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Oxford University Press, Amen House, London E.C.4
GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON
BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI LAHORE DACCA
CAPE TOWN SALISBURY NAIROBI IBADAN ACCRA
KUALA LUMPUR HONG KONG
Oxford University Press 1962
NOTE ON THE SECOND EDITION
In this second edition Dr. Stevenson's text remains unchanged,
but it has been thought right to repair a long-standing omission
by the addition of an Appendix on the Numerals, which has
kindly been supplied by the Rev. J. A. Emerton, Lecturer in
Divinity in the University of Cambridge.
FIRST EDITION 1924
REPRINTED LITHOGRAPHICALLY IN GREAT BRITAIN
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD
FROM SHEETS OF THE FIRST EDITION
1950, 1956
SECOND EDITION I962
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
This introduction to Palestinian Jewish Aramaic presupposes
a general knowledge of Hebrew or of some other Semitic lan-
guage, such as Syriac or Arabic. It is intended primarily to
equip students for the reading of the Targums (OJ) and the
Aramaic portions of the Palestinian Talmud and Midrashim
(PTM), and to provide a help to the study of the Aramaic ele-
ments contained in the writings of the New Testament.
The Aramaic of the books of Ezra and Daniel is perhaps best
learned after a study has been made of one of the dialects just
named. Its forms and uses, therefore, are noted in a supplemen-
tary way throughout the grammar. At the same time those who
choose to begin with Old Testament Aramaic (OTA) may do so
with the help of the special paradigms at the end of the book and
by concentrating chiefly on the notes marked OTA, which have
been placed towards the close of most of the sections into which
the grammar is divided.
The pioneer work of Gustaf Dalman is everywhere presupposed
and made use of. His grammar of OJ and PTM formulates the
now accepted principles of their treatment (see p. 9) and provides
an inexhaustible store-house of material for further investigation.
In accordance with his conclusions the punctuation of the supra-
linear MSS. is taken as a standard, although transliterated uni-
formly into the familiar sublinear system and so, in some
particulars, made more precise (see § 2).
PREFACE
PREFACE
Dalman's grammar does not include syntax, so that the notes
on syntax are a special feature of this grammar and are based
almost entirely on the writer's personal observations. The ref-
erences added to the syntactical notes, and in other cases also,
are intended to show the range of the evidence found, and to
make it easy to test and supplement the conclusions drawn. They
are not intended to be used by beginners. The evidence for the
syntax of PTM has been taken wholly from the texts of Dalman's
Dialektproben.
The scantiness of the material available for the study of OTA
often makes the formulation of general statements about it
difficult and practically inexpedient. The method adopted, there-
fore, has frequently been that of giving a precise numerical state-
ment of the facts. The paradigm of the verb, also, has been made,
more closely than is usual, a reproduction of existing verbal
forms. Strack's edition of the texts, in his Biblical Aramaic
Grammar, is assumed to be referred to, except when otherwise
stated. Special note has been made of the evidence of the supra-
linear MSS. of OTA, of which Stiack gives specimens.
References to the Targum of Onkelos are made implicitly to
the supralinear editions of Kahle, Merx, and Praetorius, so far as
they go (see Literature, p. 8). In the case of Gen. 1-4 and 24, the
source is Merx's Chrestomathy, for other parts of the Pentateuch,
Berliner's Onkelos is used. The references to Dalman's Dialekt-
proben are made by means of figures referring to the page, para-
graph, and line, generally without mention of the title, sometimes
with the abbreviation Chrest. prefixed.
Much of the material in most sections of the grammar may
be passed over on a first reading. Students working without a
teacher are recommended to confine themselves at first to the
notes marked with an asterisk. One or two sections which should
be read completely are similarly marked. Those who have a fair
working knowledge of Hebrew may begin to read the chapters
of Genesis contained in Merx's Chrestomathy after they have
completed § 8 of the Grammar. Only texts with a supralinear
vocalization should be used at first. Dalman's interesting Dialekt-
proben, if it can be obtained, may be commenced at p. 14, after
a few chapters of the Targum have been read. Unfortunately the
Dialektproben is now out of print and there is no immediate
prospect of its re-issue. The publication of further selections from
the Aramaic portions of the Jerusalem Talmud, with an English
vocabulary, would be of great assistance to English students of
this literature.
The language of the Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C.,
recently edited and translated by A. Cowley (1923), is closely
related to the idioms of OJ, PTM, and OTA. The announcement
by the editor of his intention to publish a grammar of the dialect
of these papyri makes it superfluous to apologize for its exclusion
from the scope of the present work. Still it may be said that, on
the scale of treatment here attempted, no more than three dialects
could properly be included. A more comprehensive work must be
preceded by other detailed studies, which do not yet exist.
It is a very pleasant duty to acknowledge the help and en-
couragement the writer has received from the members of the
Society for Old Testament Study, both individually and col-
lectively. Without the assurance of their support and interest
this grammar would never have been published nor expanded
into its present form. Special thanks are due to my friend, the
energetic and resourceful secretary, Dr. T. H. Robinson, of
Cardiff University College.
I am greatly obliged to the readers of the Clarendon Press for
their vigilant attention to every detail and to the Delegates for
the cordiality of their acceptance of my work. My Assistant,
Mr. E. J. Harris, B.D., has twice read through the proofs and
has verified many references and has helped to remove inaccu-
racies that might otherwise have escaped detection.
WM. B. STEVENSON
Glasgow, 5 March 1924
TABLE OF CONTENTS
i.
2.
3-
4-
5-
6.
7-
8.
9-
10.
11.
12.
13-
14.
15.
16.
17-
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Literature ....
Introduction ....
Orthography ....
Personal Pronouns (nominative forms)
,, „ (suffix forms) .
Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives
Interrogatives ....
The Relative Pronoun .
Nouns and Adjectives (general) .
Classification of Nouns (declensions)
Inflexion of Nouns (masculine types)
„ ,, (feminines) .
Pronominal Suffixes (with singular nouns)
„ (with masc. plur. stems)
„ „ (with fem. plur. stems)
rvK, rvb, &c.
Verbal Stems
Perfect Tenses .
Imperfect Tenses .
Imperatives ....
Infinitives ....
Participles ....
Compound Tenses
Influence of Gutturals upon Verbal Forms
PAGE
3
8
9
11
15
16
18
20
21
22
26
29
34
38
40
42
43
44
46
48
5i
52
54
57
60
24. Verbs, initial Nun .....
25. „ initial Aleph
26. „ initial Yodh and Waw
27. „ final Yodh and Aleph
28. „ „ ,, ,, perfect tenses .
29. „ „ ,, „ impff.,imperatt., and infinn
30. ,, ,, „ „ inflexion of particc
31. w?h, nin, Kjn, -fo
32. Monosyllabic Stems (*'V) ....
33. „ „ (inflected forms) .
34. Partially Monosyllabic Stems (V"V)
35. ; , ,. „ (inflected forms)
36. Verbal Suffixes ......
37. „ „ (with N'v stems)
38. „ „ (in OTA) .
Paradigm of Verb (OJ)
„ „ Verbal Suffixes
Tables of OTA .
Appendix on the Numerals
by J. A. EMERTON .
39. Cardinal Numbers
40. Ordinal Numbers
41. Other Numerals .
PAGE
61
63
65
66
68
70
72
73
75
77
78
80
81
84
86
88
90
92
97
99
104
105
LITERATURE
Berliner, A. Targum Onkelos (text, with introduction and notes).
Berlin, 1884.
Massorah zum Targum Onkelos. Leipzig, 1877.
Burney, C. F. Aramaic Origin of the Fourth Gospel. Oxford, 1922.
Dalman, Gustaf. Grammatik des Judisch-Palastinischen Ara-
maisch. Zweite Auflage. Leipzig, 1905.
Aramaisch-Neuhebraisches Handworterbuch zu Targum,
Talmud und Midrasch. Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte
Auflage. Frankfurt a. Main, 1922.
Aramaische Dialektproben . . . mit Worterverzeichnis. Leipzig,
1896.
Worte Iesu. Leipzig, 1898. (English trans., T. & T. Clark,
1902.)
Diettrich. Grammatische Beobachtungen zu drei . . . Hand-
schriften des Onqelostargums. ZATW xx 1900 (pp. 148-
59)-
Kahle, Paul. Masoreten des Ostens— die altesten punktierten
Handschriften des Alten Testaments und der Targume
(in Kittel's Beitrage, Heft 15). Leipzig, 191 3.
Lagarde, Paul de. Prophetae chaldaice. Leipzig, 1872.
Landauer, S. Studien zu Merx' Chrestomathia targumica. In
Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie, vol. hi, 1888 (pp. 263-92).
Merx, Adalbert. Chrestomathia Targumica (with critical notes
and Latin glossary). Berlin, 1888.
Praetorius, Franz. Targum zu Josua in Jemenischer Uberliefe-
rung. Berlin, 1899.
Targum zum Buch der Richter in Jemenischer Uberlieferung.
Berlin, 1900.
Strack, H. L. Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramaischen, mit . . .
Texten und einem Worterbuch. 6te Auflage. Munich,
1921.
PALESTINIAN JEWISH ARAMAIC
§ 1. INTRODUCTION
Dalman's Grammar of Jewish-Palestinian Aramaic (Leipzig,
1894) opened a new period in the study of the Aramaic dialects.
It separated clearly for the first time the dialects of the Targums,
Talmuds, and Midrashim, and it supplied a coherent and correct
vocalization of the grammatical forms of the Targum of Onkelos
and of the related dialect used in the Palestinian Talmud. The
vocalization was based upon Yemenite MSS., which employed
supralinear vowel signs. The second edition of Dalman's grammar
(1905), along with his dictionary (1901), supplemented and revised
his early work, but did not change its fundamental character.
It was now made clear that the Targums of Onkelos (Penta-
teuch) and Jonathan (Prophets) were written in practically the
same Aramaic dialect (OJ), somewhat modified by the influence
of the Hebrew originals, and that the Palestinian Talmud and
Midrashim preserved the remains of another dialect (PTM), closely
related to the former. Because of this relationship Dalman sup-
plied the unvocalized texts of PTM with vowels determined for
the most part by the analogy of the supralinear tradition of the
Targums. In this whole literature he saw, with good reason, the
best avenue of approach to the Aramaic speech of Palestine in
the time of Christ and a valuable help to the study of the language
and thought of the New Testament.
The origin, character, and. variations of the supralinear MSS. of
JO
§ i. INTRODUCTION
the Targums have been greatly elucidated by the patient and
extensive researches of Paul Kahle (published in 191 3). His
conclusions may be summarized as follows. The oldest and best
tradition of the Aramaic of the Targums is contained in MSS. of
Babylonian (i.e. Mesopotamian) origin. The Yemenite MSS.
represent this tradition modified by the principles of the school of
Tiberias in Palestine. The measure of Palestinian influence in-
creased as time went on, so that the older Yemenite MSS. are
nearer to the Babylonian tradition than the later. The sublinear
vocalization of Berliner's edition of Onkelos goes back ultimately
to a MS. which used the supralinear system. The forms of
Berliner's edition are not real Aramaic forms, but through them
we may reach a supralinear tradition similar to that of the MSS.
which employ a supralinear vocalization.
The texts of PTM are to a large extent stories written in a
simple popular style. The language, according to Dalman, is that
of Galilee in the third and fourth centuries a.d. Part of what is
contained in the Midrashim may be dated as late as the sixth
century. There are some differences of vocabulary between the
Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan, but no very obvious differences
of grammar. The Aramaic of these Targums has a more literary
character than the language of the Galilean stories, and is supposed
to have been moulded first in Judea. The Targums themselves
may not have received their final literary form before the fifth
century, but the idiom in which they are written probably goes
back at least to the second century and perhaps earlier. Dalman's
interpretation of the phraseology of the New Testament in the
light of Aramaic usage proceeds on the view that we have in OJ
and PTM, respectively, close approximations to the literary and
popular forms of the language of Palestine in the time of Christ. 1
1 See especially Dalman's Words of Jesus, Introduction, section viii. The
most recent attempt to show the influence of Aramaic upon a NT writer is
II
§ 2. 1 ORTHOGRAPHY
1. In unvocalized texts (PTM) k, n, 1, and " are freely used to
indicate vowels. Waw and yodh frequently denote short vowels,
as well as long vowels. Typical examples are: nb"D = nbo,
|u»k = pax, bopo = bepp, t6m - abay, prvx = prw, TbW=
vty* , K-^u = irjaa , rrbia = irbs , N»in = mn , kdH or roan . The
stem vowel of the inflected forms of segholate nouns (N^y) and
the preformative vowel of verbal reflexives (tWn) are commonly
indicated in this way. The insertion of vowel signs into texts originally
unvocalized accounts for the existence of forms like r^K, bBp
DK for "B«, T3yK for Tag*). This usage occurs
in the supralinear MSS. of OTA (Dan. 3. 12, 3. 13, 4- 28, 4. 29),
but not consistently (Dan. 4. 32 $"]?$(, 5. 5 n 0^)-
8. Some supralinear MSS. have forms like VM, «n^K, D>rnjK
(= Hebrew BfaK, Dv£>K, Unv^) t instead of forms commencing with
« or $. It is possible that this orthography represents an alterna-
tive pronunciation of the words in question, but more likely that
yddh, with sere, simply represented ... , just as pathah stood for _. .
Similarly \?T3 {Chresi. 29. 21) was neither a phonetic variant nor
a grammatical equivalent of \^3 (1 plur. impf. Pael), but was,
originally, precisely the same word, differently spelled. This use
of yodh (with sere) to denote vocal shewa occurs in the supralinear
MSS. of OTA, and it throws fresh light on the Hebrew forms
referred to in Gesenius-Kautzsch, § 23 h (">iTN = "^TN).
9. Some supralinear MSS. write ? instead of ), especially at the
beginning of words, but also in other cases (e.g. in *??* =^»
Deut. 9. 28— Kahle, p. 14). This alternative orthography may
also be understood to imply an alternative pronunciation—^* or i
(cf. Syriac) — but it should rather be regarded as an alternative way
of representing the sound that is usually written as vocal shewa
10. Hateph qames is sometimes explicitly written in Yemenite
MSS., especially in those of later date and especially in certain
words, such as B*Ji?..
11. With the exceptions already noted, the hatephs of the sub-
M
§ 2. ORTHOGRAPHY
linear system are not specially represented in the supralinear
writing. Still the distinctive sounds of the hatephs were no doubt
employed by those who wrote the supralinear system. The forms
1 (and) and ^ (who, which), which are used before certain con-
sonants followed by vocal shewa, may be taken as proof that
these following consonants were pronounced with hateph pathah.
Hatephs may therefore be employed in transliterating the supra-
linear into the sublinear system.
12. In Babylonian MSS. and in the supralinear MSS. of OTA
(Strack) ) is the form of the conjunction < and ' before words com-
mencing with a consonant followed by vocal shewa (Dan. 3. 21,
4- 29, 5. 20, 6. 5, 6. 17), even when that following consonant is 3,
», or a (Dan. 5. 11, 6. n). Before 2, », and s not followed by
vocal shewa, the form of the conjunction is ), implicitly, at least,
since the vowel is generally not explicitly represented. In the
Yemenite MSS. of OJ , is used in all these cases, as in sublinear
Hebrew texts (so in Praetorius's edition of Joshua and Judges and in
Berliner's Onkelos).
18. When the initial consonant of a word is followed by vocal
shewa simple, the supralinear punctuation does not indicate its
presence if it is preceded by the conjunction ) or * (Gen. 1. 10,
1. 17, Judg. 1. 17, i. 22) Dan. 3. 21, 5. n, 6. 17, &c). This may
imply that the vocal shewa in these cases, as in Hebrew bbpb and
»% was no longer pronounced (so Dalman, p. 240). Some MSS.
treat words that commence with n and n in the same way so that, for
example, Njrn may perhaps be an alternative for Mtm (cf. Heb. ">9r£).
In the Babylonian MSS. and in the supralinear MSS. of OTA
(Strack), however, vocal shewa following an initial consonant is
frequently unrepresented in writing, especially in association with
particular forms or words, such as the particles 2,2, h, and ).
This implies that the absence of the sign of a hurried vowel (vocal
shewa) is not a certain proof of its absence in speech, and makes
§ 2. ORTHOGRAPHY
15
any conclusion regarding the case of the preceding paragraph
uncertain.
14. In OTA the diphthong at causes mutation, like a simple
vowel, and silent shewa is written after the yodh of the diphthong
(e.g. in FUV3, npn, *nvi). Compare also, perhaps, wrong (§ II}
note 12) and *=^n«D (Ps. 116. 7, in the Hebrew Psalter). These
analogies may be allowed to determine the sublinear vocalization of
OJ and PTM in such words as pnvi, (§ 6), «nrj?V (§ 1 1, note 7),
T^ (§ 31), and the pronominal suffixes "2)_ and Kn». (§ 13).
§ 3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS (nominative forms)
PTM
Plur.
Sing.
m
pm
(run) m
—
(tok) m
prn, pa*K
Kin
PJ\-1, pJ*K
N\l
OJ
Plur.
Sing.
(WTO) WTOK
N3K
1 com.
pfiK
m
2 masc,
Vn$
nK
fern.
P3N
wn
3 masc.
P?K
N»n
fern.
Accent. 1*. In OJ and OTA the pronouns of the 1 person
plural are accented on the penultimate syllable. This is one of the
few exceptions to the general rule in these dialects that the last
syllable of a word is accented.
Forms. 2. The shortened forms K3, fJ, and pri sometimes
occur independently in PTM (cf. &} for tWN and WTO for WTOK).
They, and n = riK, also coalesce with participles into tense forms
(§21, note 7).
3*. jWN, &c, are unvocalized spellings equivalent to P3N, &c.
(§ a. 1).
