which arc carried in the draft gear check plates riveted to the tender sills. Coupling. "That which couples or connects, as a hook, chain or bar." — Webster. A coupling link was called simply a coupling. See Coupler. Coupling Case. See Hose Coupling Case. Coupling Hose. See Air Brake Hose. Coupling Link. A wrought iron link or open bar by which engines and cars arc coupled together by coupling pins. Chain coupling links are used with draw hooks. In consequence of the danger to trainmen attending the use of coupling links, and legislation forbidding their use after January 1, 1898, automatic couplers have almost entirely re- placed them. See Coupler.
2. (British.) A link forming part of a coupling or draw chain. The open-ended link connected to the draw hook or drawbar is the coupling shackle. The intermediate links are sometimes termed the short links, and the end link the long link. A single long link is often used instead of three short inter- mediate links. Coupling Nut. (Pipe Fittings.) A nut used to con- nect two pieces of pipe by what is called a union joint or Union, which sec. Coupling Nut Ring. A sleeve or collar forming part
of a union joint. Sec Union. Coupling Pin. A round bar of iron with which a coup- ling link is connected to a drawbar. Coupling Pin Chain. A small chain attached to the car by a suitable eye to prevent the coupling pin from being lost. Coupling Rod (British). 1<>2, Figs. 5077-5078. See
Side Rod. Coupling Shackle (British). The end link of the coup- ling which is secured by a pin to the shank of the Draw Hook, which see. Coupling Screw (British). A right and left-handed
screw used in a Screw Coupling, which see. Cover Plate. 1. A face plate of a steel-tired wheel con- necting the tire and hub.
2. In metal underframes for tenders a plate which is riveted to the flanges of the center sills to give them additional vertical strength as a box girder. The plate riveted to the top flanges is called a top
CRA
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cover plate and one riveted to the bottom flanges a bottom cover plate.
Cradle. See Compressor Cradle.
Crank. 1. "Literally a bend or turn; hence an iron axis with a part bent like an elbow, for producing a horizontal or perpendicular motion by means of a rotary motion or the contrary." — Webster. See Bell Crank.
2. An arm generally made in one piece with a driving wheel and having attached to it a pivot or pin called a crank pin or wrist pin to which a main or side rod is attached. In inside connected locomotives, including certain tycs of three-cylinder and four-cylinder compounds, the inside cranks are either forged in one piece with the axle, or prefer- ably made separate and shrunk and keyed on. This latter form of construction is called a built-up crank axle.
Crank Axle. Sec above.
Crank Disk. 9, Figs. 1308-1385. One of two flat steel forgings, circular or of other shape, attached at right angles to a built-up driving axle, and having secured between them a crank pin. Also called crank web.
Crank Pin. Figs. 1 130-1 154. A short cylindrical shaft secured to a crank on a driving wheel, or joining the two webs or disks of a crank axle. The brass of a main rod or side rod is fitted to it, and its function is to transmit the reciprocating motion imparted to the piston, piston rod, crosshead and main rod by the expansive force of the steam, to the rotating driving wheel. Crank pins arc distin- guished as main crank pins if on the pair of driv- ing wheels turned directly by the main; front crank pins if on the forward coupled or driving wheels; back crank pins if on the rear driving wheels and front intermediate or back intermediate crank pins if on front or back intermediate driving wheels be- tween the main driving wheels and the front or back drivers, as the case may be.
Crank Pin Bolt or Stud. 5. Figs. 1135-1139. A stud bolt set in the end of ;i crank pin and on which a nut can be screwed to hold a washer in place. See Crank Pin Nut.
Crank Pin Bushing. 2. Figs. 1155-1229. A sleeve or collar made of brass or anti-friction metal, forced into a suitable hole in the stub end of a main or side rod and forming a bearing for the crank pin.
Crank Pin Collar. I. Figs. 1 135-1 139. A circular en- largement or fillet on a crank pin, either on that portion between two rod bearings, or between a rod bearing and the face of the crank.
Crank Pin Nut. 0, Fi«;s. 11.15-1139. A nut screwed on the outer end of a crank pin to secure a cap or washer that holds the rod in place on the pin.
Crank Pin Press. (Portable.) Fig. 1909. A portable hydraulic press for forcing crank pins in and out of locomotive driving wheels.
Crank Pin Turning Machine. ( Portable.) Fig. 190X. A machine for truing worn crank pins while in place on the driving wheel.
Crank Pin Washer or Collar. 4, Figs. 1135-1139. A cir- cular plate with a hole in the center, held in place by a nut on the outer end of a crank pin to hold a stub end brass in place.
Crank Pin Wheel Seat. 1. Figs. 1135-1139. That por- tion of a crank pin that is in the body of a crank or wheel.
Crank Web. See Crank Disk.
"Creco" Brake Beam. Fig. 4443.
Cross Bar (Swing Link Hanger). The iron bar sup- porting the cross bar casting which carries the
spring plank. Also called mandrel pin and lower swing hanger pivot.
Cross Compound Locomotive. Fig. 44. A two-cylinder compound locomotive, having its high-pressure cylinder on one side and its low-pressure cylinder on the other side of the engine.