OTA. 4. For the forms of OTA see paradigm, p. 92.
The last letter of WTON i s n three times and once n. nrOK is
i6
§ 3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
a K e thibh form, always changed to W3K by Q e re, but pointed ""IFI3K
by the supralinear MSS. in Strack. p3N and ten occur, as nomina-
tives, each once only.
Idioms. 5. The expressions N"£3 NVin (' a certain man ',
§ 5, note 12) and KTUW tfnn are used by PTM in modesty for N^
(cf. Hebrew ^f^S) and in curses or protestations for n#. In
polite address, for riK, OJ uses *?tel and "Stan and PTM " r }», H9,
^ and J331 (cf. Hebrew tfltt).
6. For ' he himself, &c, see § 4, note 6.
§ 4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS (suffix forms)
PTM
OJ
OJ, PTM
Plur.
Plur.
Sing.
*
T -
^
i com.
fa :
fa :
^ T
2 masc.
fa :
fa :
T .
fem.
?i, fa :
fa :
PP ..
3 masc
Pn :
rn .
PI .
fem.
1*. These suffixes are equivalent to English possessive adjectives
and to the genitives of the personal pronouns in other languages.
For the possessiv.e pronouns see § 7, note 4.
Forms. 2. The suffixes of the table are those joined to the
singular stems of nouns ending with a consonant. In slightly
different forms they are attached to verbs to express the accusatives
of the personal pronouns (§ 36). *?\ (2 s. f.) and Nn_ (3 s. f.), used
in the marriage contract printed in Dalman's Dialektproben, p. 4
(11. 4, 5, 6, 8), are older, uncontracted, forms of T. and n_ respectively.
See also § 12, note 2, and § 13. For the variations of OTA. see p. 93.
1 See § 3, note 1.
§4- PERSONAL PRONOUNS 17
3. Merx {Chrest. Targum) prints N.?3i? in Gen. 2. 20 for a\^?i?
and wrtnn for Pirrinn in Gen. 2. 21.
Aocus. Cases. 4*. The accusatives of the personal pro-
nouns are expressed in three ways: (1) by suffixes (§ 36), (2) by
W, &c, (3) by \b, &c. OJ nearly always follows the Hebrew text
in its choice between a verbal suffix and an independent accusative
form. In the latter case it regularly employs TV, &c, seldom >b, &c.
For PP.? and fin? after particc. see Gen. 3. 15 and Exod. 3. 9.
In PTM >?, &c, are used as accusatives after participles (18. 12;
19. 5, 20. ii, 14, &c.) and sometimes after finite forms of the verb
(16. ii. 9, 26.3, 28.15). A pronominal object after a verb is
usually expressed by a suffix, TV, &c, occur after participles
(16. ii. 3, 23. 2), perfects (19. ii. 14, 21. 7, 25. ii. 5), and impff. (22.
ii. 5).
In OTA the pronominal object of a verb is generally expressed
by means of a suffix. But only the independent forms ten (in
Ezra), (ten (in Daniel) and pa« (Dan. 6. 25) are used for 'them'.
fP with a suffix occurs once (Dan. 3. 12, finrV), ^ & c>) 0Ii \ y w j tn
participles (Dan. 2. 23, 4. 22, 29, 6. 17, Ezra 5. 2).
Ethic Dative. 5. "6, &c, are also used as ' ethic datives',
especially after verbs of motion. Examples : P»\? P?3 (26. 5), NgBlD
^ (24- ". 5)-
Reflex. Pron. 6*. In PTM the reflexive pronouns are
generally expressed by Wj , &c, sometimes by TM,&c. (Dalman,
P- Ir 5» § l 3)> In OJ the pronominal suffixes are used, in agree-
ment with the Hebrew text, *B>M, &c, being occasional alterna-
tives. In PTM emphatic 'he himself is expressed by PPD"I3 bb,
'this itself by »H NOT3 bh (JH = this, § 5). VT\S means, literally,'
' my bone' (for its inflexion see § 12, note 4).
OTA. 7. In MT W T (Baer, Ginsburg) is usual for W_, but
cf. pausal ramiPE? (Dan. 3. 17). D3 and D'n occur only in Ezra, as
alternatives to p and tfn. See Brockelmann, Grundrtss, I. 113.
27« B
i8
§ 5. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND
ADJECTIVES
PTM PTM OJ OJ
Adjectives. Pronouns. Adjectives. Pronouns.
this |n, |nn, pnn, pnn wn, pn pnn (J3n) pn
«nn xn ton an
T T T T T T
these P.W) p^N, p^K p^Nn p>«
Adjectives and Pronouns.
that wnn -in, -inn pa^n wnn nn
«n, wi, wnn nn xvin 111
T > T » • T • T • T ' T
those n^K, pj"n _ psxn ipj*
§ 5. DEMONSTRATIVES
19
Forms. 1*. Wnn and K^nn are the forms of the Babylonian
MSS. published by Kahle. Wnn and N^nn in the supralinear
Yemenite MSS. are Hebraisms (Dalman). ??>} (16. ii. 7) is
pointed P.?n in Dalman's paradigm (p. 397).
2*. p^N, \):"n, and p^K are the unvocalized spellings of PTM
(§ 2. 1).
8. VTp, N ^ n , and |\^n occur as alternatives to H?, &c.
(e.g. 15. 6) and are cited by Dalman (p. m), but are held by him
to be incorrect forms (p. 120).
4. PTM has a number of forms such as pHN and jnK (28. 24) in
which N alternates with n. It also frequently uses contracted forms
0« n , !\^ n , &c). H and J^n coalesce with a following Wn into W3
and Wn. ^ 3, ) join with *«n into "b, "3, "J (Dalman, p. 112).
OTA. 5. For OTA forms see paradigm (p. 92). p3N for
' those ' (Dan. 2. 44) and H|8 for 'these' (Ezra 5. 15) occur each
once only. I?" 5 ! 'that' is both masculine (once) and feminine
(twice). In OTA the same forms are used, without distinction, as
adjectives and pronouns. See also notes 10 and 14.
Special usages. 6. J« occurs in PTM as an enclitic particle
following interrogative pronouns (Dalman, Grammar, pp. 1 1 1 and
224). In OJ it is similarly used to translate HT after neb (Gen.
25.22) and also for nt associated with a numeral (Gen. 27.36,
Judg. 16. 15). J3"|3 is sometimes used by OJ as a translation of
Hebrew na (Gen. 45.9, Exod. 3. 14 f., 5.10, 7.26, Josh. 24.2,
Judg. 11. 15, 2 Kings 19. 20).
7*. '3*3 is usually equivalent to Hl^n (Judg. 6. 20, &c.) and
seldom occurs otherwise (Gen. 27. 33). The pronoun 'that ' in OJ
is also expressed by mn (Gen. 2. 19, 41. 28, 42. 14, Exod. 16. 23,
Amos 7.6), which might, therefore, properly be included in the table.
Syntax. 8*. OJ generally distinguishes between adjective and
pronoun forms. Exceptions are: (a) ^n, (6) p^ instead of VF},
after a noun with a pronominal suffix attached, under the influence
of the Hebrew text (Exod. 10. 1, Josh. 2. 20, Judg. 6. 14), (c) the
phrase H KOl* = Di»n < to-day ' (cf. n* *Bff ' this day'), (d) Knns
(Judg. 13.23, 15.7).
9. In PTM mnn generally serves as the pronoun 'that'
(16. ii. 11 and 13, 18. ii. 3) and other singular adjective forms are
also freely used as pronouns (15. 6, 16. ii. 12, 28. 24).
On the other hand, pronoun forms are used as adjectives
(18. ii. 10 and 11 — P1», 28. 13 — JUK). p;?N, in particular, occurs
more often than ??>} as an adjective (16. ii. 10, 17. ii. 8, 20. 21,
24. ii. 1).
10*. In PTM a demonstrative nearly always stands before its
associated noun (two exceptions in Chrest. 20. 12 and 21. 15 are
both from the same narrative). In OJ the influence of the Hebrew
text has established the rule that demonstratives follow the nouns
they qualify. Exceptions agree with the order of the Hebrew text
(Gen. 2. 23, Judg. 16. 15, &c.) In OTA a demonstrative adjective
generally follows, but may precede, an associated noun (Dan.
2. 44).
20
§5. DEMONSTRATIVES
11. Nouns qualified by a demons, adjective nearly always
assume the emphatic form (see § 8, note 3).
Idioms. 12. P10 is used with proper names in the sense of
' the well-known' or 'the previously-mentioned' (15. ii. 2, 17. ii. 1;
similarly 22. ii. 9). Win is sometimes equivalent to ^/B ' a certain ',
e.g. in the phrases «roa *Win, NOi* MPin. H . . . H (and in . , .
in) express ' this . . . that ' or ' one . . . another '.
13. rp with suffixes of the third person is sometimes used as
a demons, adjective or pronoun, like frlK, &c, in the Mishnah
(Dalman, §17. 8).
14. In OTA before a noun governed by a preposition an antici-
pative pronominal suffix is used in an emphasizing demonstrative
sense (NJPJ A? 'at that very time'). The noun is then in the
emphatic form (§ 8). So in PTM J??^ jaib n\b npK 'he said to
this same R. Jochanan' (20. ii. 10).
§ 6. INTERROGATIVES
PTM OJ
who? !>», 19 1?
what? no no
which ? H* n FT* sing. masc.
nt^n, m^n n^n fem.
r^N, r^* n {?\^?) plural com.
Forms. 1*. For the spelling JNP see § 2. 1. P.?K happens
not to occur in OJ. P"Wi, &c., are the unvocalized spellings of
P™, &c. (§ 2. 1 and 14).
2. In PTM wn |p contracts into tip and «*n KO into *P. In
OJ PT9 = n N1 ? ( n o te 4)-
Usages. 8*. The meanings of MD are : what ? how ? what kind
of? and (with adjectives) howl Kpb (n»S>) expresses 'why?' and
§6. INTERROGATIVES 21
NO? ( ne ?) 'how many?' Questions introduced by Nop so often
expect a negative answer that this interrogative acquires the sense
of a negative (§ 7, note 7).
4. In OJ pn KC or pTO renders Hebrew flffip (Gen. 27.20,
Judg. 18. 24), but fri KDb is used for nrnpb (§ 5, note 6).
Syntax. 5. pTK, &c, are both pronouns and adjectives.
Their associated nouns may stand in the emphatic form {Chrest.
23.3 and 4, Isai. 66. 1), but not necessarily.
Interrog. Adverbs. 6. JK (OJ) and jn (PTM) = ' where ?',
]\6 = < whither?' and JK JO = 'whence ? ' f» (Gen. 29. 4) is also
written for }K JO.
OTA. 7. Only JO and HO occur in OTA. Most editors, in-
cluding Baer and Ginsburg, point the former JO. In Dan. 3. 33
HD3 (with an adjective) = how !
§ 7. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
Forms. 1*. In OJ and PTM the relative pronoun is "] (unin-
fected). In OTA and in OJ compounds (v^,&c, note 4) the
form is ,,! !.
Idioms. 2*. *=} without an antecedent means ' that which ',
'he who', 'those who', &c. ^ pnn, •=} wnn, 1 JO, and 1 KD are
also used to express these combinations.
8*. ■*! before a genitive means 'the possession of, 'those of,
' those belonging to ', &c. E.g. Win = ' the people of my house '.
In reports of the opinions of the Rabbis, before the name of a
Rabbi, it stands for 'the opinion of.
Compounds. 4*. fa, *|j^, &c, ' that which is to me ', ' that
which is to thee ', &c, are the equivalents of the possessive pro-
nouns mine, thine, &c, in OJ (cf. Dan. 2. 20). In PTM nn, &c,
are more usual. ^T"! may be a phonetic variant of y , ' ! ! (Barth) or
= 1 + ^ * ' the possession of my hand ' (Dalman).
22 § 7- THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
5. KD + ^ + p, with suffixes, is treated as a substantive, meaning
property (16. ii. 2, ^v! ).
6. In PTM Fl is a contraction for KVTO and ^ occurs as a con-
traction for N' , n ,! } (Dalman, p. 98).
Conjunctional uses. 7*. "I is much used as a conjunction,
— of time (when), place (where), cause (because), purpose (in order
that), and introducing subject and object sentences (= Hebrew '3
' that '). Joined to prepositions it gives them the force of conjunc-
tions CJ fO = after, "] "ty = until or whilst). 13 ' when ' and NOpi
' lest ' or ' perhaps ' (Ezra 7.23 nop ,,5 |) are compounds with 3 and
NE>b (§ 6, note 3) respectively, "t. T13 is used for ' because ' and
' in order that '.
Relative Adverbs. 8*. The relative adverbs — where, whither,
and whence — are expressed in PTM by 1 fn, "n ]np, and ^ |n P?
(cf. § 6, note 6) and in OJ generally by fen . ."*, fonp . .I, and
JBPID . . •=! (cf. OTA rran . . ^, Ezra 6. 1).
§ 8. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES (general)
Feminine. Masculine.
N30 30 singular absolute.
rao 2Q construct.
- T T
Nrno hod emphatic.
}30 p3D plural absolute.
rno *30 construct.
T T " T
NTino N'30 emphatic.
T T T T- T t
Emphatic state. 1*. The emphatic ending a has a demon-
strative force equivalent to the Hebrew definite article. The
corresponding English expression may, however, be indefinite,
e.g. when the noun is abstract (16. ii. 4, 21.15, 24. ii. 6), or a
generic word (Dan. 5. 1). Sometimes the emphatic ending has
practically the force of a possessive pronoun (20. 5, where '"^sat?
§ 8. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
2 3
= 'our enemies', 24. ii. 12, where 'the stick' means 'his stick' or
' a stick ').
2. In PTM and OJ the emphatic state tends to lose its distinc-
tive definite meaning, as in Syriac, but to a much lesser extent
(14. ii. 1, 25. ii. 10, 18. ii. 2, 20. 12, 24. ii. 1, 27. 6, 25. ii. 3 and 9 ;
Gen. 2.10, Exod. 1.8, 12.20, Josh. 2.2, Judg. 9.36). In PTM
emphatic forms (18. 6, 18. ii. 6, 19. ii. 3, 21. ii. 7, 27. 2) as well as
absolute forms (16. ii. 6, 17. ii. 1, 29. 1, 25. ij. 3) are associated with
the indefinite word "in, one. In OJ the emphatic state seems to be
more often used within (Gen. 1.9, 2.24, 27. 38, 45, 33.13, 34.16,
40.5, Deut. 24.5, Josh. 3. 12, 13, 17.17, Judg. 6.16, 9-37)than the
absolute is (Gen. 1. 5, 11. 1, Deut. 28.7, Josh. 9.2). The MS.
evidence sometimes varies and the printed texts even have both
constructions in the same verse (Gen. 11. 6, Josh. 17. 14). In OJ
a singular indefinite object is generally expressed by the emphatic
state (Gen. 2. 8, 4. 1, 4. 17, 20. 9, 21. 8, 28. 2, 29. 2, 33. 17, Judg.
6. 26), rarely by the absolute (Judg. 6. 1 7). Emphatic forms are
said to be preferred in pause (Berliner, Massorah,^. 96, Lev. 2. 13,
Deut. 26. 7).
OTA seems always to use the emphatic form in its distinctive
sense.
3*. There are a few exceptions to the rule that a noun qualified
by a demons, adjective stands in the emphatic form (16. ii. 2). The
absolute state is employed when the associated noun is accompanied
by a numeral and a demons, adjective (28.13). In Nin 6UDT
(Judges, passim) the feminine noun may be regarded as mascu-
line in form, and so as in the emphatic state. Cf. N*nn KJD],
Deut. 10. 10.
4*. An attributive adjective regularly assumes an emphatic orm
when the noun it qualifies stands in the emphatic state (Gen. 1. 16,
10.21, 27.15, 29.2, Deut. 3. 24, 11. 2; Chrest. 23. ii. 4; Dan.
3. 26, 6.27). Cf. N2nrPDf(i Sam. 12. 22), but3DT>nK(2 4 .ii. 13).
24
§ 8. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
Absolute state. 5*. Some words and phrases employ abso-
lute forms in a definite sense (25. ii. 3, D?y fP3 ' the cemetery ').
In PTM foreign words may be used definitely without the addition
of an emphatic ending (16. 6 ff., 23.4, DC'H, ^B). Predicative
adjectives are generally put in the absolute state (Dan. 2. 11), even
when, in OJ, they translate Hebrew words with a definite article
attached (Gen. 2. n, 42.6). A predicative adjective in the em-
phatic state may be considered to be a superlative (15. 8).
Construct and Genitive. 6*. In PTM construct forms,
followed by genitives, have only a limited use (17. 13, ^3 H^y).
They occur most frequently as the second member of compound
prepositions (^V.?, ^ 33 > "fi°S, &c.) and in stereotyped phrases which
are almost compound nouns, e.g. &W "* 3 ( 2 ^- n)> D ?V ^ ( 2 5- u - 3)>
KB>D# tytpOQ < sunset ' (22. ii. 5), ' , D"]y. DV1B < my bed-cover ' (29. 15).
Instead of the genitive construction PTM usually employs
phrases like (a) NjDf "1 NQiy, i^?3n^ KrP3 « the birds of the sky ',
'the house of his comrade', or (d) Kfij*H W, FO w ; for Gen.
39. 15 see § 36, note 11). The old accusative ending a survives in.
a few adverbs of place (e. g. Knnn ' below '). For the accusative
pronoun anticipating an object noun see § 36, note 11.
10. In OTA p is not infrequently associated with a definite
accusative. Possibly it has a slight demonstrative or emphasizing
effect. 1
1 It is prefixed to expressions for the true God (Dan. 2. 19, 4. 31, 34, 5. aj)
and the false gods (3. 18, 5. 4, 33 ; cf. 2. 34), to words and phrases denoting
the rulers (3. 2, 6. 2) and wise men of Babylon (2. 12, 14,24; 5. 7), to the
26
§8. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
§9*. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
27
Inflexional endings. 11*. The feminine singular ending n'
is attached especially to stems that end in an, hence N^T*. (Gen.
i. 2) and KJ???. Feminine plural endings divan and 9 wan are
used by some nouns. Examples: (a) P T ?v, |V??> JJTI* Hf 0,
{i) !#«, nn«— from HK, sign, and nnK, sister. Cf. p T «D = ?JKD
and JJND = J$9- See also § 10, note 21, and § 30, note 2.
12*. The plurals of 3K, DK, and DW are fraK, JTOK, and fnotf,
respectively.
13*. The termination \. is sometimes used when a noun is in the
absolute or in the emphatic state. Examples : ^DO? (Gen. 1. 10),
V.D (Gen. 2. 7), ^.in (Gen. 18. 7). Such forms are specially frequent
in the case of gentilic names like ^ni3 (Chrest. 24. ii. 1), WW
(Exod. 12. 30), Win (Josh. 1. 4), and W'f? (Dan. 2. 5). Dalman
compares, also, TeOcrqixavrj = , ?.1X' H3 = ' garden of oils '.
14. Words like p?*)B3 (Num. 32. 4), from IBS, village, and prua
(16. ii. 14) are examples of double plurals. For an as a plural
ending see Brockelmann, Grundriss, vol. i, p. 450 f.
Duals. 15*. The only clear duals in PTM and OJ are pin,
prnn (< two '), and fnND (200). But the ending P. in words such
as TTV. may also be a dual ending (OTA JWJ). In OTA (besides
PI?, P™, and pnw?) pT, j£fl, P51i1, and patf occur.
§ 9*. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS (declensions)
The following classification is made with a view to a statement
of the rules for nominal inflexion, as given in the next paragraph.
Six classes, or declensions, are distinguished.
names Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego (a. 49, 3.13,22,3°; cf. 3.27 and
3. 28) and to the name Daniel, when standing as an object by itself (2. 19,
4- 3 1 > 34, 5- 2 3 ; cf. a. 1 3 and 18). Almost the only other cases of p introducing
a definite object, in Daniel, are found in 5. 2, 22 and 23. In Ezra very few
examples altogether occur (4. 14, 5. 12, 6. 7, 7. 25). la Ezra 6. 7 nT3XJ? may
be regarded as a textual error.
A nouns. Nouns originally disyllabic and having two short
vowels are very slightly distinguished in Aramaic from nouns
originally monosyllabic and ending in two consonants. The two
groups are here joined in the A class of nouns, which is further
subdivided into three sub-classes according as the characteristic
vowel (used in the inflected forms) is a, 1, or a (OTA d). The
absolute forms, of which specimens follow, do not clearly indicate
the sub-class to which an A noun belongs.
ii class.
DDia
I class.
- HO?
a class.
an^ originally disyllabic.
&??? originally monosyllabic.
11$
In the u class absolute forms like TJ"i (Deut. 9. 20, Dan. 3. 13),
DD3 (Exod. 30. 23), and ^03 (Dan. 5. 5) sometimes occur. In
Dan. 5. 5 the supralinear MSS. give bnh for the bn? f MT.
Words of the a class like 0*n}» are ^3, DW, ^gn, ipbo, TJJD,
and tfjn (OTA fya, DJJD, D.^,'and Dr6', with ^V in Dan.' 2. 49',
6.21).
Some words have more than one absolute form (Tjbe, bpn, & c .).
In OTA the uses of DJ?B and DJJD, D^Jf and th* are perhaps
differentiated by MT (Strack, § 8 a).
1Y? (Num. 5.22) and DTI" (Exod. 22.21, Deut. 27.19) are
unusual forms, perhaps at first only orthographically different from
V.) and DTI* (§ 2 , notes 8 and 9). The former belongs to the ? sub-
class and the latter to the a sub-class.
B nouns. Disyllabic nouns having a in the final syllable and
an unchangeable long vowel, or a shut syllable, in the penult, toge-
ther with all participles (whose final vowel is sere or pathah) follow
28 §9*. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS
a distinct rule of inflexion (see § 10). Examples : "N3N, JEnK, ob$,
T'np. A small number of monosyllables including T, D**!, JT, "in,
"»? (son), and aitf (OTA D^) belong to this B class and not to the
C class.
C nouns. Monosyllables from stems y"y have absolute forms
like OS?, 06? , and ba, in which the vowels i and d are frequently
represented by \. and i respectively (e.g. TV??, Di9). Dalman gives
"V? (arrow) and 213 (pit) as variant forms in the second and third
classes.
Some words which are not from y"y stems follow the inflexion
of this class (e.g. DiB, IV). In OTA the MSS. of MT read D3
(mouth), but the supralinear MSS. have 03, in accordance with the
analogy of 2ft } 3*13, &c.
D nouns. Words which remain unchanged when terminations
are added to the stem are principally disyllables with a long vowel
in the final syllable (e.g. BUtC, D^, 133, -my), and monosyllables
like "Ml, D^, "W3, and p. The unchangeable a in the first group
is equivalent to Hebrew 5 (Oi?^, &c).
E nouns. It is convenient to make nouns from stems final
yodh or final waw a separate group. Words like yB are chiefly
substantives and those like *?D (OTA tUB>, nriK) are participle forms
(see § 30). Probably the orthography 'fn (Gen. 12. 11) is equiva-
lent to ttn (§ 2. 8).
F nouns. In this class are included all nouns with the termina-
tions di (= Hebrew z) or / added to a triliteral stem. Examples :
VT. (or W]g, § 2. 1), T?l, '3DTI. The long vowel of OTA
('O^, T 3 ")> ^) is also the P ausaI form of OJ ( Gen - i- 13. 19).
29
§ 10.
INFLEX
ION OF
NOUNS
(masculine types)
Plural.
Singular.
Emph.
Constr.
Absol.
Emph.
Constr.
Absol.
T- • -
*3&
r?!>»
vdyo
T ; ""
*9
*9
A
N^P
\^|3
pfe
t6y3
H?a
^
t - :•
«vij
m?
t : *
"TO
"11?
Nnru
nn3
HH3
t-:~
"1™
-iri3
N'53b
t- : •
^
r??5>
Naai?
t : •
3 ^
3^
N»o!>y
t- : Tt
••: it
r»h?
T : ,r
"" T
t£y
B
»T
n)
NT
t :
T
v
« T ?V
'SV
wv
wy
T •
ry
• ry
C
tO"133
T ~T *
"T •
PI?
N133
tt •
T •
"133
T *
D
T— ;
V^
\^9
E
N>3D
T- T
♦3D
"T
p3Di
J5?
W3D
t: it
♦30
•*T
*3D
"T
*onn
»nn
Ill"
t: -
irn
wn
N .H 3 ?
rn-v
«n?y
nay
F
^"! 3 ?
P«"jay
NN13y
KniDTG
t tt :
tt :
I!?? 3
t : :
*D-fi3
»P"fl3
1 The accent in these plurals was probably placed on the & and the ending
may be pronounced as ain.
3©
§ io. INFLEXION OF NOUNS
§ io. INFLEXION OF NOUNS
3*
A nouns. 1*. Nouns of the A type retain or assume a mono-
syllabic form before inflexional endings. The usual vowels of these
monosyllables are a, i, and u (OTA o). The mutation of the third
radical of inflected forms in OTA— when the third radical is
susceptible of mutation — shows that the preceding shewa is vocal
(a) in the plural of nouns originally monosyllabic (p?}©), (£) in the
singular and plural of nouns originally disyllabic (Nf?!?, p3n). All
the examples of the table above are treated according to this rule,
although the Yemenite MSS. with supralinear punctuation do not
indicate vocal shewa, except after a medial guttural, and even then
not consistently (e.g. trjrn, Gen. 2. 13, but KVU, Josh. 1. 4).
2. Under the influence of medial/, b, and m (labials) u is often sub-
stituted for a and 1 in the monosyllabic stems of the first and second
sub-classes, especially in PTM. Examples: WW, N133, Wtfcn,
NKfr?. The absolute form ?E>a, for JM, ma y be regarded as a
secondary formation from the inflected stem gufn. In OTA the
plural forms of "OS are always p"}3a, &c.
3. The vowel i is also frequently substituted for an original a.
Examples: N")D3, torn, totpo, KpQp, «n:n ; OTA *q*B>3, NJDJ,
*?*#, P"^, HP?. The absolute form rnn (Exod. 12. 27) may
be a secondary formation like JS3. The stem vowel of the inflected
forms of ?an is i in the supralinear MSS. of OTA and according to
the Babylonian tradition (Kahle ; cf. Chrest. 1 5. 9). The MT of
Daniel and the Yemenite MSS. of OJ give a (Josh. 5.15, 14. 9).
4. In the 1 sub-class, nouns whose initial radical is a guttural
generally retain hireq in the inflected forms. N»bn f rom cbn
(dream), in the MT of Daniel and in some OJ MSS., may be due
to Hebrew influence (cf. yW, &c). Hireq and seghol also inter-
change in the OTA group HD^a, FlD^a, fin»B>a.
5. In the u sub-class, when holem occurs as the vowel of the
inflected stem it may be understood to represent b (§ 2. 1).
Examples: KrniK Gen. 38. 16, TV^? Exod. 28. 40, Kfiiy Lev.
11. 15 (Dalman, p. 144). According to the punctuation of MT
there are three examples of easterns in OTA (Dan. 2.37, 4. 12,
6. 20) and one of an £-stem (Njb£3 Ezra 5. 8). Similarly the
feminine N 9?C! is written K03P1 in MT and in some late MSS. of
OJ. In Dan. 4. 34 and 5. 23 the supralinear punctuation is ^CH**,
and the MSS. of MT are divided between that and nrn« or nrn».
In OJ inflected forms like *?.Wtp (Josh. 2. 6) for ^0 sometimes
occur.
6*. In the supralinear MSS. of OJ nouns like TV3 and PS?, in the
construct singular and in the inflected stems, nearly always have
forms like rV3 (Dalman, p. 91, note 1). In MT construct singulars
are like PJ? and inflected stems like P^V, although the supralinear
MSS. often substitute e for at, especially when pronominal suffixes
are joined to the stem (see Strack's note on Dan. 4. 1). pi?? is the
plural of n?3. ?V is used as an absolute form (Exod. 32. 12).
B nouns. 7*. The final stem vowel of nouns of the B class
becomes vocal shewa when terminations are added to the stem.
For some apparent exceptions see § 21, note 6.
C nouns. 8*. In nouns of the C class the final radical is
doubled before inflexional endings and the stem vowel is normally
a or 1 or «, according to the vowel of the uninflected stem (NOV,
W3K, N23). Before final resh the stem vowel is lengthened in com-
pensation, when doubling does not take place (hence 8*12 from ">?
(country)). Some nouns put 1 for a in the inflected forms (03,
*U?3). In OTA N^K, from Bta, is unique (Dan. 7. 11) ; in OJ «?«
(fem. absolute) is also used.
9*. In OJ, although the stem vowel of the word *>3 with pro-
nominal suffixes (§ 12, note 6) is always it, the emphatic form is
regularly N?to (Josh. 11. 19), pointed in Berliner's Onkelos some-
times with daghesh (Exod. 29. 24, Lev. 8. 27) and sometimes
without (Gen. 6. 19, 20, 16. 12, Lev. 1. 9). In Lev. 8. 27 Berliner
prints «^3. In OTA the MSS. of MT always have «^3 (five
32 § io. INFLEXION OF NOUNS
times), and the supralinear MSS. agree (Dan. 4. 25). Holem in
this and similar words denotes a short vowel (§ 2. 1). The reading
NDin (= NDh) in Gen. 8. 22 (Dalman, p. 145) is an alternative to
NE>n ( c f. Berliner).
10*. In the later Yemenite MSS. of OJ Hebrew -i>3 is repre-
sented by £> and Hebrew i>3 by &. In Gen. 1-2 (Merx), Josh. 1-2,
and Judg. 1-2 (Praetorius) the only exceptions to this rule are in
Gen. 1. 30 and Judg. 2. 15. In OTA, MT has both "b and fe,
generally the former. Strack's supralinear MSS. (except G, once)
either insert no vowel or read ?2 .
11. Plurals of the form P»DJ? occur in OJ, PTM, and OTA
(cf- § 35> note 4).
12. Erroneous dissimilation of the doubled consonant of the
stem takes place in VW (Exod. 32. 19), from 30 ( c f. § 26, note 9).
The form pw& (Dan. 2. 46) is also a dissimilated form.
D nouns. 13*. In this class the absolute form and the inflected
stem are identical. The inflected forms of the word &b& (Gen.
6. 9) seem, however, to be taken from a stem of the A class
(H?te, &c).
E nouns. 14* .When a termination is added to words of the
E class the stem of words like *b& is either like ^B or an A stem,
with yodh as the third radical, and the inflected stem of words like
V.p is either like 'Jp or a B stem (see particulars in table above).
In forms like *Mp and K#£o, from W'p, the shewa following
the middle radical is vocal (§ 30, note 3). In K^B it may be
treated as silent, on the analogy of the originally monosyllabic
A stems.
15*. P?l? is contracted from ti>B and J3p from J^D . Adjectives ot
the form *3D have contracted plurals of the form £» (Deut. 6. 1 1).
The only case of such an adjective in OTA has an uncontracted
plural (}rif, Dan. 3. 25).
16. J*?* (Hebrew ^B) is used in the plural only. For plurals in
§ 10. INFLEXION OF NOUNS 33
dwdn see note aj. Dalman (p. 192) regards the supralinear
punctuation of absolute plurals like VV£ as incorrect.
17*. When E nouns employ an A stem (as in &ota) the vowel
of the stem is usually a, but sometimes / or u (OTA 8). Examples :
K™ from VTl, KTOB from »na. The supralinear pathah of W]0 in
OJ may be interpreted as seghol, in agreement with OTA Nnn
(§ 2. 6).
18. Forms like Wj, Kim, with consonantal waw, are unusual.
Most nouns ending in * are feminine («■), W3) and are inflected
according to the rules of § 11.
P nouns. 19*. In the inflected forms of ai stems the yodh of
the termination is consonantal and the preceding vowel (in OJ) is
lengthened. Instead of yodh, aleph is often written (cp. § 23, note 9).
The emphatic plural termination is contracted from aiya to e (\. or
N„). The inflected forms of stems terminating in * ("0!®, 'pD?)
are treated like those of V.? (E class).
EF nouns. 20. A few words from stems with final yodh are
treated like nouns of the F class in OJ (Dalman, p. I5 6 e ) and
OTA ($g, Dan. 4. 24, from ♦#). See also § 12, note 8.
21*. Some words of the E and F classes have plurals in dwdn
or •wan, with or without retention of consonantal yodh. Examples :
iff]*, HP? 3 , PJH, IJP? (cf. § 8, note 11 and § 30, note 2).
OTA. 22. The general rules for the inflexion of nouns given
in this section apply to OTA. As the E class is very slightly
represented there it may be passed over by those who begin their
Aramaic reading in OTA. For these the most important notes in
this section are 1, 7, 8, 13, and 19, along with 3, 6, and 9 for
some details.
2765
34
§11*
INFLEXION OF
NOUNS (with
feminine endings
)
Plural.
Singular.
Emphat.
Const.
Absol.
Emphat.
Const.
Absol.
Nnabo
t t; -
nabo
t ; ~
I?fe
Knabo
nabo
xabo
t: -
A
Nnswa
▼ t : •
ne>aa
T ; •
#??
T ; • •
ntfaa
t : *
NmEK
T T ; •
rntDK
w
other
tyibk
t : •
B
K^O
\bo
pbp
OTibo
▼ : •
rfe
T •
C
nrvao
* • :
p;?»
KTTV3D
T • • :
n?3»
t • :
D
Nrirn
TT ••
nrn
T ••
't "
wivn
nvn
T ••
Krpbo
tt: -
n-bo
t; ~
rbo
■t; t
Nrvba oj
NJvbti PTM
n:bc
N^ba
t: -
E
ktmd
t T ;it
wnba
t t: |T
tt: -
rvao
t:it
nib a
t: it
rob*
m
nbs
't: it
ktmd
T • T
Nrfiba
T T
wrrtb-t
rvaD
• T
ruba
T
nib?
N*3C
t: it
>ba
ibi
Kroao
TTT :
mao
tt ;
'!»?
OT13D
t t :
nac
t :
nan
t :
TT T ; %
Tt?V
Nrfnny
NK"jay
F
«CCP
"XU
ot
wry-it
n^jnt
Tynt
G
Nmabo
tt: : -
mabo
n?fc
wmabo
ruabo
labp
Aramaic of OJ and PTM
1. The stem syllables of nouns to which the feminine ending a
is attached are treated in accordance with the rules of § io. There
are, therefore, six classes of feminine nouns corresponding to the
classes of § 9. In the E class nouns having final consonantal waw
are numerous and several types of absolute singular are in use (see
§ n*. INFLEXION OF NOUNS 35
Table). Abstract feminine nouns having an ending in I or u are
treated as a separate class (G). The rules of § 10 sufficiently
explain the forms of classes A-D and F, except those of the emphatic
singular, which, therefore, receive special notice in what follows.
A nouns. 2. The emphatic singular ending of the A class is
usually OTi ; , joined to the monosyllabic stem. Examples: OTiabp,
NO 3 "] 3 , KOW- NJ ? is added to the stem boj5 in the case of some
nouns havingstems originally disyllabic (parallel to Hebrew words like
niTTC). Examples (from Dalman): OTljm, OTOna, OTIEHK, OTirriS,
Nn-un, Nn^aa (absolute NP33). Berliner's Onkelos gives OT&y.