Crosshead. 1. F*igs. 1030-1135; 35, Figs. 77-124. A solid or built-up block of metal to which one end of the piston rod is secured, sliding in parallel ways or guides and having a pin or pivot for the attach- ment of the main or connecting rod. Crosshcads used on locomotives arc divided into four classes: (a) Four-bar guide crosshead, Figs. 1074-1077, 1084- 108C; alligator crosshead for two-bar guides, Figs. 1039-1073; Laird crosshead for two-bar guides, Figs. 1078-1080; and Dean crosshcads for solid guides.
2. (Air Rrakc.) F"ig. 2540. A forked casting at- tached to the outer end of the piston rod, in cer- tain classes of driver brake cylinders, to which the brake levers arc connected.
Crosshead Arm (Walschaerts Valve Gear). Fig. 1812. A short bar rigidly attached to the crosshead in a vertical position, and holding one end of the Union Link, which sec, that serves to transmit its motion to the Combination Lever, which see.
Crosshead Gib. 9, Figs. 1039-1080. A flat liner or rub- bing piece, often made of brass, to serve as a bear- ing surface for the crosshead on the guides. Brit- ish, crosshead shoe.
Crosshead Guide. Sec Guide.
Crosshead Key. 3, Figs. 1039-1080. A flat wedge-shaped piece of metal passing through a slot in the front end of the crosshead and through a corresponding slot in the back end of the piston rod, to fasten the rod securely into the crosshead.
Crosshead Oil Cup. 10, Figs. 1039-1080. An oil cup screwed in a crosshead to supply oil to the wrist pin.
Crosshead Plate. A flat piece of iron or steel bolted on each side of a two-bar, or alligator crosshead to hold it in place laterally.
Crosshead Shoes (ltritish). See Crosshead Gib.
Crosshead Wrist Pin. 2, Figs. 1039-1080; Figs. 1120- 1129. A pin or short shaft secured to the crosshead for the attachment of the front end of the main rod. It transmits the reciprocating motion of the crosshead to the main rod and forms a pivot around which the main rod turns. Also called knuckle pin.
Crosshead Wrist Pin Nut. A nut for holding the wrist pin or knuckle pin in place in the crosshead.
Crosshead Wrist Pin Washer. A ring fitted over the end of the wrist pin.
Crosstie. 13, Figs. 1110-1470; Figs. 1490-1505. A trans- verse brace for strengthening a locomotive or truck frame. The main frame crossties arc designated according to location, as top, or bottom crosstie, back, or front, of cylinder; back of firebox ; at back, main, intermediate or front pedestal, and under firebox.
Crosstie Brace ( Kngine Truck). 24a, Figs. 3344-3351. A transverse bar bolted at each end to the side frames of an engine truck.
Crosstie Oil Cup. A metal cup for holding oil for the purpose of lubricating a Crosstie Shoe, which sec.
Crosstie Shoe. A metal piece attached to the founda- tion ring of a wide firebox, resting upon a special type of frame crosstie, to allow a slight movement of the firebox due to expansion and contraction.
Crown Bar. 7a, Figs. 151-200. A beam extending across the water space above the crown sheet of wagon top boilers to support the stay bolts holding up the crown sheet where the opening for the steam dome
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prevents staying the crown sheet to the outer ring sheet. They are usually supported at the ends by castings resting on the top edges of the side sheets of the firebox.. Thimbles on the crown sheet stay holts maintain the proper spacing between the crown sheet and the crown bars. Called in Great Britain a roof bar. Crown Bar Bolt. Holts passing through the crown bar and supporting the crown sheet. They are en- cased in Crown Bar Thimbles, which see, to pre- serve the proper space between the crown sheet and the crown bar. Crown Bar Foot. That portion of the lower edge of the crown bar that rests upon the side sheets of the firebox. Crown Bar Link. A short rod or link to connect a
crown bar with a brace. Crown Bar Separator. Sec Crown Bar Thimble. Crown Bar Sling. A rod secured to the crown bar and supporting it from above by being bolted at its upper end to a bracket riveted to the outside sheet. Crown Bar Sling Eye Bolt. An eye bolt screwed into
a crown bar for attaching it to a crown bar sling. Crown Bar Sling Pins. The bolts or pins holding the
crown bar slings at the top and bottom. Crown Bar Thimble. A short, hollow bolt or spacer, through which a crown bar bolt passes, placed between the crown sheet and the lower side of the crown bar. Crown Sheet. 7, Figs. 151-206. A sheet or plate directly over the fire and forming the roof of a firebox. Being exposed to an intense heat on one side and covered with water on the other, there is a violent formation of steam on that surface. Crown sheets are sometimes made flat and sometimes curved. In any case, they must be strongly sup- ported, and this is accomplished either by Crown Bars (which see), radial stays, or in the case of the Belpairc firebox, straight vertical and hori- zontal stays. Cup. "A small vessel used commonly to dr'nk out of, but the name is also given to vessels of like shape used for other purposes." — Webster. See Oil Cup and Drain Cup. Cup Washer. A Socket Washer, which sec. Curled Hair. Hair from the tails or manes of cattle, horses, etc., which is first spun into ropes, then wound into coils, and either steeped or boiled in water. After this the coil is dried and the hair un- wound, which leaves it in a curly and elastic state, suited for stuffing cushions, etc. Used in the West- inghouse O. B. air strainers for train air signal Pipe Curtis Turbo-Generator (Electric Headlight). Fig.