(Deut. 21.4,6) for 'calf (from xbay), as well as for 'wagon'
(Num. 7. 3, from xbay). The emphatic sing. fern, of rnn (= ehri)
isOTnn.
The absolute singular feminine of a stem originally disyllabic
is distinguished in OTA from a stem originally monosyllabic by
the vocal shewa following the middle radical ( n ^"J?, Dan. 2. 9),
and this analogy may be followed in reading OJ and PTM (cf. § 10,
note 1). In all feminine plurals of the A class the shewa following
the middle radical may be treated as vocal (§ 10, note 1).
B nouns. 3. In this class the emphatic ending is OTI and is
joined to the absolute stem of § 9 (OTHSK, Wjn\£, OTiaW-_ se e
under D nouns, below). But the emphatic form of ^3 ' daughter',
is Krna, and that of K# 'year', is OTiB>.
C nouns. 4. In the C class KTi. is joined to the stem used by
all the inflected forms. N3D, like many feminine nouns, has plurals
of the masculine form. WP ' sleep ', although not from an y"y stem,
is inflected like words of this group (N03B', &c.)
D nouns. 5. With unchangeable stems the emphatic ending,
according to the supralinear punctuation, is usually OTI (NOT?,
«W> Nn P, *0??». *W 3 f, «CW). OTI i s used only' with a
few disyllabic stems whose final vowel is i or u (OTlb^DB', OTQ133,
wfono). wn\bj and WQW belong rather to the B class.
36
§ ii*. INFLEXION OF NOUNS
§ 1 1*. INFLEXION OF NOUNS
!7
Certain nouns, which might be expected to belong to the A class,
have forms of the D type (N^, *&W; N r3?» *W$'> *$^h
Knjrcu ; vtyy*, Kn^a-n), although not exclusively (cf. njaj, Lev. 5. 2,
and H??, Exod. 5. 7). All have close parallels in Hebrew.
B nouns. 6. There is considerable variety in the inflected
forms of feminine nouns of this declension. In the SJpB group
yodh is always consonantal in OJ and the stem resembles that of
the A declension. In PTM quiescence of the yodh takes place in
the emphatic sing, (see Table). In the Ml? group, both in OJ and
PTM, yodh quiesces in the construct and emphatic of the singular.
A few nouns have consonantal waw in the singular. Examples :
NJJP (Gen. 4. 5) and «J"jP or K^i? ' city ' (emphatic KWlg, plural Hli?).
A larger number have consonantal waw in the plural only. For
the various forms of the absolute singular and for their inflexions
see table of nouns above. Other examples of the group are ^0,
*3T, \2"\ } VSh, ri5fp. The rare absolute sing, of the word used in
OJ for Hebrew «"6iy seems to be iOV. (Isai. 40. 16). The construct
is ro% (Lev. 9. 17, Merx), the emphatic $$¥. (Josh. 22. 23, Judg.
6. 26) and the plural ?jbj| (Mic 6. 6, Merx). Berliner's nby. &c.
are erroneous. Cf. Syriac and OTA (note 11).
In all feminine plurals of the E class the shewa following the middle
radical may be treated as vocal, according to the analogy of § 10, note 1 .
P nouns. 7. After the diphthong ai the emphatic termination
is Nn t with mutated n , but without vocal shewa preceding. Usually
the vowel before NH is e. Supralinear plurals like N£J!3y Dalman
(p. 79) treats as erroneous.
N^lJ? (= Hebrew py) generally, and perhaps always, used in the
plural (£}#, &c. ), is a feminine noun similar to the OTA masculine
forms ^V. and V?B (§ 10, note 20).
Q nouns. 8. The vowel terminations of the singular are
replaced by consonantal yodh or waw in the plural (see Table).
The mutation of the third radical in the plural is a peculiar feature.
Old Testament Aramaic
A, B, and C nouns. 9. The inflexion of feminine nouns in
OTA is the same as in OJ, except in the emphatic singular ot
nouns of the D class.
There is only one OTA example of the ending NH in the A class,
viz. KJ^IC (Dan. 2. 10). It appears in the supralinear punctuation
of OJ as W?: (Gen. 1. 9) or N?f |! (§ 2. 6). Emphatic singulars
of the B and C classes are wnaK (Ezra 4. n), Wpa! (Dan. 4. 27),
and Knh? (Dan. 2. 8).
D nouns. 10. In MT all words having unchangeable di-
syllabic stems receive NF> as their emphatic singular ending (NPiTajJ,
HFbwp, Winaa, NPnpy Nrrno, & c .). The two words having un-
changeable monosyllabic stems, NflV'n (Dan. 4. 11) and NriTa
(Ezra 6. 2), both receive the emphatic ending &W1. (for the reading
WTO see Ginsburg and Strack). MT W0 (Dan. 3. 6, &c),
although supported by some supralinear MSS., should be corrected
into NriyK' and included in the D class.
E nouns. 11. There are very few inflected forms of the E class
in OTA. ^)*)i? (Ezra 4. 12) and nnj? (Ezra 4. 14) belong to the
«jS»B group, $0 (Dan. 7. 3) to the *?D (fibs) group, and tfo (Ezra
6. 9) to the T\yo group. H133, from 033, occurs several times with
pronominal suffixes. Nnp3 (Dan. 2. 25), from v3, is also a noun
of this declension.
P nouns. 12. Before the emphatic singular ending, instead
of ai, as in Knyjg (Dan. 7. 4), KTi^a") (Dan. 7. 19), some MSS.
read c*' (cf. note 7). Shewa after ai is silent (note 7) in spite of
metheg (NrPDng). K^g (see note 7) occurs once in the plural with
a pronominal suffix (Dan. 4. 24).
Q nouns. 13. MTpV'lp't? (Dan. 3. 5) is an inflected form of the
i group and Nnjapp (Dan. 2. 44) an example of the u group.
1 If reckoned a participle, this word comes under the rule of the B class.
38
§ 12. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with singular nouns)
1*. For the usual forms of the suffixes in OJ and PTM see § 4
and for those of OTA see paradigm, p. 93.
2*. 3K, n«, and On with pronominal suffixes are treated as
follows :
xrnnx vnmc y*m *prw *m
rmnK jtmroe pavw j^ns* wotm oj
r*n« PTM
The suffixes vi, «n, p, n:, and T are all unaccented. Regarding
the first three see further § 13, note 2. ip? is said to have been
preferred by the school of Sura and 1J (2 s. f.) by the school of
Nehardea (Berliner, Massorah, p. 62 f.) The former is given by
Merx (Gen. 24. 23) and in Berliner's Onkelos (Gen. 20. 16, 38. 11),
the latter in Praetorius (Judg. 14.15, Josh. 2.18) and Lagarde'
(2 Sam. 6. 21, 13.17).
3. For is paralleled
by the distinction between *?}« and "aab. Before heavy suffixes,
words ending in a guttural or resh commonly use a stem of the
fe? type. E.g. finp< (Josh. jo. 42), fa"!?? (Judg. 8. 7), but also
fa-iDS (Judg. 9. 2).
§ 12. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES
39
The statement of § 10, note 6, applies also to stems with suffixes
attached (hence OJ awa, OTA arf>3). In Dan. 4. 1 the MSS. are
divided between W3 and ^a. For JV? with suffixes see § 15,
notes 2 and 3.
B nouns. 5*. In the B class the stem vowel of the final syllable
is retained before heavy suffixes and becomes vocal shewa before
light suffixes. Examples : *"JD*D, |irr)D»D, >T, pn*j: (OTA DHT).
C nouns. 6*. The supralinear orthography represented by
iVjia is normal, although the vowel u is short (§ 2. 1). In OTA
?3 with suffixes has as its stem vowel (Dan. 2. 38, 7. 19), while
all other words of this class have it.
E nouns. 7*. In the E class words like vt? use their emphatic
stem before all suffixes. In the » sub-class the later Yemenite
MSS. sometimes make the vowel of the inflected stem 0, as in MT
(Dan. 4.9). Examples: «bo, pn^B, «bn (Judg. 9. 11), PCDJJ
(Dan. 4. 9). Participle forms like Mi? and nouns like ''Wfo and
T#Q either employ their emphatic stem 0lJ"]3, ^J 1 ??^) or > m ore
generally, are treated as plural nouns are (§ 13, note 7). For
participles see further § 30, note 4.
F nouns. 8. Words from stems final yodh that belong to the
F class (§ io, note 20) like T| (OJ) and TIB (OTA), have suffixed
forms like ^ (Gen. 35. 18, Dalman) and TWa (Dan. 3. 1). Nouns
like 'D-fla with suffixes are treated as plural nouns (§ 1 3, note 7).
Feminine stems. 9*. Feminine nouns to which pronominal
suffixes are attached may be arranged in three divisions, according
as the termination of the emphatic singular is Nfl, NT1 # or KH.
(1) Nouns that use the ending Nn join suffixes to the emphatic
stem OrnBK, j«bripnx).
(2) In the case of nouns whose emphatic ending is NH , light
suffixes are united to the emphatic stem and heavy suffixes
to the construct stem ^nabo, pnnabo; v^p, finn^D;
^n-pay, pnrrvay; wbc, pnrrbe).
40
§ 12. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES
§ 13. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES
41
(3) Nouns of the E, F, and G classes, whose emphatic ending is
N?, add suffixes to the emphatic or construct stems, which
are the same (wrvbs, tf™?3», Waj>0). For examples
of F nouns see § 29, note 9.
10. Watf (Dan. 6. 19) may be regarded as a noun of the C class,
rather than as derived from an absolute form 8U£ (cf. §11, note 4).
Feminine suffixes. 11. The supralinear MSS. of OJ generally
write the suffixes of the 2 plur. masc. and of the 3 plur. masc.
instead of the corresponding feminine forms (Dalman). The same
substitution is often made in PTM.
§ 13. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with masc. plur. stems).
Plural Suffixes. Singular Suffixes.
PTM OJ PTM OJ
P- *3- * ,'- \ 1 com.
^".. P\. H T ,T T II T 2 masc.
r?- ry„ r /a* t. /?:. fem.
tf n \. tf"\. ^ /rrt \ni 3 masc .
P3\. r-}\. pi. ,nv ,kpp_ M n. f em .
Suffix forms. 1*. "WjT 1 , and i2» are simply orthographical
variants for ♦., *p_, and *:p_. For *3% and Nn)_ see § 2. 14. K. is
an alternative in OJ for \ (see § 29, note 8).
2*. The 'connective vowel' of these pronominal suffixes was
originally the plural ending at, which in a majority of cases has
become e or a or a. The connective 5 of ^rtf is explained either as
a nominative plural ending = au (Barth) or as a dissimilation from
at (Dalman). The terminations *a, *n, and xrt were originally used
with singular as well as with plural stems (§ 4, note 2, § 12, note 2).
The contracted forms of 3 sing. masc. and 3 sing. fem. are charac-
teristic of PTM. \l is a reduplicated ending found also in Syriac.
The suffix L is used by PTM in faan « our teachers \
3. In OTA the K e thibh implies the earlier pronunciations T T
Pi 1 . , and N£_ , which the Q e re alters into f\ T ,K, and N3_ respectively.
See paradigm, p. 93.
4*. It may be observed that several of the at suffixes attached to
plural stems are identical with the suffix forms attached to singular
nouns (*I T , Pi., KJ_). Unvocalized m in PTM, when joined to a
masc. plural stem means ' her ', and to a singular stem ' his \
Plural stems. 5*. Most of the plural stems of § 10 are also
used when pronominal suffixes are joined to plurals (e. g. M?bp,
*?., ^38). Only the \?D group of E nouns employs with suffixes as
its plural stem a stem identical with that of the emphatic singular
O-pB, Ji'T'vB). In other E nouns at suffixes are joined directly
to the ordinary plural stem (^p, fiiTJH, flrn#p). In Dan. 2.32
this treatment is extended to the form 1 Pii*in, although presumably
its uninflected singular is Hn, as j n OJ.
6. For ' they two' OJ always uses Jin"»nn (Gen. 2. 25), instead of
frrnn, and PTM sometimes has the same form (cf. § 8, note 15).
Singular stems like plurals. 7*. The direct combination
of pronominal suffixes with the singular ending e of certain nouns
of the E class, like Vrt?D and neto , produces a set of at suffixes,
which are precisely the same as those attached to plural stems.
This makes the singular and plural forms of such nouns frequently
indistinguishable (p.Ti.E'O, VriTO). For the case of participles see
§ 30, note 4, and for infinitives § 29, note 8. Certain F nouns,
like 1 D"tt3 , are also combined with suffixes in the manner of plural
stems.
8. no ' master ', with suffixes employs a stem with consonantal
yodh 01J")9, Chrest., p. 23, note 1), or a contracted stem with the
suffixes of § 12 (PT»nn, Exod. 21. 29, no, Dan. 4. 16, 21) or a con-
tracted stem with the suffixes of this section fnViD, Exod. 21. 34).
42
§ 13- PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES
In the K>thibh form >nid (Dan. 4.16, 21) >n might represent at
(§ 2.1) but probably « stands for consonantal yodh (§ 23, n. 9).
0*. Prepositions that originally ended in e, for that reason take
ai suffixes (*Pg, "$%, &c), and other prepositions do so by analogy
(nna, mpj. I n OTA «?)% or K»Jj[ (Ezra 4. 12, Ac), an old
form of the suffix N3_, is preserved (cf. note 3).
Pern. plur. suffixes. 10. The observations of § 12, note 11,
apply also to the suffixes added to plural stems.
§ 14*. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with fern. plur. stems).
Borrowed ai Suffixes. Normal Suffixes.
PTM OJ OJ and PTM
vnsK wrnsNoj vtjbk ICO m.
jrnsK ptm
riawBN _ jiarnoK TjrntpK 2 maS c.
WW — T"W fern.
tfnwBK ^rrin-jBK jinrnsx nra 3 masc .
NnrnoK _ nrnsK f em .
T - T
The normal suffixes added to feminine plural stems are identical
with those added to singular stems and the noun form employed
is the construct or the emphatic stem, which are the same. The
Hebrew practice of combining with feminine plural stems the
suffixes appropriate to masc. plural stems, and derived from them
OCip"]?, &c.) is occasionally followed in OJ and PTM (for particu-
lars see Table above). Dalman gives the order of frequency of
occurrence of these borrowed ai suffixes in OJ as : (1) 3 sing, fem.,
(2) 1 sing., (3) 3 sing. masc. *J_ for T. occurs only once or twice, in
the Targum of Jonathan (Dalman, p. 205 f.). In Dan. 2. 23 some
MSS. read »nroK for VirnK (§ 8 , note 12), and this is the only
exception to the general rule in OTA.
43
§ 15. rVK, n\?, etc.
Forms. 1. Both in OJ (Lev. 11. 26) and PTM (25. ii. 12) «J>
JVK occurs for Tvh. In OTA the forms used are WK and WK *$.
Subject pronouns. 2. In PTM the subject pronouns of
these particles are in the nominative forms (e.g. NVi nv?). TV?
coalesces with the pronouns of the 1 sing, and 1 plur. and 3 plur.
into the compounds NJV, ^b } and \W?J.
3. In OJ the subject pronouns are generally expressed by
suffixes, except in the 3 person plural. The suffixes are at suffixes,
because of the original ending of the particles (cf. § 13, note 7, and
OTA WIS). In the 1 person singular the ending at has become a
and the suffix adopts an accusative form (§ 36, note 1). Examples :
WVK, Vrinn*, JtaWK. The inflected stem of n\b has two forms,' as
in *nin\i> and Vflflv. In the latter the shewa following yodh is
vocal (Dalman, p. 108). The nominative form of the pronoun of
the 3 person plural coalesces with fly, as in PTM (pSHy). The
nominatives of other persons are also sometimes used in OJ (Deut.
1.9^ N3N n\b).
4. In OTA the subject pronouns of WN are expressed by means
of suffixes of the ai form (ftoyVK, &c).
Usages. 5. rVN and fly express ' there is ' and ' there are '
(there is not, there are not) ; e. g. ^n* in Kan JVK ' there is here a
Jew' (20.9). They are regularly combined with y, ?J?, &c, to
express the verb ' have ' ; e. g. ptp^B *J? J"ly V$ ' if you have no
money' (15.9). Sometimes NX may be rendered by 'it is',
e. g. "^na TVH N? ' it is not in my power ' (25. ii. 12). In OJ fly is
used absolutely, like Hebrew P*? (Gen. 5. 24, 37. 30).
6. With a predicate, which may be a noun, adjective, or parti-
ciple, these particles are equivalent to the English copula ; e. g. TV?
1J.5d n:n < I am not a king ' (20. 10), ann pnn WT3 n\b < this house
will not be destroyed ' (20. 12). A subject noun or pronoun follows
1VN (Hv), except in relative sentences or for the sake of emphasis.
44
§ 1 5 . rvx, n\b, etc.
Before prepositional phrases, where IVN may also be translated
' is ', it really has the sense of ' there is ' or ' there exists ', e.g. ?3
na flW no 'everything that is (there is) in it' (26. 14; cf. Dan.
2. 30).
§ 16. VERBAL STEMS
Reflexive and Passive. Active.
ynarwt ithp«el ana pe a i simple
anariK Ithpaal 3*B3 Pael Intensive
anaRK Ittaphal 3VOK Aphel Causative
1*. The stems having preformative ith are reflexives, which serve
also as passives.
2*. The Pael, Aphel, and Ithpeel of verbs final n, n, and y take
pathah for sere in the final syllable. For other variations caused
by the influence of gutturals see § 23.
P e aL 3*. P e al perfects with e or u in the final syllable, princi-
pally intransitive, occur especially in OJ. Examples : Ti^ ' be
strong' (Gen. 1. 28) or 'be angry' (Gen. 4. 5), ^rpj (Gen. 3. 10),
anj5 (Gen. 12. 1), b*f (Judg. 1. 1), D\^ (Gen. 15. 16), 3D? and
3, D3 (Gen. 2.21); TJO"*! and spO"*} (Gen. 2. 21). 5 occurs for u
(THD, Kahle, p. 219) and i for e, especially in pause (Dalman,
pp. 54 f., 257). In OTA e and J both occur, the latter generally in
pause (anp, b0, *|j?n). Where MT has i the supralinear MSS.
sometimes have e (Dan. 6. 21, pVT).
Haphel. 4*. Haphels sometimes take the place of Aphels
in PTM and OJ. The only examples in OJ are povi, ynin, and
yain (Dalman). For OTA Haphels see note 11.
5. In ?wn, which is borrowed from Hebrew, the final vowel is i
(Gen. 45.26 — Berliner) or e (Gen. 15.6 — Berliner). Supralinear
MSS. give both po^n (Dalman, p. 302, note 2) and ?W (Merx).
In Dan. 6. 24 the sublinear vowel is i and the supralinear is e.
§ 16. VERBAL STEMS
45
Ith forms. 6*. The Ithp e el and Ithpaal of verbs initial
dental and sibilant are modified as follows
(a) n of the prefix is assimilated to a following n, B, or 1 (thus
nsTOK becomes T3TO).
(3) n changes places with a following sibilant and after V and T
becomes D and *T respectively. Examples : V®nptt, Tftisytt,
JTHJN .
Ittaphal forms are not affected pnoriK, Exod. 21. 29).
7. In PTM assimilation of n to 3 , a , , 3 and other consonants
takes place occasionally. Examples : P"pSN = P^pSriK } nas = ^anx
(21. 4), T.fe« = T.^W, HO^W = nowrw (28. 4). Dalman com-
pares iaOd (Mark 7. 34) = nnsnx (§ 19, note 5). Cf. also
Chrest. 4. 19, n^jpo = rnpno.
8. In the supralinear vocalization an intrusive vowel frequently
appears after preformative JIN, in the perfect and other tenses
(SUB'nk).
Shaphel, &c. 9*. Shaphel causative forms are found. The
most frequent are ^V^ 'complete' (passive ??ariK'K, Gen. 2. 1),
T3gtf 'subdue' (Gen. 12.5), 3TB> 'rescue' (Gen. 37.21), T^
' finish' (Gen. 2. 2). See § 26, note 6.
10. Less common forms are the Po'el and Pa'el (both =
Arabic iii), with their passives (e.g. P»T, Gen. 24. 14). The Polel,
Palel, and Palpel are formed from stems Y$ and y"y (§ 32, note 7,
§ 34, note 2).
OTA. 11. OTA instead of Ittaphals uses Hophals and a
perfect passive P e al of the form P e 'Il, especially in the 3 person
. (naw. Dan. 5.28; law, Ezra 5.14; cf. HTPIK, Chrest. 1.8).
Haphels for Aphels and preformative nn for HK are both normal in
OTA, though not universal. With DDfriB'K (Dan. 4. 16) the Syriac
forms having preformative FIK may be compared.
12. Where OJ has i in the final syllable (Pael, Aphel, Ithpeel)
OTA sometimes has / and sometimes /. It is difficult to make
46
§ 1 6. VERBAL STEMS
a general statement on the subject, or to frame an accurate para-
digm, because of the paucity of material. The following review
includes all perfects, imperfects, imperatives, and participles of
verbs other than those K'i? (§27), which agree with OJ, and *'V and
V"V\§§ 3 2 and 34), which exhibit the vowels e and l in nearly equal
proportion. In the PAEL perfect, examples of * number four,
against one of e (Dan. 6. 1); in the imperf. and panic, there is one
example of both on each side, of the imperat. no cases at all. In
the HAPHEL the perfect (three examples) and the imperative (two
examples) have e (excluding P?? «7?3 vmn pan? una 3P i. m .
jana xa^na x^m jana Nana f.
nwns nnaio-i ]m ^ 2 pl> m>
pnavia .TKfm pnana f.
w^na waio-n ^ana wan? , phlr .
§ 17. PERFECT TENSES 47
Table. 1*. The table represents the inflexion of all perfects, in
a, i, and u. The analogy of OTA (note 6) suggests that the supra-
linear 3 s. f. should be pronounced nana rather than nana (§ 2 . 6).
Endings. 2*. The distinctive ending m is more common in
OJ than in PTM (Dalman) and is predominant in OTA (n).
3*. The PTM plural endings un and an are borrowed from the
imperf. tense, to which they properly belong, u and a also occur
in PTM.
4. In PTM JJ\. occurs for ?3 and ?W. for pn, especially in
Aphels. The e may have been transferred from the final syllable
of the Aphel (Pael) stem. Dalman suggests the influence of the
forms of § 21, note 7. Examples: jygBK (25.5), ^j?K (23. 9).
The form l?$m (r 9 . tf. 9 ) = pgn$ + ja.
Accent. 5*. In OJ only the 2 plur. terminations are accented ;
in OTA the 2 plur., 3 s. f. (Syriac type—see note 6) and the 1 sing.;
in PTM at least the 2 and 3 plur. terminations and possibly, like
OTA, the 3 s. f. and 1 sing %
OTA. 6. In OTA the 3 s. f. has two forms, one of the OJ type
and the other resembling the Syriac form. The former occurs in
two Peals (nnON, n>ea) and in the few cases there are of Hithpeel
n 51 3 )- In the Haphel, besides nD'pn (§ 33 ), only nnatfn
(Dan. 2. 25) occurs. The form resembles that of OJ and perhaps
its vocalization, which is also that of a 3 s. f. perfect, should be
nna^n ( as n»*pn) or nnaf n ( as in supralinear MSS.). The supra-
linear MSS. of OTA have a larger proportion of OJ forms than
MT in the 3 s. f. perfect, but they do not wholly eliminate the
Syriac type. The absence of vowels in the texts of PTM leaves it
uncertain how far they agree with the forms of OJ and how far
with those of OTA.
48
§ i7- PERFECT TENSES
Syntax. 7. In PTM the 2 pi. masc. form is always used for
the 2 pi. fem. and frequently the 3 pi. m. for the 3 pi. f. (Dalman).
8. In PTM and OTA perfect tenses alternate with participles
in narratives regarding the past (cf. § 21), and the use of successive
sentences unconnected by conjunctions (asyndeton) is characteristic,
especially of PTM. OJ follows the Hebrew text in its use of
conjunctions. The perfect is used to express unfulfilled conditions
after PN (26. 18) and vW (21. 11, 24. 1, 27. 12) and sometimes also
as the tense of the following apodosis (21. 11), but not generally
(see § 22, note 2/).
§ 18. IMPERFECT TENSES
PAEL.— OJ AND PTM P e AL.— OJ AND PTM
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
RO)
3W
?*ana;»
aina?
3 masc.
im
avian
jana*
' t : : •
ainan
fem.
panan
a>nan
panan
ataan
2 masc.
JrW
panan
janan
panan
fem.
3*133
avoK
aimaa
ainax
1 m. and f.
Stem vowels. 1*. The stem vowel of the imperf. P e al is
rarely e, except in the case of verbs final aleph or yodh p 1 ?^,
P^, \1 n ?)- Pathah is not usual in the imperff. P e al of intransitive
verbs. For verbs final guttural see § 23. The occasional use of u
for and of 1 for e may originally have been limited to pausal
forms, where it is found with special frequency (Deut. 16. 29).
2*. The stem vowels of other imperff. than the P e al agree with
the corresponding vowels of the perfect. Examples : B*33n*,
inaiv, n?e>:.
Preformative vowels. 3*. Supralinear preformative pathah
(= seghol) in the 1 sing, imperf. P e al (as in Judg. 4. 7, 6. 15), except
§ 18. IMPERFECT TENSES
49
in the case of some verbs initial guttural (§ 23), is a usage of late
Yemenite MSS. In OTA preformative seghol occurs twice in MT
(«!i?«, K$?aK)i and hireq once (VUN).
4*. In the supralinear MSS. published by Kahle the preforma-
tive vowel of the 1 sing, imperf. Pael is regularly *N, and »K is
commonly written in the unvocalized texts of PTM. This
orthography is to be regarded as a representation of hateph
seghol (§ 2. 8). OIK?*? in the MT of Zech. 7. 14 may be compared.
The only 1 sing, imperf. Pael form in OTA is N?nt< (Dan. 2. 24).
5. After the final consonant of the preformative syllables of the
imperff. Peal and Aphel an intrusive vowel (hireq) is sometimes
indicated by the supralinear punctuation (eg. TH&W'' = PO??*,
Deut. 15. 6 — Kahle p. 222). So also in the Ithp e el (§ 16, note 8).
Prefix b. 6. Forms of 3 s. m. imperf. with preformative b
(Brockelmann, Grundriss, i. 565) are found in PTM (21. ii. 6).
Examples : *v6, bvh, nwij, p&b (W^, fob, rmb, p a (^?^), and e(>&) and those of the impff. Pael and Haphel
^or J(§ 16, note 12). In the Haphel imperf. uncontracted forms
are nearly always used p-^n* , roBW). The plural ending u (or 0),
for tin, occurs twice (§ 29, note 10; § 35, note 5). See also notes
3, 4 and 6.
Syntax. 8. In PTM the uses of the imperfect tense are
very strictly limited :
(1) It is a jussive (21. ii. 6, 26. 17, 27.6) or imperative (with
negative, 16. ii. 4, 19. ii. 7 f., 22. ii. 5 ; as a polite imperat., 24. ii. 7)
1 In the supralinear MSS. probably hireq, as Dan. 5. 17 (Strack).
?7*5 D
5©
§ 1 8. IMPERFECT TENSES
and expresses wishes, imprecations (26, last line, 28, second last
line) and resolves (18. 9, 28. 6 — see (4) below).
(2) It is used after "n and N?* 5 * to express purpose (18. 13,
18. ii. 4, 21. 15), after N?" 1 } = lest (24. 3) and after T (or tibi) in
dependence upon verbs of asking (21.2) and ordering (23. 5).
(3) It is used modally (21. 3), especially in questions (19. ii. 9,
20. ii. 7, 24. ii. 2, 25. ii. 8). Cf. note 9 (3).
(4) It is a future tense only when there is an implication of
indefiniteness (19.^.3 'that I should go out', 22. 1 'should be
married ', 28. 6, T3y« Ntf3 13 >b no^i bs ' everything that any one
may bid me I will do '), in subordinate clauses.
9. In OJ the imperfect tense is used more extensively than in
PTM. It is employed :
(1) As an imperative, jussive, and voluntative, expressing com-
mands and exhortations (Gen. 6. 21, Exod. 22. 24, Deut. 16. 18,
Josh. 23. 8, 13, 1 Sam. 24. 13), and resolves (Gen. 6. 7, Josh. 24.15,
1 Sam. 24. 11).
(2) After "\ P" 1 *! 3 in purpose clauses (Gen. 12. 13, 27. 25, Exod.
8.6, 11. 7, Deut. 4. 1, 5. 16, 8. 1, 11. 8).
(3) As the usual equivalent of most Hebrew modal imperfects
(to be rendered by may, might, would, should, must, &c). ' Could '
is expressed by an imperfect (2 Sam. 2.22, 1 Kings 8. 5) or a
participle (1 Kings 18. 10, Jer. 24. 2), or by "\ ~W£& with an imperf.
(Gen. 13. 16). 'Can' may also be expressed by "n "NS'BK (Isai.
49. 15).
(4) As the ordinary future tense, for which PTM uses the
participle. Examples: Gen. 2. 17, 3. 4, 49. 1, Exod. 4. 1, 6. 1,
Deut. 16. 18, Josh. 1. 3, 18, 3. 5, 10, 13, 18. 8, 23. 5, 1 Sam. 24. 21.
(5) In conditional sentences, following DN (Gen. 18.26, Exod.
22. 24, Josh. 23. 12) and *?K (Hebrew '3), Josh. 24. 20. A parti-
ciple, however, is used to translate a Hebrew participle (Gen.
43-4 f -)-
§ 18. IMPERFECT TENSES 51
(6) As a future in the past (preterite future)— Gen. 2. 19, Exod.
2. 4, 1 Sam. 22. 22, 2 Kings 13. 14 — for which a participle (Gen.
43. 25, 1 Kings 7. 7) or 1. Trig w j t h an imperf. (2 Kings 3. 27) are
possible alternatives.
10. In OTA the imperfect is used as the ordinary future tense,
as a jussive, and in the various modal senses. It is also used in
conditional sentences, referring to the future (English indefinite
present). It seldom refers to the present or the past.
11. "W1J> ('ready', 'prepared') or j> TriJ( f with an infinitive, also
expresses future time in OJ and PTM (Gen. 4. 10, 41. 28, Exod.
16. 23 ; Dalman, Grammar, p. 268 f).
12. Sometimes an imperfect tense depends directly upon a
governing verb, without "n (§ 7, note 7) being prefixed (29. 21, f?3!
jntJD rfr™ \hr;> pya Nan 'Our teachers here ask (that) I should
pray, so that rain may fall '). Cf. Nan p ^ pifi3 Nn-»»T NED i>3
l T t * • • ' * T ; • ; t~ t
(19. iii. 3) 'the only remedy of the affair is that I should go out
from here '. For ^2 and plB3 see note 13.
13. In PTM the 1 plur. imperf. is often used for the 1 sing,
impf. (19. iii. 3, 21. 1, 24.^7, 29.21; Dalman, p. 265^). Cf.
Dan. 2.36, and see § 21, note 14.
§ 19. IMPERATIVES
Pael.
P e AL.
OJ
3 ^3
V30
T3$?
3^3
2 s. m.
*?7?3
W
'T?K
*?V13
f.
WHS
W3D
,T 3J?
«V13
2 pi. m
T • -
NJ?3» .
t~ :
NTay
Nains
t :
f.
PTM
3»ri3
j»p
-pay
airo
2 s. m.
Pan?
r?3»
P13y
Pans
f.
pans
IW3D
fray
P3TH3
2 pi. m,
W?
!WP
n?y
farna
f.
52
§ 1 9. IMPERATIVES
1*. In PTM the terminations are accented, in OJ unaccented.
2*. The final stem vowel of an imperative form agrees generally
with that of the corresponding imperfect tense (cf. § 18, note 1).
3*. The MSS. of PTM indicate only u as the stem vowel of the
inflected forms of the P e al imperatives, i was probably in some
cases the stem vowel, as well as a (see § 25, note 5, and § 36,
note 9). t n ?V might have been given as the paradigm form.
4*. In OJ and PTM the plural imperative of the derived stems
is the same as their 3 plur. perf. and in some verbs the plural
imperat. P e al is also ambiguous (W?9, |W3D).
5. iaOd is understood by Dalman (p. 278, note 1) to be
2 plur. fem. imperative Ethp e el, having n assimilated to (§16,
note 7) and with the fem. plur. ending silent as in Syriac, the
man's ears being addressed (in Dalman ' Augen ' should be 'Ohren').
Accordingly NnneriN = nnBK = ia6d (n not being distinguished
from N in Galilee — Dalman, p. 57 f.).
OTA. 6. OTA imperatives agree in terminations and accentua-
tion with the imperatives of OJ. The OTA forms corresponding
to 3ins and TTOK are 3ri3 (one example) and inin (two examples).
§ 20.
INFINITIVES
BAB
PTM
OJ
OJ
nrap
anao
P^al
ninar?
Karoo
t : : *
*ata3
Karoo
T T - ;
roans
T —
K3R3
T T -
Pael
•giros
VQFOO
t t ; -
roanaK
T ; —
KanaK
t t : -
Aphel
•ainariN
Kansno
T t ; ; •
roansnK
KaHSHK
t t ; ; .
Ithp e el
•ainrnx
Ksnzno
t t - ; ■
ivamm
N3D3DK
t t - : •
Ithpaal
Kanano
t t • - •
norpFiK
N3T13PIN
t t ; - •
Ittaphal
§20. INFINITIVES 53
Orthography. 1*. The feminine ending of the infinitives
of the derived stems in PTM is often represented by n, and this
orthography is usual in OTA.
BAB. 2. The forms under BAB, which are of Babylonian
origin, occur occasionally in OJ (Judg. 3. 26) and PTM (23. 3).
OJ. 8*. The OJ forms in uth are used in the construct and
with suffixes. Penultimate a is unchangeable (iWWMB, Gen.
14. 17).
PTM. 4*. The infinn. of the derived stems in PTM are in-
flected like feminine nouns (finnpBD, 16. ii. 8— infin. Aphel of
PB?).
OTA. 5. In OTA the forms are generally those of OJ, but
with preformative n for K (see paradigm, p. 95). ngwn (Ezra 4. 22),
with construct ending as in PTM, is exceptional.
Infin. P«al. 6*. In OJ and OTA infinn. P«al are inflected as
nouns of the B class *3")pe, |in:nj?D (§ I2 , note 5). In PTM the
termination 3— (§ 36, note 8) is added to the P^al infinitive before
suffixes (iTO?"]??).
Syntax. 7. The adverbial use of the Hebrew infin. absolute
(as in Deut. 15. 4, 5, 8) is exactly reproduced by OJ, and the P*al
infinitive form is then generally written 3ri30 in the supralinear
MSS. (but cf. fan? in 2 Sam. 24. 24, Kahle, p. 28). The idiom is
infrequent in PTM (Dalman, p. 280).
8. I^OJ an infinitive dependent on a governing verb is nearly
always preceded by b, even when there is no preposition in the
Hebrew text (Exod. 2. 3, Deut. 1. 19, 2.25, Num. 22.14, Judg.