3294. Cut-Off. The act of closing communication between either end of a cylinder and the steam entering the steam chest, effected by the valve being moved to such a position that it closes one of the steam ports. Cut-out Cock (Air Brake). 1. Figs. 2.51-2533. A valve inserted in the branch pipe from the brake pipe to the triple valve, which can be closed and the brakes on that locomotive or tender put out of action in case they are not working properly. The closing of this valve does not interfere with the operation of the brakes under any car in the train. 2. A valve which may be inserted in the pipe of the air brake equipment so as to cut off one part from the remainder of the apparatus whenever necessary.
Cylinder. 1. Figs-. 788-878. A chamber or vessel whose ends are circular, and with straight parallel sides, as the cylinder of a steam engine. The cylinders used in connection with locomotives are made of cast iron, and have pistons fitted so as to work steam-tight in them. Cylinders used in brake apparatus arc shown in Figs. 2197-2100.
2. (Compound Locomotives.) The high-pressure cylinder or cylinders receive steam from the boiler and exhaust it into a receiver or into the steam chest of the low-pressure cylinders. The low-pres- sure cylinders receive the exhaust steam from the high-pressure cylinders and expand it down fur- ther, finally exhausting it into the atmosphere through the stack. Cylinder Attachments. The Relief Valves, Cylinder Cocks, By-Pass Valves, which see, attached to or used in connection with the cylinders. Cylinder Back End (British). 30, Figs. 5077-5078. See Back Cylinder Head and Cylinder Head.
Cylinder Boring Bar. Fig. 4015. A portable machine for boring the cylinders of locomotives.
Cylinder Bushing. A cylindrical lining fitted to the inside of a cylinder for the purpose of reducing its diameter or of forming a new wearing surface for the piston when a cylinder has become unevenly or excessively worn.
Cylinder By-pass Valve. One of two small double disk valves mounted in chambers bolted to a steam chest containing a piston valve. The larger face of the by-pass valve is in communication with the interior or steam cavity of the main piston valve, while the smaller face is on the side toward the cylinder. If for any reason the pressure in the cylinder should increase to a dangerous degree, the by-pass acts as a relief valve, and opens communi- cation between the cylinder and the steam chamber inside the main valve. When running with the throttle closed, the by-pass valves allow communi- cation to be established between both ends of the cylinder, and the interior cavity of the piston valve equalizes the pressure.
Cylinder Casing. The outside metal sheathing or cover of a cylinder. British, cylinder clothing.
Cylinder Clothing (British). See Cylinder Casing.
Cylinder Cock. Figs. 073-078; 11, Figs. 982-990. A small cock screwed into the bottom of a cylinder at each end and operated by a rod from the cab to allow any accumulation of water in the cylinder to escape.
Cylinder Cock Lever. 20, Figs. 082-000. A lever pivoted to a fulcrum casting in the cab, and connected to the rod that operates the cylinder cocks.
Cylinder Cock Lever Quadrant. A curved piece of metal with notches for holding the latch of a cylin- der cock lever.
Cylinder Cock Rod Guide. A slotted piece for holding a cylinder cock rod in place.
Cylinder Cock Cab Rod. 17, Figs. 982-990. A rod con- necting the cylinder cock lever with another lever directly connected to the cylinder cock slide rods.
Cylinder Cock Shaft. 10, Figs. 982-990. A shaft placed transversely to the frames in bearings or hangers bolted to the frame, with an arm at each end to which the cylinder cock slides are connected.
Cylinder Cock Shaft Arm. 15, Figs. 982-990. An arm or lever connected to the rod running to the cab, or an arm connected to the cylinder cock slide rod.
Cylinder Cock Shaft Bearing. 21, Figs. 982-990. A bracket attached to the frame to hold the cylinder cock shaft.
Cylinder Cock Shank. That part of the cylinder cock that is screwed in the cylinder.
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Cylinder Cock Slide Rod. 10, Figs. 082-990. A rod connecting the stems of the cylinder cocks with the cylinder cock arm.
Cylinder Cock Slide Rod Connection. The link or bar connecting a cylinder cock slide rod with its corre- sponding shaft arm.
Cylinder Cock Valve. A starting valve sometimes used on compound locomotives to admit live steam to the low-pressure cylinder.
Cylinder Front Cover (British). 38, Figs. 5077-5078. Sec Front Cylinder Head and Cylinder Head.
Cylinder Head. 1. Figs. 918-933. A metal cover for the end of a cylinder, held on by cylinder bolts or cyl;ndcr studs. The cylinder head through which the piston rod passes is commonly termed the back â– cylinder head, and the other the front cylinder head. In tandem compound locomotives the head common to the high-pressure and low-pressure cylinders is called an intermediate cylinder head. Sec Cylinder.
2. (Air Pump.) The cylinder heads of an air pump are known as upper and lower steam cylinder heads and upper and lower air cylinder heads.
Cylinder Head Casing. Figs. 964-968. See Casing.
Cylinder Head Eye-Bolt. A bolt screwed into a cyl- inder head with a ring on its outer end for con- venience in handling in the shop.