8.3, Isai. 1. 14). In OTA the use of f> is invariable. In PTM
both constructions occur, with b (19. ii. n, 20. ii. 1 and 3, 22. ii. 6,
24. ii. 1 and 4, 26. 10), and without b (19. ii. 10, 27. 2, 3, 6 and 8,
29. 7).
9. A Hebrew infinitive in the nominative case is generally
replaced in OJ by "] with an imperfect (Gen. 2. 18, 29. 19, Exod.
54
§ 20. INFINITIVES
14. 12, Judg. 18. 19), or a perfect (Gen. 30. 15), or a partic. (Isai.
7. 13). Examples of the retention of the infin. occur in 1 Sam.
15. 22, 29. 6, Isai. 10. 7.
10. The Hebrew negative ^f?f is represented in OJ by bna
? N^ (with an infin.), e.g. in Gen. 3. 11, 4. 15, Deut. 4. 21, 8. n,
Josh. 5. 6, Judg. 2. 23. In OTA j> t*b with an infin. means 'must
not be '.
11. A peculiarity of the syntax of OTA is that a single object
noun, with no qualification, stands before a governing infin. (Dan.
3.16, 5.16, &c). Cf. Dan. 2.12, 3.19, 5.7, 7.25, where the
object follows. Objects such as generally follow a governing infin.
may also precede the infin. (Dan. 2. 10, 3. 32, 5. 15, &c.) and do so
freely in Ezra (4. 14, 5. 13, &c).
§ 21. PARTICIPLES
Aphel.
Pael.
PTM OJ
P*AL.
3^30
n»rop Trap
yr\3
*• T
active
arop
anap ajriisp
2^n|
passive
Ittaphal.
Ithpaal.
Ithp 6 el.
3PI3P10
ansnD
aviano
Forms. 1*. Since verbs final guttural and resh have a for e
in all final syllables ip« is the partic. P e al of ">P$, and there is no
distinction between the active and passive forms of the Pael and
Aphel participles of such verbs. On the other hand, Sn'W (Deut.
3- 3. J ud g- 12 - 5) and 3\rri^p (from 2W, rescue) are passives as
well as actives.
2*. In OJ l sometimes appears for final e (so Tny in 1 Kings
1. 6, Kahle, p. 28, and D'rnp in Deut. 28. 50, Kahle, p. 225).
§ 21. PARTICIPLES 55
P e al particc. used as nouns always have l in the supralinear punc-
tuation (so 1^3, THE), p^Q). I n OTA e is usual, but eight words
have I for i, viz. :
ivpn, bsp, *>b&d, i>.fep, pu, pjn, nm, by.
3*. The particc. of intrans. verbs have the same forms as those
of trans, verbs. Examples : TOT (also ipOT) 'sleeping'; j" 1 ?} (also
TCI) 'trusting', 'hoping'; bw (also birn) < fearing '.
4*. Words of the form 3"»ri3 may have an active sense. Exam-
ples : T3D ' thinking ' ; "^n ' remembering ' ; «^pri (? also awi)
' wondering '.
5. The form nrpop occurs occasionally in PTM and 3JR3p
(especially with verbs medial guttural) in OJ (Gen. 2. 9).
Inflexions. 6. Participles are inflected like nouns of the
B class (§ 10, note 7). There is, therefore, no formal distinction
between active and passive in the particc. Pael and Aphel when
these are inflected (KaijOB, & c .). Forms like p.TDD (17. ii. 18),
J^pD (23.8), tow (27. 2), and NTZiy (28.17) occur in the un-
vocalized texts of PTM and are read by Dalman as NT3y, & c .
They do not occur in MSS. having a supralinear vocalization
(Dalman, p. 311). Possibly yodh in such cases signifies vocal
shewa (§ 2. 8).
7*. Shortened forms of the personal pronouns of the first and
second persons («3, J3, ri, and |W) joined to particc. make a new
tense form. Examples : N3yT (Gen. 4. 9), n53") (Berliner) or
???! (Merx), in Num. 22. 30, n$nt (Deut. n. 10, Kahle, p. 16),
rrn; (25. ii. 8), 1 pm?T (Judg. 5. 16). See also § 30, note 5.
8. Tense forms got by uniting particc. and perf. terminations
also occur, e.g. pbsp (or f^p, § 28, note i), meaning 'they
prayed ' (Dalman, p. 284).
1 So Dalman (cf. Gram., p. 290) ; why not |3 , yi > ?
56
§2i. PARTICIPLES
Syntax. 9. In PTM participles take over much of the early
usage of imperfect tenses. They serve as an ordinary future tense
(15.9, 16.5 — 3V)J, 20.11, 23. ii. 8, 26.3), and as the English
indefinite present (= future) in conditional sentences (16. ii. 13),
and they express promises (15. 10, 20. ii. 11) and general truths
(23. 8). With ny 'while' (14.11.4), and in an object sentence
dependent on a past tense (16. ii. 11) they are used as past pro-
gressives and may sometimes be rendered by an English past tense
(24. 2). The use of particc. in place of perfect tenses in narratives
of past events is very characteristic (24. ii. 3, 25. ii. 2 fF., 27. 9 —
10. In OJ particc. often represent Hebrew imperff. (or consecu-
tive perff.), but not to the same extent as in PTM and not in the
same uses. Acts customary in the present (Exod. 18. 15, Num.
11. 12, Deut. 1. 31 and 44, Judg. 7. 5, 10. 4, 1 Sam. 5.5, 16. 7,
2 Kings 9. 20) or in the past (Gen. 29. 2, Num. 9. 20, Judg. 2. 19,
6.5, 14.10, 1 Sam. 1. 3, 6, 7, 2. 13 f. and 19) are expressed by
particc. For the different idiom employed by PTM, see § 22,
note 2 (c).
In questions understood of present time, a Hebrew imperf. is
rendered in OJ by a participle (Gen. 32. 29 = 32. 30, 37. 15, Exod.
2 - x 3> 3- 3> J ud S- r 7-9> l 9- *7> x Sam - '• 8 » 2 5- IO » 28 - l6 V
So, also, when the Hebrew imperf. denotes continuance of a
state through a period in the past (Gen. 2. 25, Exod. 13. 22, 1 Sam.
1. 13, Isai. 10. 7) or the future (1 Sam. 1. 14).
11. In OTA the partic. is the ordinary equivalent of a present
tense (Dan. 2. 8) and a very frequent alternative to a perfect in
narratives of past events (Dan. 4. 4, Ezra 5. 3). It is also used as
a progressive tense, descriptive of events in the present (Dan. 3. 25
— }»3^no) or the past (Dan. 5. 5 — nana), and in stating general
1 In O J an imperfect in questions is to be understood as a future (Gen. 16.8),
or in a modal sense (Gen. 27. 45, 1 Sam. 17. 8, 28. 15). Cf. § 18, note 9.
§21. PARTICIPLES
57
truths (Dan. 2. 21). Occasionally it alternates with the imperfect
as a future tense (Dan. 4. 29).
12. When the pronoun subject of a partic. is in the third person,
it is often left unexpressed (Chrest. 15. 11, 16. ii. 3, 20.8, 24.10,
27.9; Dan. 4.4, 4.32).
13. A general statement with an indefinite subject is expressed
by the plural of a partic. without an explicit subject. Examples :
Chrest. 27.11, 'men despise'; Ezra 6.3, 'men sacrifice'; Dan.
4. 28, equivalent to a passive 'you are addressed'.
14. The 1 pers. plur. of the participle tense (note 7) may be used
for the 1 pers. sing. (Dalman, p. 266). Cf. § 18, note 13.
15. Some verbs take as their complement a participle, instead of
an infin. Examples: Wp (14. ii. 1), *1^ (16. ii. 9, 20.10), 13J(
(19. 13). , "n? (' begin') is used with particc. in the Peshitta, but
with infinn. in OJ (Gen. 6. 1, Deut. 2. 31, Judg. 10. 18, 13. 5, 1 Sam.
14. 35) and in OTA (Ezra 5. 2).
§ 22. COMPOUND TENSES
1*. The tenses of the verb njn * become ' form compound tenses
with the participles of other verbs. These compound tenses occur
frequently in PTM and are also a characteristic feature of OTA.
They are seldom used by OJ.
2. In PTM the perfect of njn joined to a present participle
expresses :
{a) A pas/ progressive tense, in sentences introduced by 'who' or
'when' (14. ii. 1, 15. ii. 1, 22.7) and in circumstantial clauses
(15. 6, 16. ii. 5). It describes a prolonged state or act in the past.,
where in English a past tense is a possible (22. 3, 27. ii. 1) or a
preferable (16. ii. 5, 16. ii. 8) alternative. The verbs employed are
very frequently intrans. verbs denoting state or condition. Exam-
ples: V?K njn 13 'when he was coming', JHJ njn NVH 'now he
58 § 22. COMPOUND TENSES
knew'. In the sentence rfy '""3 &b rmoNi ntaiODK ia iT33 mm
T - ' !" T T ; ; . t; T T-S-
(29. 6) the compound tense possibly expresses a past inchoative,
* when she began weeping in the street, I asked her what was the
matter '.
(b) A pluperfect progressive tense, in sentences dependent on a past
tense (16. 6, 'he found that he had been selling').
(c) A habit or custom, in the present (21. 12) or the past (22. ii. 2,
23. ii. 7, 27. i, 28.6, 'he used to say').
(d) An act repeated in the past a number of times, by the same or
by different persons (15.3, 19, ii. 15— nin fBTib *m nirn fKD ^|
?!*l'3V— 21 - 13,22.7).
(e) A future in the past (preterite future), 'he lay down beside
one of them in order to learn what they would say' (17. ii. 4 f.).
(/) A P ast conditional, expressing ' would have '(22.9, after ^n ,
24. 2, 27. 12, both in apodoses of conditional sentences, after unful-
filled conditions).
3. The participle tense of nin (see § 21, note 7) may be used,
instead of its perfect tense, in combination with the present parti-
ciple of another verb. Examples : N*he N^jn ' I repeatedly un-
covered' (22. 7), ^n iyDD n:\in no ' How could I have diverted
my attention ? ' (29. 28). For the expression of ' could have ' by a
compound tense see also note 5.
4. In OTA the uses of the perfect compound tense, so far as
they occur, are the same as in PTM. Examples: (a) Dan. 2. 31,
5. 19 — py)T Vin 'trembled', describing a prolonged state or condi-
tion; (c) Dan. 5. 19— !>Dj5 njn 'he used to kill'; (d) Dan. 6. 11,
three times in the day he knelt on his knees and prayed ' (spa Kin
N.?XtM • • •) and Dan. 6. 5, ' they sought repeatedly to find an
excuse' (HJQ iin). In Dan. 6. 15 n^neto njn may be classed under
(a) or (<*).
5*. In OJ a participle or an imperfect tense is generally used
where PTM would use a compound perfect tense. A compound
§ 22. COMPOUND TENSES
59
perfect is, however, sometimes used to describe an act or state
extending over a period of time (Gen. 2. 6, 19, Josh. 4. 14, 'as
they had reverenced ') or repeated at intervals during a period of
time (Gen. 31. 18). It is also used in the apodosis of condi-
tional sentences (Judg. 11. 39, 'he would have redeemed') and to
express * could have ' (Gen. 43. 7). It is of course the regular
equivalent of the same compound tense in Hebrew (Gen. 4. 17,
37. 2, &c).
6*. The imperfect Nnj joined to the present participle of another
verb is used (a) as a future progressive tense (Exod. 1. 16, after "13),
(b) to express future custom or habit (Dan. 2. 43), and (c) after "=}
and N^J to express result or effect {Chrest. 16. ii. 14, 18. 15, 20. 5 ;
Dan. 6. 3, Ezra 6. 10, 7. 25 f.) or the substance of a command
(22. ii. 3 f.). As an alternative to a simple jussive this tense perhaps
implies emphasis or menace {Chrest. 19. ii. 17; cf. Ezra 6. 8f.).
For corresponding uses of the imperfect see § 18, note 8 (2).
7. A relative sentence contains a compound tense when there is
a compound tense in the associated principal clause (Dan. 5. 19 —
N?? «Ji| »1— Ezra 7. 26, Chrest. 19. ii. 15).
8*. nin joined to a passive participle provides the equivalent of
a simple perfect passive (17. ii. 2, 25. ii. 10 ; Dan. 6. 4, Ezra 5. n).
X>y\ with a passive participle is used as a jussive passive (Dan. 3. 18,
Ezra 4. 12, 6. 8 f.); cf. note 6.
9. In PTM, as in Syriac, the perfect of any verb may be
slightly strengthened by prefixing to it the perfect of nin (Dalman,
P- 257 f-)-
10. NFW in combination with an infinitive is sometimes equiva-
lent to a compound tense (20. ii. 10— «runp Bn33» 'K *n»nD 'after
(he) had conquered the city '.
6o
§ 23. INFLUENCE OF GUTTURALS UPON
VERBAL FORMS
The influence of gutturals (n, n, y) and of n upon the vowels of
verbal forms is not as extensive as in Hebrew, but, so far as it goes,
is similar in character.
1*. Pathah holds the place of normal sere in the final syllable of
all parts of verbs final guttural or resh (Pael, Aphel, partic. P*al, &c).
In the final syllable of imperff. and imperatives Peal pathah is usual,
but o also occurs before final resh and final 'ayin, especially in
PTM. In OTA pathah is used in all the cases covered by this
section. The verbs of §§ 27, 32, and 34 are not included.
2*. In the imperf. P°al preformative pathah is used in some
verbs (e.g. t2Szr)l } piety, Tiy;), but hireq is more common (Dalman).
In OTA ?nayn (twice), f^rr (once) and rn£ or tryin (thrice), with
the imperfect forms of njn (wnn , & c .), are the only P e al imperff. of
verbs initial guttural that occur. Dalman (page 93) makes the
supralinear pathah of *V^ equivalent to seghol (hence Chrest. 18.4,
19. ii. 9, 20. ii. 7).
3*. Apparently the only infln. with preformative pathah is
*T?J(0. In OTA the form is t?yo (twice) and Dalman follows this
analogy in his Dialekiproben (18. 14, 29. 7).
4*. Pathah furtive is used in the pass, partic. P e al of verbs
final guttural (D^f). See also § 32, note 1.
5*. An intrusive pathah separates the termination n from the
stem of verbs final guttural. E. g. firorif n (Dan. 5. 27).
6*. Vocal shewa following a guttural in the supralinear punctua-
tion is to be pronounced as the sublinear hateph would be.
Supralinear pathah in perff. like ">DN signifies hateph pathah and
sere in imperative forms like "»»''&? and "O'JJ signifies hateph seghol.
See § 2. 7, 8.
7*. An intrusive hateph (before vocal shewa an intrusive
§ 23. GUTTURAL INFLUENCE ON VERBAL FORMS 61
pathah) is indicated in some MSS. of OJ after initial y and initial
n in the imperf. and infin. forms of the P e al (Aphel, Shaphel).
"P?S{! and "nyo are most frequently so treated. Cf. Judg. 1 2. 5
p3K£) and 16. 24 (Snnp, Hebraism?). In some MSS. after y an
intrusive hireq is indicated, in harmony with the hireq of the
preformative syllable (Dalman, p. 93; Kahle, p. 223). For forms
with intrusive vowels in OTA see note 2.
8*. In the intensives of verbs medial resh, in which the medial
radical is not doubled, the preceding pathah is regularly lengthened
into compensation qames and, similarly, sometimes before medial
y or N. Examples : Tjn.2, ^ya, 3»KD. In Dan. 5. 9 the sublinear
reading is /HZino an( j tne supralinear is ^nanp (or i'nanp).
9. N between two vowels was pronounced yodh (Dalman, p. 60),
hence PTM in the inflected forms of the active partic. P e al of verbs
medial aleph and in the intensive forms of s^W and ~MP writes
» for N. PTM W and "M8> = OJ W (Gen. 43. 7— Dalman,
p. 305) and "WB\ See also § 33, note 2.
§ 24. VERBS INITIAL NUN
nru
P\fe ,pfy
3 'P? ,3M
nin\i
P&
2Q1
nin
po
2D
vun
'P9
ttD
nrrp
pDO
HDD
rrir^D
pi DD
31DD
•* T
p^D
3»D3
•• T
rvrix
P^K
rvrv
P*K
rvnN
PW
T T -
Ki?DK
rvnp
PW
PD?
Peal
perf.
p\B]
imperf.
pia
imperat.
qra
pso
infin.
pisp
PTM
P*w
partic.
P**
Aphel perf.
P's:
imperf.
P^K
imperat.
MpfiM
•T T ™
infin.
P*#P
partic.
62
§ 24. VERBS INITIAL NUN
Assimilation. 1*. Assimilation of nun to the medial radical
takes place in the impff. and inff. P e al and in all the tenses of the
Aphel and Ittaphal. Nun and its vowel (shewa) generally dis-
appear in the imperat. P e al.
2*. In verbs medial n and medial y assimilation of nun does not
take place (Gen. 1. 17, ^l^K). Unassimilated forms of other verbs
also occur (22. ii. 9, *lft3?; Gen. 26. 11, p\W!).
3*. The vocalization of verbs medial n , according to the supra-
linear punctuation, is shown above. Where pathah is written in
the perfect Aphel (Gen. 2. 5, Merx), it may be understood to denote
hateph pathah (§ 2. 7).
P e al imperatt. and inflnn. 4*. The stem vowels of the
imperative P e al do not become vocal shewa in the inflected forms,
as they do in Hebrew (see table above). Forms with nun pre-
served sometimes occur in PTM. a'p (15.9, 16. ii. 7) is an
alternative to 3D.
5. Infinitives like PS» are normal in OJ, and those like pte»
in PTM.