Cylinder Head Relief Valve. Figs. 991-1014. A valve set to open at a certain predetermined pressure, to relieve the cylinder of an excess pressure caused by water or steam.
Cylinder Levers (Air Brake). 5 and 6, Figs. 2653-2696; Figs. 2703-2704. Two levers which are connected together by a tie rod attached near their centers. One end of one lever is attached to the crosshead of the brake cylinder, and the corresponding end of the other is attached to a bracket on the brake cylinder head at the opposite end of the cylinder. The other ends of the levers are connected with the floating levers by rods.
Cylinder Lever Bracket (Air Brakes). A T-shaped piece of iron bolted to the front cylinder head, to which one of the brake levers is attached.
Cylinder Lever Guide (Air Brakes). 12, Figs. 2653- 2696. A guide or support for the cylinder lever. It is usually made of an iron rod bent to a U-shape and bolted to the under side of the center sills of the tender.
Cylinder Lever Support (Air Brakes). A wrought iron bar bolted to one of the center sills, on which the ends of the cylinder levers rest.
Cylinder Lubricator. See Lubricator and Sight-Feed Lubricator.
Cylinder Oil Pipe Fitting. A union on the lubricator for the attachment of the cylinder oil pipe.
Cylinder Saddle. See Saddle.
Cylindrical Gages. Gages made for measuring the size of cylinders and cylindrical holes, often called Whit- worth gages. They consist of steel cylinders and rings hardened and ground very accurately to stand- ard sizes. These fit into each other. The first is used for measuring the size of holes, and the last for measuring the outside of cylindrical objects, and they are called internal and external cylindrical gages. They are generally used as standards alone, from which other tools and gages are made.
D
D-Valve. Figs. '2097-2129. A steam chest valve, so- called from its shape which resembles the letter D. See Slide Valve and Piston Valve.
Dampcner. 1. A device applied t»» ? spring to cause •; to act more slowly when lh<- h.ad is suddenly ap- plied or removed. Fig. 4532. 2. A muffler. See Exhaust Muffler.
Damper. See Ash Pan Damper.
Davis Brake Beam Heads and Struts. Figs. 4450-4463
Davis Counterbalance. Fig. l-tt't A driving wheel counterbalance consisting of two equal weights cast in the wheel center next to t'ie rim, 120 deg. each way from the crank pin. It is» churned that nn»rc perfect balance is thus obtained than with a sing!; weight opposite the crank pin.
Davis Rolled Steel Wheel. Figs. 4551-4552.
Davis Pressed Steel Journal Box Lid. Figs. 4497-4501
Davis Sclid Truss Brake Beam. Figs. 4456-4458.
Dead Block. A single wooden block or stick of timber attached to the end sill of tenders to protect per- sons from injury, by preventing the cars and tender from coming together in case the drawbar or it* attachments should give way. They are called dead blocks, from the fact that they are blocks which subserve no functions in the construction of the tender proper.
Dead Grate. 14, Figs. 546-W9; Figs. 561-503. A por- tion of a grate surface that is made without any openings for the admission of air. Generally placed near the ends or sides of a firebox, as in those places the combustion is less active than in the center, and with open grates the fire cannot te kept hot enough. Usually cast like a shallow box and the space filled with fire clay. See Grate.
Dead Lever (Foundation Brake Gear). The one of a pair of truck brake levers to which the brake con- necting rod is not attached. The upper end of the dead lever is confined within a dead lever guide, or brake lever stop, which latter is provided with pins to adjust the end of the brake lever as the brake shoes wear. The lever to which the power is first applied through the brake connecting rod is termed the live lever.
Dead Lever Guide or Brake Lever Stop (Brake Gear) 15, Figs. 4294-4382. See above.
Dead Wood. A Dead Block, which see.
Decapod Locomotive. Figs. 47, 101-105. A locomotive having a two-wheel front truck and ten-coupled driving wheels, but no trailing truck. Used for heavy freight service on steep grades. See Whyte's Nomenclature.
Decimal Gage. At the convention of 1895 the following was adopted by the American Railway Master Mechanics' Association as a standard decimal gage:
1. The micrometer caliper should be used for lab- oratory and tool-room work, and in the shop when specially desired.
2. The solid notch gage should be used for gen- eral shop purposes.
3. The form of this gage shall be an ellipse whose major axis is 4 in., the minor axis 2.5 in., and the thickness .1 in., with a central hole .75 in. in diame- ter.
4. The notches in this gage shall be as follows: .002* .022* .060" .110* .004* .025* .065* .125* .006* .028* .070* .135* .008* .032* .075* .150* .010* .036* .080* .165* .012* .040* .085* .180* .014* .045* .090* .200* .016* .050* .095* .220* .018* .055* .100* .240* .020* .250*
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5. All notches to be marked as in the above list.
G. The gage must be plainly stamped with the words "Decimal Gage" in capital letters .2 in. high, and below this the words "Master Mechanics."
7. In ordering material, the term gage shall not he used, but the thickness ordered by writing the decimal as in above list. For sizes over % in., the ordinary common fractions may be used.
Beck. 131, Figs, 77-124; Figs. lol9-1521,1531-lo37. The floor or platform of the cab on which the engine crew stand. Called also foot plate and foot board. It is commonly made of cast iron and serves to tic the' back ends of the frames together, and to form a holder or drawhead for the tender drawbar.
Deck Beam. A beam in the form of an inverted T, with a round knob on the upper end, used in some forms of steel tender construction.
Deflector. 14, Figs. 343-442. An iron plate in the smokebox pointing downwards from just above the top rows of tubes to deflect or throw down the sparks and cinders to the bottom of the smokebox. More commonly diaphragm.
Deflector Angle. 36, Figs. 343-442. An angle secured to the inside of a smokebox to hold a deflector.
Deflector Plate. See Deflector.
Detroit Lubricator. Figs. 3195-3199.
Diamond Brake Beam. Fig. 4442. A trussed beam using a heavy rectangular bar for compression member and an iron rod for tension.
Diamond "S" Brake Shoe. Figs. 2773,2783. A brake shoe with cast iron body and expanded metal inserts.
Diamond Smoke Stack. Figs. 472-478. A device for wood burning locomotives to prevent sparks from being blown out through the stack. The cap is made conical or diamond shaped and sometimes has a netting mounted across the top. A baffle plate is put in over the cylindrical body of the stack to break up the large sparks which strike it.
Diamond Truck. Figs. 4294-4330. A tender truck with iron side frames consisting of two or more Arch Bars, which see, and a pedestal tie bar. The spaces between the arch bars are diamond shaped, hence the name. The journal boxes are rigidly bolted to the side frames. The cross members of the truck, bolster, spring plank, etc., are either of wood or metal, or of both wood and metal combined. Metal transoms, bolsters and spring planks are in gen- eralise and increasing in favor.
Diaphragm. 1. A thin wall or partition.
2. (Valves.) Some valves are regulated by dia- phragms or diaphragm plates, to which are at- tached springs, nuts, stems, etc., whose names ex- plain themselves. These diaphragms all operate on the same principle. They are spring plates, which guide the rod and, assisted by spiral springs,
cause the attached valves to scat or unseat at a fixed pressure.
3. (Smokcboxes.) 14, Figs. 343-442. In a loco- motive smokebox, a diaphragm, called a deflector or Baffle Plate, which see, is placed to deflect sparks to the bottom of the smokebox and equalize the draft through the tubes.
Direct Current (Electricity). An electric current that flows in one direction continuously as distinguished from an Alternating Current, which sec.
Discharge Pipe (Air Pump). D, Figs. 2429-24%. The pipe by which compressed air is conveyed from the air pump or compressor to the main reservoir.
Discharge Valve (Air Compressor). 2, Figs. 2512-2515 The valve through which the compressed air passes to the main reservoir. On the steam-driven air pump it is usually called an air valve.
Distance Between Backs of Flanges. At the conven- tion of the American Railway Master Mechanics' Association in 1884, a motion prevailed that the .standard distance between the backs of tires for tender, locomotive truck and driving wheels be not less than 4 feet 5^4 inches, nor more than 4 feet oV* inches. Modified in 1903, as follows:
In the report of the Committee on Flanged Tires in 1900, they concluded it was desirable to set front and back tires on consolidation engines so that the distance between backs of flanges will be 4 feet 5% inches. Therefore, the committee recommends the distance between backs of flanges be changed to read "to be not less than 4 feet »% inches, nor more than 4 feet 5% inches."
Distance Block. A short, thick piece of wood placed between two or more objects to keep them apart, or to preserve an interval of space between them, as truck bolster distance block, etc.
Distance Piece. A metallic block to keep two objects a certain distance apart.
Distributing Valve (Air Brake). Figs. 2488-2489. The principal feature of the Westinghouse ET loco- motive brake equipment. In general use, the term is often employed to include the distributing valve proper and the double chamber reservoir to which it is attached. It consists of a body in which are two sets of movable parts; the lower set, called the equalizing portion, is very similar to a plain triple valve and causes the automatic application of loco- motive brakes; the upper set, called the application portion, consists of a piston and two slide valves, one of which controls the admission of air to the locomotive brake cylinders, and the other controls the exhaust. The valve has connections to the main reservoir, brake pipe, brake cylinders, auto- matic and independent brake valves. The two chambers of the double chamber reservoir are called the pressure chamber (larger), and "applica- tion chamber (smaller). The former corresponds to the auxiliary reservoir usually installed with any triple valve; the latter is always in communica- tion with the piston chamber in the application portion, and its pressure determines that in the brake cylinders. This valve and its reservoir per- form the functions of all triple valves, auxiliary reservoirs, double check valves, high speed brake reducing valves and some other details always required in other and older locomotive brake equipments. See Westinghouse ET Locomotive Brake Equipment, Triple Valve, Auxiliary Reser- voir. Distribution of Steam (in Cylinders). The behavior of steam in a locomotive cylinder from the moment it enters and begins to move the piston until it leaves
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the cylinder on its way to the exhaust port, com- prising its pressure at every point of the stroke and the rate at which changes of pressure take place. Sec Indicator. Dividing Attachment (Vacuum Brake). Fig 5127. A device to regulate the application of the brakes to either the locomotive or train, or both. Sec Ejector.