Ithp e el. 6. Ithp e el forms sometimes assimilate n of the
prefix to the following nun (§ 16, note 7).
p^D 7*. In p^D / assimilates regressively, so that forms
like those of verbs initial nun are produced. The infin. Haphel
n i?p3n (Dan. 6. 24) is a case of erroneous dissimilation (cf. § 10,
■note 12).
OTA. 8. So far as examples occur, notes 1-4 apply to OTA.
The only verb medial guttural is riru, whose nun is assimilated in
the Haphel imperfect (nrw), imperative (Ezra 5. 15, nriN r T\nx)
and partic. (r™iriD), but not in the Hophal (nnan). Other verbs
with unassimilated forms are jru (imperf., inf.), pBJ (Aphel), and
PT3 (Aphel). There are two e imperfects, b& (as Syriac ; OJ Hfi?)
and ]F}i) or JW. For the imperat. Kfe> see § 27, note ro, and for
P.c'D. note 7.
63
§ 25. VERBS INITIAL ALEPH
Aphel. pe AL .
1*?ta b& now b?X perf.
T ^ ^ TD« bta» imperf.
1»3te b»V* >T» TV* bs* imperat.
n ^ M ^T« *WK £*3»K OJ
P" 1 ?^ I^]K }"ON p$>3K PTM
N *S iN ^r» tod ^» i n fi n .
T ^0 ^ npN ^3K partic.
1*. In the imperf. and infin. Pe a l and in the Aphel N coalesces
with the preformative vowel into i and respectively, and the
orthography is generally the same as that of verbs initial yodh
(tfa«, T3iK).
P e al imperf. 2*. The imperfects P°al, that have pathah as
their stem vowel, are ">0«, 13", *\b"„, and ID" (but also "tiD^). The
final stem vowel of the imperatives of these words is also pathah (in
Hebrew holem). Ha» does not belong to the group (unlike
Hebrew fetf).
Imperat. 3*. The supralinear imperatives TOK, fox, &c.,
although pointed with sere, should probably be pronounced 1DK ,
^ 3 8. &c - (§ 2- 8), as in OTA pDK). In the supralinear MSS. of OJ
?T« (Exod. 33. 1, Deut. 10. 11— Kahle, pp. 5 and 15) and bm
(Judg. 18. 19— Praetorius) both occur, and the plural form is tyf*
(Josh. 2.1, 18.8). In the singular Berliner's Onkelos has both e
(Deut. 10. 11) and i (Gen. 22. 2, Exod. 3. 16, 33. 1). In all these
forms yodh presumably at first represented a hurried vowel (vocal
shewa).
4*. Some verbs (e.g. b?K, NriX) use shortened imperatt. P*al as
alternatives to the full forms (^T, fr); Wi, W— in Dalman b*)).
For the ending 5 in fa see § 29.
6 4
§ 25. VERBS INITIAL ALEPH
5*. The stem vowel i of the imperat. plur. of PTM is indicated
in the texts for some words and may have been the stem vowel of
all words of this class. The analogy of the imperat. sing, with
suffixes points to i or u (§ 36, note 9). Dalman's pointing fv]N
and pbatf (23. 1) seems unlikely.
Aphel. 6*. Of the Aphels with preformative sere that occur in
PTM only b^K , P 1 ?^ and some verbs having both initial K and
final N, such as NHK, are recognized by Dalman (p. 298 f.) as correct.
The salutation "^8 'hail' {Chrest. 29. 19) is also supposed to be
an Aphel form (imperative). In OJ and OTA pDM (§ 16, note 5)
and W« or WK (OTA wn, W), from NPiW, are used.
Contracted forms. 7. Contraction takes place in the imperf.,
infin., and partic. of e^N (T.K «?b», vbp = *l\b* » &c). Contracted
Ithp e els and Ithpaals also occur (e.g. TOR* = 1DSJTN and tnnK
==, insriN. There seems to be similar contraction of verbs initial
yodh (in T^flN, Gen. 4. 18, 26, 24. 15, Merx).
Unusual forms. 8. ll* and cj^ (18. ii. 2) are used as alterna-
tive forms of na« and p£k (cf. § 23, note 9). NO« (=T»*2) is a
Babylonian form, which occurs in PTM (16. 5). H?*3* (17. "• 7)
seems to have no parallel and may be an error for jybaK (§ 21,
note 7) or Kjb*?«.
OTA. 9. The variations of OTA are as follows. Etymo-
logical aleph is generally written in the P e al imperf. and infin.
few, "TOKO), except in the cases of Nno and WO, from ten* and
MTK (§ 27). In the Poal imperat. N is generally followed by hateph
seghol and in "btK (Ezra 5. 15) sere is its equivalent (cf. note 3 and
nj£, Dan. 3. 22, = niK, pass. ptc. P e al). In Dan. 7. 5, where MT
has ^JOK, Strack's supralinear text reads *ba«, i.e. \baK (§ 2. 8, 9)
The Hophal. perf. Wn (Dan. 7. n) has the same form as the
Hophal of verbs initial yodh. See also note 6 and the table of
verbs, p. 96.
§ 26. VERBS INITIAL YODH AND WAW
Aphel. P e AL.
a^ciK jit an? yr b*y perf.
n*?.?
aw
^??V
ni«
w
sn?
bia?
imperf.
a*Bi«
TO
a*n
yn
—
imperat
«»ota
inn
o»n
qn
Nat^K
an»
jn»
bar?
infin.
rwo
anna
yTD
bans
peal prefixes. 1*. In the imperf. and infin. P e al yodh coalesces
with the preformative vowel into(i) (OTA artf) ' rescue' has no
P e al in use (? = ^W). 73iD (Ezra 6. 3) may be regarded as a
causative of 73\ with D as in some Syriac forms. For 'JW (? from
H)r) see § 27, note 8.
Ithp e eL 7. For elision of yodh in Ithp«el forms see § 25,
note 7.
3rP 8. In PTM forms with elided n are used (e.g. rpy = ivan»,
Chrest. 29. 8). In OJ and OTA the imperf. and infin. of jru take
the place of the corresponding parts of 3iT and are the only parts
of fro in use (see § 24, note 8). In PTM they are alternatives
to an** or 3*rp and 3n*D.
OTA. 9. For a synopsis of the forms of OTA see table, p. 96.
In P e al perff. and imperff. the stem vowel / corresponds to OJ e
( 3 ^;, 'T. ; 3FP). In the imperf. P e al preformative i and e both
occur (73?, 30^). yi^ is always, erroneously, dissimilated to JW
(seven times). The normal Haphel form is like 3rrtn (cf. note 4)
and a Hophal form (HMPI) occurs once. See also notes 6 and 8.
§ 27. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH
ITTAPHAL. ITHPAAL. lTPH e EL. ApHEL. PaEL. P e AL.
nnriN
*?™n
s !DriN
TO
*?o
Njn
pert.
NtrURN
wnrw
N!D?n
nruv
nnrv
'inn;
♦trr
MIV
\W
imperf.
nnriN
"•innx
'inns
TO
ID
*!P
imperat.
nwnni*
t t : ~ •
nwnrw
Tt" i •
nNtnnK
tt-: : •
nwnn
t t : *
nwn
Tt*
nnp
infin.
tt : ~ •
K*tnnD
tt - : : *
tt : ~
Tt" :
PTM
wid'
Mnno
\tnnp
*yp
Mnp
\W
act. ptc.
wnno
\tn
pass, ptc
PTM
§ 27. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 67
Pinal vowels of stem. 1*. In the bare stem forms, with-
out an inflexional ending, the final radical coalesces with the
preceding vowel into t or e or a or a. a. occurs only in the per-
fect Pe a l (3 s. m.) and in the OJ adverbial infin. (note 6). a comes
from at (cf. § 13, note 2) and the forms of the paradigm in which
it is found seem to be peculiar to OJ (see, however, note 6). In
OJ and PTM the distinctive orthography n\i\ is more common, in
this verb, than Kjn (cf. Mil).
2*. Intransitive perfects P«al ending in l in OJ are: 'Z&, *??,
*in, *?*, &c. VV (or VlBfc, with prosthetic vowel) is the only form
of the kind in PTM (Dalman). In OTA »w (or *«te) and <2Xoccur.
8. Where I appears in the final syllable of imperfects, it may be
regarded as due to scribal error (Dalman).
4*. In Yemenite MSS. P e al imperatt. of the form \in are correc-
tions of *jn under the influence of Hebrew (Diettrich, ZATW., xx,
p. 151).
Infin. forms. 5*. In OJ the third radical of feminine infinn.
is written aleph but pronounced yodh (cf. § 23, note 9). The
writing of yodh twice in forms like N^n», &c, is a characteristic of
unvocalized MSS. n is used in PTM less frequently than n to
denote the feminine ending of infinitives.
6. In OJ an infin. P e al of the form Ktrip i s used as an adverbial
infin. (cf. § 20, note 7). The PTM form NtriD may have been pro-
nounced N]np, from nriD. In 25. ii. 4 Dalman points a in the final
syllable (N»nr?f>).
Pass, partic. 7*. The passive partic. P<>al is sometimes
pointed with final t by supralinear MSS. (Deut. 25. 10, Josh .7. 10).
Shaphel. 8. The Shaphel form TV 'complete', may be
derived from wn. For the e of the preformative syllable see § 26,
notes 4 and 6.
OTA. 0. The vocalic endings of the uninfected forms of
the perff., imperff., and participles of OTA are a, I, and e, as in
68
§ 2 7 . VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH
§ 28. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH
69
OJ (see table, p. 96). Final yodh is written when the vowel is i
O??™!!) and in TIplV (Dan. 5. 12). In other cases — when the final
vowel is a or / — « or n is written at the end of the word, without
any precise distinction between them. Examples : Nya and <"iy3 ;
Njn? ; Njnp; Kjn an d njn ; naa. For the form njK (Dan. 3.22)
see § 25, note 9. In Ezra 6. 15 the Kethibh is N^K>, the Qere W
or 'W-
10. There are three examples of a 2 s. m. imperat. in OTA, one
Pael (TO, Ezra 7. 25, for TO) and two P e als (*n, in Dan. 2. 4, &c,
and Kfe>, Ezra 5. 15, from K&3).
11. The third radical of the infinitives of the derived stems is
always yodh in the Kethibh of MT (WWr\ } &c). There are, however,
supralinear and other MSS. in which aleph is read, as in OJ, by the
Q e re (see Strack's notes on Daniel 2. 10 and 6. 9).
12. The forms np (Ezra 4. 18, 23) and ^3 (Dan. 2. 30) or \b
(Dan. 2. 19) and the plural Vtp. (Dan. 3. 21, 7. 9) are examples of
perfect P e Ils (§ 16, note n).
§ 28. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH
(P
erfc
;ct tenses)
Aphel.
P*AL.
P*AL.
PTM
OJ
PTM
OJ
PTM
OJ
^ns
*ne>
Kin
3 s. m.
rvnnN
riK^riN
rvw
ntonp
f.
n- NrinriK
n-
T • ;
n- Nrnn
2 s. m.
nnn«
rwne>
rnn
f.
n- winx
n.
■ wnf
n. win
1 s. com.
firm*
wins
jinf
wntf
pfn
irn
3 PL m -
W
HN^nX
—
•■writ?
t : -
HKTn
f.
ivwrw
JWntf
prvtn
2 pi. in.
pnnnx
pn-nc'
rown
f.
??!W
sunrw
??w
t • :
?3\!D
t •— ;
1 pi. com
Endings. 1*. The OJ plural terminations i (3 masc.) and
?in (2 masc.) are peculiar to this class of verbs and are used in the
P e al only. Dalman makes the corresponding endings of PTM on
and tun (?) and extends the use of on to all perfects, in accordance
with the analogy of OJ imperfects.
2*. The distinctive endings NTi and *n occur frequently in OJ and
to a less extent in PTM. In OTA the endings of the 2 sing. masc.
and 1 sing, are n and n respectively, and there is no example of
2 s. f.
3rd radical. 3*. Before all consonantal endings the third
radical of these verbs coalesces with the preceding stem vowel into
/or i, as shown in the table. In * perfects the reading e, for i, by
Yemenite MSS. is due to late correctors (Diettrich, ZATW., vol. xx,
P- 151 f-)-
4*. In the 3 s. f. of i perfects and in the 3 pi. f. of all perfects,
OJ retains consonantal aleph (pronounced as yodh) and PTM
consonantal yodh (TM], 18. 3; Tin?, 21. ii. 7). There are two
cases in OTA, both of which agree with PTM in writing yodh
(Jinan* , Dan. 7. 15, and ffJJfl, Dan. 6. 18). In MT these two
forms follow two different systems of punctuation. One of the
MSS. used by Strack supplies the variant reading rnvn. I n PTM
JVnnK and pnrw are unvocalized forms for JVjnK (? nw or rvtnK)
and fJjriK. In OJ « appears also in the 3 pi. m. of all i perfects.
5. In PTM forms of the 3 s, f. and 3 pi. m. perf. P*al, with con-
sonantal yodh retained, sometimes occur. Presumably they were
pronounced like n^n and pnn respectively (§ 17). Dalman's
pointing of flW (22.19) and njya (27.2) seems to follow the
analogy of the OTA (Hophal) form rvTiVj (note 4). In OTA the
Knhibh preserves one 3 s. f. perf. P*al with consonantal yodh
(lTDO,Dan. 4. 21).
OTA. 6. In OTA before consonantal terminations the final
syllable of the stem becomes I in i perfects (?TO), ai in the 2 s. m.
70 § 28. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH
of ordinary perff. P e al (rvtn) and in ^33 or PBVaa < I have built it '
(Dan. 4. 27), e in other forms (n\tD, Krj;a). See also note 2.
7. In the 3 sing. fem. perf. P e al the forms ntn and Wl are written
by MT without discrimination. Strack uniformly prints njn. In
other respects the 3 s. f. of perfect tenses agrees with PTM (see
notes 4 and 5). There is no example in OTA of a pi. fem.
perf.
8. In one 3 pi. m. form (WP'!J, § 31, note 6) consonantal yodh is
retained and the vocalization is that of the normal verb (§ 17).
With this exception the 3 pi. m. is like that of OJ (ty3), with a
variation of orthography in the I perfects (I^N, VX&), which is also
found in some MSS. of OJ (Berliner, Massorah, p. 92). In Dan. 6.
17 and 6. 25 Strack's supralinear text reads wn. The only case
of a 2 pi. m. is pn\in (Dan. 2. 8), for which supralinear MSS. read
jinnn.
9. Baer's reading of seghol for sere in the final syllable of pausal
imperff.Pael and Haphel (Dan. 2. 4, 7, 24 and 5. 12) is not accepted
by Strack.
§ 29. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH
(imperfects, imperatives and infinitives)
P*AL.
Singular. Imperfect.
PTM OJ
\tn? 3 masc.
TO fem.
\tnn 2 masc.
prnn pnn f em .
"tnn
nro nnx 1 com.
Plural.
P* n !
Pin*
't: • •
jirnn
§29. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 7 i
PTM APHEL. OJ PTM P e AL. OJ IMPERATIVE.
nnx vn 2 s. m.
nnx KtnN nn urn f.
ptnx i?n« fttn irn 2 pi. m.
— — — nwn f.
Imperflf. 1*. The imperfect plur 1 masc. termination on is
known from the MSS. of OJ and OTA and is extended by analogy
to PTM. The 2. s. f. endings in PTM are read by Dalman
(p. 339) as ain and ai respectively. P'tnn might be understood to
signify P]nn (§ 2. 1).
2*. Consonantal yodh is retained by OJ and PTM in the 2 and
3 plur. fem. of all imperfects (cf. OTA V$h, Dan. 5. 17). For the
2 s. f. in PTM see note 1.
3. Forms like \TrlK (given in Dalman's paradigm) sometimes
occur for \T.nK (Gen. 24. 14, Merx), but are characteristic of the later
Yemenite MSS. (§ 18, note 3).
Imperat. 4*. The PTM imperative ending on is got by
analogy from the 5 of OJ and OTA. The 2 s. f. ending ai is
shortened from ain and is the only ending of which Dalman gives
examples from PTM. In OJ a — at (cf. § 27, note 1). The
2 plur. fem. form occurs in 2 Sam. 1. 24 (i"iK32).
5. Shortened. imperatives (2 s. m.) are found in OJ. Examples :
n^K (Pe a l— Gen. 24. 14), W (Pael— Gen. 24. 2), ^K or ny«
(Aphel— Exod. 33. 5).
6*. The 2 s. m. imperat. of the derived stems is the same as the
3 s. m. perf. in OJ and PTM, the 2 pi. m. of all stems is the same
as 3 pi. m. perf. in PTM and the P e al imperat. 2 plur. is the same
as the 3 plur. perf. in OJ. Cf. § 19, note 4.
Infinn. 7. Infinitives of the form NjnB'D are found in PTM.
Cf. Ezra 5. 9, njaap.
8. P*al infinitives with suffixes are treated in OJ like plural
72 § 2 9 . VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH
nouns (§ 1 3, note 7), except that N_ is used for at as the suffix of
the 1 st singular and that fl_ is employed for NH_. Examples:
wnp, "nirnp. ptm has forms like n>rpnp or sworn? (see § 37,
note 6). In OTA, stems with consonantal yodh are used (.iTjayp,
Dan. 4. 32).
9. Infinitives of the derived stems with suffixes retain the third
radical in OJ ('"^r^i^** , Gen. 24. 9) and are treated like feminine
nouns of the F class (§12, note 9) in PTM (e. g. n*»n^3po from the
Pael infinitive KJ|OB).
OTA. 10. The inflexions of imperfects and imperatt. in OTA,
so far as examples are found, are the same as in OJ (cf. notes 1, 2,
and 4). There is no case of a feminine imperat. nor of a 2 s. f.
imperf. The form fan^ (Dan. 5. 10), with for on, may be a
special jussive form (Strack). Cf. § 38, note 3. For the infini-
tives see notes 7 and 8.