Dome. 510. Figs. 77-124; 20, Figs. 151-200; Figs. 227-231. A cylindrical reservoir on top of a boiler and se- cured to it by riveting through a heavy Hanged ring. Its purpose is to collect and hold dry steam. The dry steam passes through the throttle valve, dry pipe and steam pipes to the steam chest from which it is delivered to the cylinders, through the valves and steam ports.
Dome Base. 1.0, Figs. 15I-20C;, 227-231. The Hanged casting surrounding the joint between the dome and the boiler and fitting over the jacket.
Dome Brace. 18, Figs. 221-220. A brace secured inside the dome at one end and to the crown bars at the other, to support and strengthen the sides of the dome. Used only in wagon top boilers. British term, dome strengthening plate.
Dome Brace Foot. A lug or projection on the lower end of a dome brace for securing it to a crown bar.
Dome Cap. 23, Figs. 221-226; Figs. 232-233. The cast iron cover of a dome, bolted to the dome ring.
Dome Casing. 23a, Figs. 227-231. The outside sheathing or cover of a dome.
Dome Casing Base. The base fitted to the boiler jacket on which the dome casing rests. See Dome Base.
Dome Casing Ring. The cylindrical section of a dome casing, between the base and the top.
Dome Casing Top. The sheet steel, hemispherical cover on a steam or sand dome. It is usually fitted flush with the dome casing ring.
Dome Joint Ring. JO, Figs. 151-200. A flanged ring riveted to an opening in the top of a boiler and to the base of the dome to fasten the dome to the boiler shell. It is usually reinforced by another ring, inside the dome, called a Dome Stiffening Ring, which see.
Dome Liner. See Dome Stiffening Ring.
Dome Ring. 22, Figs. 151-206. A heavy cast iron ring riveted to the upper edge of a dome and having a flange to which the dome cap is bolted.
Dome Stiffening Ring. 74, Figs. 151-206. A heavy ring, made of steel boiler plate, riveted to the dome at its base and to the dome joint ring which secures it to the shell of the boiler.
Dome Strengthening Plate (British). See Dome Brace.
Door. That which closes an opening in a wall or par- tition. See Firebox Door, Cab Door.
Door Track. A metal bar or guide which supports a sliding door, and upon which it moves, or by which it is held in its place. They arc cither top door tracks or bottom door tracks. The former usually carry the weight of rear cab doors, which are hung thereon by door hangers.
Double Check Valve (Air Brake). Figs. 2508-2509. A check valve having two seats so arranged that air flowing in past either scat cannot flow out past the other, but will pass to a third connection. Such a valve is used as follows:
(1) Fig. 2509. With the combined automatic and straight-air locomotive brake equipment, a double check valve is placed between the triple valve and brake cylinder, the triple valve being connected to one seat, the straight-air pipe to the other seat,
and the brake cylinder to the side connection. During an automatic application, air can flow from the triple valve to the brake cylinder, but not to the straight-air pipe. And during straight-air appli- cations, air can flow directly into the braVe cylin- der, I tit not to the triple valve.
(2) Fig. 2508. With the Westinghouse FT loco- motive brake equipment mi a double end electric locomotive, a special double check valve is used in the brake cylinder pipe, so that if the flexible hose connections to either cylinder should burst, the check valve would prevent the loss of braking power on the other end. In this check valve, the valve is held midway between the two seats, when the pressures are balanced, by two springs which are not strong enough to resist an unbalanced air pressure, but will prevent the connection to either cylinder becoming closed in ordinary service.
Double Cut-out Cock or Double Cock (Air Brake). Fig. 2533. A special cut-out cock having connec- tions and passages for two separate lines of pipe, so that one movement of the cock handle will affect both pipes at the same time.
Double-Ender Locomotive. Figs. 2-21, 2(1-30, 38, 40, (W), 75-82. A locomotive adapted to run equally well in cither direction. All switching locomotives and many suburban tank locomotives are of this gen- eral class.
Double Heading Pipe (Air Brake). Fig. 2420. The pipe which connects the distributing valve exhaust to the automatic brake pipe.
Double Lip Retaining Ring (Steel Tired Wheels). Figs. 4502, 4564. One of the common methods of attaching a steel tire to the body of the wheel.
Double Plate Wheel. Figs. 4547-4550. A cast iron wheel, the rim and hub of which arc united by two cast iron plates or disks. Wheels in which the double plates extend only part way between the hub and rim, the connection being made by a single plate, are often called double plate wheels. See Wheel
Double Pressure Control (Air Brake). Fig. 2418. Sometimes called high-pressure control. An ar- rangement of the pressure governing mechanisms of the locomotive brake equipment by means of which the brake pipe and main reservoir pressures may be limited to either one of two pressures determined by the position of the handle of the Reversing Cock, which see. The usual pressures used with this equipment are 70 lbs. brake pipe with 90 lbs. main reservoir pressure; 90 lbs. brake pipe with 110 lbs. main reservoir pressure. It is designed primarily for use on freight engines to enable the engineer to increase the braking power on long trains, when descending grades, or to accommodate the braking power to the conditions of light and loaded cars.
Double Pressure Retaining Valve. See Pressure Retaining Valve.
Dovetail. "A flaring tenon adapted to fit into a mor- tise having receding sides so as to prevent the with- drawal of the tenon in the directions to which it will be exposed to strain." — Knight. There arc many forms of dovetail joints.
Draft Connection. Figs. 3789-3819. The whole arrange- ment of rods, buffers and springs by which a tender is attached to a locomotive and which trans- mits the tractive effort to the tender and the fol- lowing train.
Draft Gear. Figs. 3820-3956. A term used to designate the apparatus used under a tender or at the front of an engine to dissipate the shocks due to coupling
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and to provide an clastic resistance in pulling the car. Strictly speaking, the term draft gear includes o*nly the springs or friction blocks and other parts enclosed within the coupler yoke. Draft gear and attachments include the entire apparatus by which a car is drawn, with the exception of the coupler or drawbar. Some makers furnish the complete gears, including springs, follower plates, check plates, yoke, etc. Others only the special castings or parts required, without springs, bolts or other parts which are more or less standard. Sec Fric- tion Draft Gear.
Draft Pipe. Sec Petticoat Pipe.
Draft Pipe Bracket. 41, Figs. 343-442. A bracket or support in the smokebox for holding the draft or petticoat pipe in place. See Petticoat Pipe.
Draft Spring. A spring attached to a Coupler or Drawbar, which see, to give elasticity. They arc usually so arranged by means of follower plates at each end as to resist cither tension or com- pression. The usual size for draft springs is 7 or 8 in. in diameter and 8 in. in length, double coil spiral springs. They have a capacity of from 10,000 lbs. to 30,000 lbs. British, draw spring.
Drag Plate Casting (British). 141, Figs. 5077-5078. Sec Drawhead.
Drain Cock. 1. (Air Pump.) 105, Figs. 2420-2435. A small cock or faucet in the steam cylinder of an air pump to draw off water condensed from the steam. 2. (Air Brake.) Sec Reservoir Drain Cock.
Drain Cup or Drip Cup (Air lirakc). A globular re- ceptacle under a triple valve to collect water of condensation.
Drawbar. I. 5, Figs. 37K9-3791; Figs. 3704-3795. A rod or piece for connecting the engine and tender, secured in the draw head by a pin.
2. A heavy bar resting on the pilot and pivoted to a bracket or drawhead on the front bumper timber, with a hole or slot in the outer end for a coupling pin. Not commonly used now, being superseded by some form of pilot coupler. See Coupler. The term drawbar is often used synony- mously with coupler.
Drawbar Bolt. An iron bolt or spindle which connects a drawbar to a draft spring and follower plates, passing through the center of the spring. A tail bolt. Sec Drawbar.
Drawbar Carry Iron. 2a, Figs. 382(5-3820; 3b, Figs. 4fil8- 1020. Often contracted to carry iron or carrier iron. A U-shaped iron strap bolted to the under side of the end sill and supporting the outer end of the drawbar or coupler. Also called Stirrup, which see.
Drawbar Centering Devices. Devices which take the place of a drawbar carry iron, and are designed to normally keep the coupler in the center line of draft while allowing it to move from side to side in rounding curves. Figs. 4018-1(520. Drawbar Follower Plates. 13. Figs. 3830-3854. Two iron plates which bear against each end of a draft spring and transmit the tension and compression on the drawbar to the draft springs and to the draft timbers. Drawbar Follower Stop. 5, Figs. 3820-1829. A casting bolted or riveted to the sills or draft timbers to act as a stop to the motion of the follower. Also called cheek plate. Drawbar Guide. Cast -iron lugs, or wrought plates, bearing against the sides of draft timbers over the drawbar carry iron, to resist lateral strains and protect the draft timbers from wear.
Drawbar Pocket. A' Drawbar Spring Pocket, which
sec. Drawbar Pocket Guide. A casting bolted to the draft timbers and serving as a guide or chafing plate for the Drawbar Spring Pocket, which sec. Drawbar Safety Lug. A horn on the upper side of a drawbar to bear against the end sill or a single dead block on the end sill, to relieve the draft spring and attachments from excessive bulling strain. Drawbar Spindle or Stem. The iron drawbar bolt which passes through the center of the draw spring and follower plates. A tail holt. Drawbar Spring Pocket. The space at the back end of a spring pocket or strap drawbar which receives the draft springs and follower plates. Drawbar Stem. A Drawbar Bolt or Tail Bolt, which
see. Drawbar Stirrup. A Drawbar Carry Iron, which see. Drawbar Stop. A casting which limits the movement of the drawbar followers, bolted to the draft tim- bers. The castings for the drawbar stop are some- times made long enough to bear against the body bolster, or a filling block is interposed between it and the drawbar, thus relieving lugs ami bolts of strain. Drawbar Yoke. 3. Figs. .3820-3854. The yoke or strap pocket that encloses the draft spring and is bolted to the end of the drawbar is called a yoke. Draw Gear. Figs. 3789-3819. The arrangement by which the engine transmits its power to pull the tender. A rod or bar. called a drawbar, is secured in the engine drawhead casting by a pin; and its other end rests in a similar casting secured to the forward end of the tender frame. See Draft Con- nection and Draft Gear. Drawhead. Figs. 3817-3819; 2377-2407. A socket or receptacle for the end of the drawbar, which is held in place by a pin. The front engine drawhead is secured to the bumper, while the back engine drawhead, holding the tender drawbar, is usually cast in one piece with the deck or foot plate. Called in Great liritain a drag plate casting. Draw Pin. Fig. 3700. A rod or pin passing through a drawhead and a drawbar to hold them together. Draw Pin Key. A pin or cotter passing through a slot
in the bottom end of the draw pin. Draw Spring. See Draft Spring. Dressel Oil Headlight and Burner. Kigs. 3295-3290. Drilling. A term used for Switching, which see. or making up trains. Regulating is another term sometimes used. The Hritish term is marshalling or shunting. Drilling Machine. Figs. 4010-1024. A machine for drilling holes. The different types are single, double, and multiple spindle drilling machines, radial drilling machines and semi-radial drilling machines. Drip Cup (Air Itrakc). A receptacle inserted in the brake pipe of each car to receive water condensing therein. A drain cup. Drip Valve. A globe or angle valve or a plug cock used to draw off the water of condensation from a pipe, pocket, cylinder or reservoir to prevent dam- age by freezing. Driver. Sec Driving Wheel.
Driver Brake. Figs. 2559-250*2. 2048-2052. A brake, actu- ated by compressed air or vacuum apparatus, apply- ing brake shoes to the driving wheels of a loco- motive. They are either equalized brakes or Cam Brakes, which see. Sec Air Brake. Driver Brake Bell Crank. A bell crank attached to a
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locomotive frame for transmitting the movement of the driver brake cylinder piston rod to the driver brake rod. It is pivoted on a heavy casting bolted to the frame and called a brake bell crank bracket.
Driver Brake Bell Crank Bracket. See Driver Brake Bell Crank..
Driver Brake Connecting Rod. 7, Figs. 2650-2652; 6, 7, 8, 9, Figs. 4024-4627. A steel rod fastened to the driver brake cylinder lever or a brake equalizer at one end, and to the brake hanger of a driving wheel at the other end. They arc distinguished as front, second, third and fourth, according to the driving wheel to which they extend.
Driver Brake Connecting Rod Equalizer. A short metal bar to which the brake rod of one of the driving wheels is attached at a point between the ends. One end of the equalizer is secured by a short link to the hanger or lever of the forward driver brake, and the other end of the equalizer is secured to the second driver brake rod. In Figs. 2650-2652, the floating lever 9 acts as an equalizer.
Driver Brake Cylinder (Air Brake). 1, Figs. 2650-2652; Fig. 2497. The brake cylinder used to operate the driving wheel brakes. Sec Brake Cylinder.
Driver Brake Cylinder Angle. An angle casting bolted to the frame of a locomotive to support a driver brake cylinder. In some designs it is located at the back end of the frames, and in others is secured to the guide yoke or other frame crosstie.
Drive Spring Pocket (Electric Locomotive). See Driving Pins.
Driving Axle. 72, Figs. 77-124; Figs. 1368-1370. An Axle, which sec, on which two coupled driving wheels arc mounted. They are classified as front, intermediate, main and back. In four-cylinder com- pound locomotives and inside-connected engines, the driving axles become crank axles. Figs. 1371- 1385.
Driving Axlebox (British). 76, Figs. 5077-5078. See Driving Box.
Driving Axlebox Spongebox (British). Sec Driving Box Cellar.
Driving Box. 70, Figs. 77-124; Figs. 1386-1445. A box- shaped casting of iron or steel, fitted to slide verti- cally in the jaws or pedestals of the frame, and holding a brass or bearing resting upon the driv- ing axle journal. British, driving axlebox. Sec Journal Box.
Driving Box Bearing. 3, Figs. 1380-1394. The brass in a driving box. It rests on the journal of the driv- ing axle.
Driving Box Cellar. Figs. 1401-1402; 73, Figs. 77-124. A receptacle in the bottom of a driving box, to hold oil and waste, secured to the box by two bolts called cellar bolts. British, driving axlebox sponge- box.
Driving Box Cellar Bolt. 6, Figs. 1:186-1394. A bolt passing through the bottom of the driving box longitudinally and through the oil cellar to hold it in place. Two are used for each box. British, driving axlebox spongebox bolt.
Driving Box Saddle. 151, Figs. 77-124; Figs. 1743-1751. A XI shaped piece of iron resting upon the driving box and forming a base for the support of a driving spring; or hanging downward to hold the spring below the box on engines having underhung springs. Also called driving spring stirrup and driving spring seat. British, driving axle box saddle.
Driving Box Shoe. Sec Driving Box Wedge.
Driving Box Wedge. 219, Figs. 77-1*24; Figs. 1398-1400.
A strip of iron or steel fitted to the inside of the legs or pedestals of the frame to protect them from wear by the sliding up and down of the driving boxes. The frame legs are usually built with one slightly inclined toward the other, and the wedges arc made, one with parallel sides, and the other wedge-shaped. The wedge being against the slop- ing leg, can be moved vertically by set screws to take up the wear of the box. The wedge with par- allel sides is called a shoe. British, driving axle* box wedge or shoe.
Driving Crank. Sec Crank.
Driving Horn Block (British). 74, Figs. 5077-5078. See Pedestal
Driving Pins. (Electric Locomotive.) Figs. 4654-4657. Short steel pins resembling crank pins fastened on the end of the armature quill