§ 30. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH
(inflexion of participles)
Pael. P e AL. P 6 al.
Active pic. Pass. ptc. Act. pic.
*MD \tn \tn Sing. m.
*od3d wv\ «nn f.
t : - : t:- i;t
peso JEDD P!D ,J!0 PS? ,lS? Plur. m.
£??? HP W f -
1*. In the feminine singular and plural of participles consonantal
yodh is always retained and in the masc. plural the ending is ain in
OTA and usually in PTM. In OJ the masc. plural ending is
always an, and this form also occurs in PTM.
2*. Participles used as nouns employ the plural termination
e wan (§ 8, note 11). Examples: tyF, fr° m *H 'shepherd', and
P T DK, from 'DK 'physician'.
§30. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 73
3*. In the inflected forms, when the middle radical is a guttural
or a doubled consonant, the supralinear MSS. regularly indicate
vocal shewa before consonantal yodh (*<$"}, P?-9)- Except in
these cases vocal shewa is seldom represented (Dalman, p. 340),
but should be pronounced in reading in accordance with the
general analogy of participle forms, except in the singular fern, of
the P e al passive partic. (cf. § 10, note 14).
4*. Words like \tn with pronominal suffixes attached are inflected
in three ways: (1) the suffixes may unite with the termination e as
with a plural ending ("nine, Deut. 25. 11), or (2) the final radical
yodh may be retained (01J"!?> 2 5« "• 8, from "12), or (3) instead of
yodh, aleph may be used. In OJ ^D always retains N with
suffixes (Gen. 14. 20, Exod. 20. 5, Deut. 5. 9, 7. 15, 30. 7, 2 Sam.
19. 7, 22. 18, Jer. 49. 7). So also IJfcUE', Dan. 4. 16, which is the
only example of a suffixed form of these participles in OTA.
5. Examples of tense forms like those of § 21, note 7, are N^O
(26. 6), fern. «£■# (Dalman, p. 352), rV|*to (Deut. 11. 10— Kahle,
p-i6), J^J^t (29. 25). The 1 sing. masc. of this tense is always
wrongly pointed like N3\in in the Yemenite MSS.
§ 3 1- 1 w?S, n J-n, Kjn, life
APHEL. P e AL. P e AL. APHEL. P e AL.
*n« K»n mn erf.
'??! *DV. VE XR '™: ^n« imperf.
piT ,pirp fur: prp
*!D ^H WpK R0»K imperat.
n«n« "lno n«n»« wc infin.
T t - *• : * t t •• •* •• ********
K w n*» PTM
"no «n "»U WD YIN nartic.
1 To be passed over on a first reading of the grammar.
74
§3i. w?k, n jn, «:q, ?£n
1. Several verbs, having stems with both initial aleph and final
aleph or yodh, are treated like W1K (xnx, NTK, NDK, NSK). Of
these only W1K has a shortened imperat. form (§ 25, note 4).
2. The imperff. and imperatt. P e al and Aphel of NDN are written
alike, but are distinguished in pronunciation (see note 3). WD is
both infin. P e al and partic. Aphel.
Imperat. 3. In the imperat. P e al the OJ supralinear form
WVN is equivalent to WlX (§ 25, note 3) and the final vowel repre-
sents an original at. In PTM ^8.(24. ii. 13), WIN («n»K, 22. ii. 8),
and WJI (§ 25, note 4) are all used. In Berliner's Onkelos i is
written in WTK, foVK, &c. (cf. ^T*K). The final vowel of WVK ma y
be corrected into a (similarly in the case of WTK, 22. ii. 8).
4. The 2 s. f. imperat. P e al of KJ1K is WVK (1 Kings 1. 12 —
Kahle, p. 29) or T^ (Chrest. 29. 22). Cf. § 29, note 4. An alter-
native Aphel imper. 2 plur. masc. WS (Gen. 42. 34) is given by
Dalman (p. 356).
5. fjLa.pa.va6d (1 Cor. 16. 22) is explained by Dalman (p. 152,
note 3) as being Nn tunc ' Come, our Lord '. WH and von Soden
both divide the word into papav add.
OTA. 6. For WW see table at the end of this section. The
OTA passive forms JlWn (Dan. 6. 18) and VJTn (Dan. 3. 13) are
explained as Hophal forms = ivrnn (3 s. f. perf.) and vrfln (3 pi. m .
perf.) respectively (S track).
mn. 7. In OJ the longer forms of the imperf. P e al of mn are
used only in the plural and (as alternatives) along with "WSJ or 'FJN
in the 1 sing. In PTM short and long forms are used indifferently
and both K$ and " m occur. For PTM *v6 and OTA WTj^, &c,
see § 18, note 6. The 3 sing. fem. impf. in OTA is wnn or mnn.
No shortened forms occur in OTA.
8. In the MSS. published by Kahle the shortened forms of the
P*al imperf. of mn are written W and fin], with the original pre-
formative vowel retained (cf. § 2. 9).
§ 31. ww, mn, wn, rfyn 75
N^n. 9. In the verb Kjn the medial radical yodh is generally
suppressed in OJ and PTM in the imperfect (and infin.) P e al and
in all parts of the Aphel. The same forms are used in Syriac.
Cf. also W and Hebrew W. For OTA see table below.
^n. 10. In OJ and OTA the impf. and infin. of ^n elide the
medial I and assume the forms r\n) (plur. ?«m) and ^HD respectively
(cf. p^D, § 24, note 7). In the perfect and participle OJ uses
only Pael forms (cf. OTA ilk"?). The imperf. and infin. Pael
also sometimes occur in OJ.
P«AL. HAPHEL. P e AL. OTA
wn nm ,nnK perf.
vmn Sm :
imperf.
«n imperat.
KHD infin.
Knp nnN partic.
HAPHEL. P e AL.
mn »n
t-: » t- :
wnb
•■v:y
iin
\ TT "/ T T : -
§ 32. MONOSYLLABIC STEMS (1'V)
ITTAPHAL. lTHP e EL. ApHEL. P e AL.
PTM OJ AND PTM
cpnx &i>nx Dp T riN D"p^ DP T perf.
DpiriN PTM
DpFP D*pn* D^ri? D*p) Dip* imperf.
— CplW t3p T PiN D"^ Dip imperat.
_ W?P T nN W?P T « DP T P infin.
NtDpnD NOPD DipD PTM
t t : • t 't • * :
Dpn» D^pnp DP T np D^pD D*Kp T partic. act.
D*p partic. pass.
76
§ 3 2. MONOSYLLABIC STEMS
Stem vowels. 1. The stem vowels of the P e al forms some-
times differ from those of the table. Perfects in I are IVO ' die '
2 S B ' be old ', and "V") ' spit '. Imperfects in e are JV3*, &D\ and
VT. (or pT) from 03 ' pass the night ', DD ' place ', and J* ' judge '.
Verbs final guttural generally have u in the imperf. and imperat.
(e.g. TO*), but VT < shake ' has imperf. W. and imperat. in (plur. W).
Pathah furtive no doubt always followed u in speech, whether
written or not (§ 2. 5). Verbs with imperff. in e have imperatives
in i (JVa, Judg. 19. 6 and 9).
2*. In supralinear MSS. the Aphel stem vowel e (perf. and
imperat.) is sometimes written z and the stem vowel i (imperf. and
partic.) is sometimes written e. The stem vowel of the 3 s. m.
perf. Aphel with pronominal suffixes appears to be normally i
fl^PS, Josh. 24. 26 ; Gen. 47. 7, Num. 27. 22 ; Dan. 3. 1, 5. 11).
Preformative vowels. 3. The preformative vowels of the
P e al are sometimes treated according to the analogy of verbs ]}"$
(§ 34)» so that forms like Cflp) and DW*, D[3D and Dta»D occur.
Examples: Tm), Num. 35.25 (Kahle, p. 9), M), Jer. 18.8
(Kahle, p. 38), DOT*, Exod. 12. 23.
4*. The preformative vowel of the imperff., imperatt., infinn., and
particc. Aphel is often written a in supralinear MSS. Examples :
3TO N2T1N (Gen. 24. 5— Merx), NTON (Judg. 1. 1), n3K ( 2 Sam.
24. 16 — Kahle, p. 27), D*pN (2 Sam. 24. 18 — Kahle, p. 27), H3D
(Exod. 17. 11 — Dalman, p. 324). In OTA preformative a occurs
in an imperfect (Dan. 2. 44) and a partic. (Dan. 5. 19) and in the
uncontracted forms D^n* (Dan. 5. 21, 6. 16) and D^gno (Dan. 2. 21).
In PTM the corresponding vowel is 0.
5*. When supralinear pathah is written in the perfect and
imperative Aphel instead of preformative vocal shewa, it may be
understood to denote vocal shewa (§ 2. 7), rather than to indicate
a form according to the analogy of verbs ])"]} (§ 34).
Ithp e el. 6. In OJ the stem vowel of the Ithp e el is sometimes
§32. MONOSYLLABIC STEMS
77
written a ( n 2nN, Judg. 5. 20) and the n of the preformative syllable
may become 1 before initial 1 (hence H" 5 }** = ?"??"*).
iDtensives. 7*. The intensive forms in use are D , *5, D^P, (OJ
supralinear), D^P, D*Di5 (OJ supralinear), and B*P.9P. The passive
of the Palpel is like 5>BJ>BD (Gen. 4. 12) or befctSO (Gen. 4. 16).
Verbs medial waw. 8*. Verbs having consonantal waw as
their medial radical are "Wl, "njf f nw, HV1, TV] 'rejoice', &c, also
some verbs having both medial waw and final yodh, njn, NU5>, &c.
OTA. 9. In OTA both the stem vowels and the preformative
vowels of the P e AL and HAPHEL are normally those of the table
above. In the 3 s. m. pf. Haphel the stem vowel 1 occurs as an
alternative to /(Dan. 2. 14, 6. 2) and in the participle (Dan. 2. 21)
and the imperf. sing. (Dan. 2. 44, 5. 21, 6. 16) /occurs as an alter-
native to I. Preformative hateph seghol occurs in one Haphel
form in most (?) MSS. (nD^pn, Dan. 5. 11). The stem vowel of the
HITHP«EL is a in one verb (DfcW) and i in another (pW»). The
only INTENSIVE FORMS are HDJp (Dan. 6. 8), DDiiD (Dan.
4. 34) and riDDV-mn (Dan. 5. 23). There is one HOPHAL, np»j?n
(Dan. 7. 4, 5). The peculiar passive form fiDb> (Dan. 6. 18) should
perhaps be written Tidp (cf. § 16, note 11). See also notes 2
and 4.
§ 33. MONOSYLLABIC STEMS (inflected forms)
Aphel. P e AL.
Imperat.
Perfect.
Partic.
Perfect.
D'pK
D'E*!
D*$, ^«P T
nn?
0?
w$
no'pK
*9S
nyo
nop
npi- np*p«
t : ; ••
ten. npp
*D*pK
* • •
'd^k
r?$
• * •
WD
• ■ •
"DJ5
W?*I?K
«o H P«
m
(?WM?)
«»P
78
§33- MONOSYLLABIC STEMS
P e al perff. 1*. The forms of the table are those of the supra-
linear punctuation. The stem vowel of the perf. P e al is a only in
the 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. In Syriac and OTA a is the stem vowel
throughout the perf. P e al, and this pointing is used by Dalman in
his Dialektproben. The inflected forms of JVC are treated like those
of perfects in sere.
Particc. 2\ In OJ (and sometimes in PTM) the uninfected
participle P e al has the form of verbs medial aleph. In the inflected
forms yodh is written for aleph in both OJ and PTM. In OTA
the inflected forms have N in the K e thibh and *• in the Q e re, except
in NJDKJ5 (Dan. 7. 16). The inflected participle forms of verbs
medial aleph retain n in OJ and sometimes in PTM (1 Sam. 8. 10,
1 Kings 2. 20; Chrest., 20. 14). Cf. § 23, note 9, and Dalman,
P- 305.
OTA. 3. In OTA the termination of the 1 s. pf. is eth (nCB>,
Ezra 6. 12 ; HO^n, Dan. 3. 14). For the form IB'IV (Ezra 4. 12)
see § 35, note 5.
§ 34. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS (VJ?)
Aphel.
*by* wax
T T ~ TT -
^j» rap
P«AL.
by (ra) ra per f.
bvi na? imperf.
?iy fia imperat.
b?y T3» infin.
bty na panic, act.
tyv : rja p tc. pass.
Disyllabic stems. 1*. Disyllabic stems are used in the P«al
participles, all intensive forms, Ithpeels, and Shaphels. Examples :
b\k>, rjanK, Wo*. See also § 35, note 4.
§ 34. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS 79
2*. The intensive forms are of the types ?\?y, 7\?ft (especially
PTM), bty (OJ), and H£y. ^»y is borrowed from the *"]> stems
(§ 32). The use of ybv is a special feature of the supralinear
vocalization. P¥i?? (25. 4) is the passive participle of this form.
Stem vowels. 3*. The stem vowel of the 3 s. m. perf. P e al,
which is pathah in Syriac and OTA, is always a in the supralinear
vocalization of OJ, following the analogy of the verbs of § 32. The
stem vowel of the imperf. P e al is either 3 or a (Tta*, 0D\1).
Preform, vowels. 4*. The imperf., imperat., and infin. P e al and
all the tenses of the Aphel have the same forms as the correspond-
ing parts of verbs initial nun (§ 24). In the imperf. and infin. P e al
preformative * is lengthened to e before an initial stem guttural, but
is retained before initial resh (piT, Lev. 15. 8). This treatment is
reversed in the only two cases that occur in OTA (ID 1 ?, Dan. 4. 24;
y*«n, Dan. 2. 40).
Participles. 5. In PTM the participle form W (§ 32) is
sometimes used in place of sty. In OJ contracted plurals like
pby, for Ivpy, are a feature of supralinear texts. In OTA ]"bby
(Knhibh) is replaced by ]ty or ity or ph? (Dan. 4. 4, 5. 8).
6. Aphel participles like bp s Q and |¥» in PTM are viewed as
Hebraisms by Dalman.
7. «^^VP (25. 5), from ?yjP, follows the ordinary rule for the
inflexion of participles. For pb*89 (23. 8) see § 2 1, note 6.
Borrowed forms. 8*. The forms appropriate to W stems
(§ 32) are transferred to verbs of this class in the cases named in
notes 2, 3, and 5, and in others also (e.g. in Judg. 6. 26
y*pn = ppn).
Ittaphal. 9. The Ittaphal forms are like bym and bnJ?N.
OTA. 10. For the P e AL perf. see note 3, and for the only
examples of imperf. infin. and partic. see notes 4 and 5. There are
three types of INTENSIVES in OTA : bbo (three verbs), WTO (Dan.
2. 40), and DDiDB'K (Dan. 4. 16). In the HAPHEL, preformative
8o
§ 34. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS
pathah becomes seghol before V (n^VH, Dan. 5. 7). There are two
cases of erroneously dissimilated Haphel forms (^n, Dan. 2. 25,
6. 19, and n ?V^» Dan - 4- 3)- Cf. § 26, note 9. For normal
Haphel forms see table p. 96. A HOPHAL form of one verb is
found (i>yn).
§ 35. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS
(inflected forms)
P e AL.
Aphel.
Perfect
Plur.
xtoyK
JVltoyK
Sing.
ntoyx
rvtoyx
Imperfect.
Plur. Sing.
toya
Perfect.
Plur.
(fy) M
Sing.
fa) ^
n^y
n^y
3 masc.
fem.
2 masc.
fem.
1 com.
Imperfect.
Plur. Sing.
to
toy\-.
toy»n
tojnx
3 masc.
2 masc.
1 com.
Imperative. Imperative.
Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing.
^?K toy* &y toy 2 masc.
Ntoyx toy f em .
1*. Following Dalman's precedent, and in accordance with the
analogy of OTA, the final radical has been doubled in the above
table, before vocalic endings, in the P e al perfect and imperative,
but not in the Aphel. In Berliner's Onkelos doubling is not indi-
cated in any tense.
§35. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS 81
2*. In the 3 pi. m. perf. P«al the stem vowel a (appropriate to
l*y stems) is sometimes written in supralinear MSS. for a. The
only example of a 3 plur. masc. perf. P e al in OTA is treated in this
way OP?, Dan, 2. 35). See also § 34, note 3.
3. Supralinear pathah in imperf. forms like &WI (Deut. 10. n —
Kahle, p. 15) may be regarded as representing hateph pathah
(§ 2. 7).
4. P«al and Aphel forms like nppn (PTM), r\9?V (Dan. 5. 10,
K e thibh), and 7?On (Dan. 4. 9), with repetition of the final radical,
occur in PTM and OTA.
OTA. 5. The distinctive features of OTA are as follows : In
the inflected forms of the imperative P e AL the stem vowel is 5
(H3, Dan. 4. 11, 20). In the perfect HOPHAL some MSS.
double the final radical before the plural ending (^yn, Dan. 5. 15),
others do not. In HAPHEL forms, when the stem vowel ()
becomes vocal shewa, it is written hateph seghol in some MSS.
( n i£!2, Dan - 7- 7» I 9> n ll?3£» Dan. 7. 23 — Baer, Ginsburg, Strack).
Perhaps ItWV (Ezra 4. 12) was originally intended for IBP]: (cf. § 2.
8, 9). But the tense, termination (§ 18, note 7) and possibly stem
vowel (cf. § 34, note 8) are all abnormal. There is no other
example of the 3 plur. imperf. Haphel of an VV verb in OTA.
See also notes above, and for flp^D or njWn (Dan. 2. 34, 45), § 17,
note 6.
§ 36. VERBAL SUFFIXES
1*. For the various forms of the accusative suffixes see pp. 90-
91. In PTM the suffixes added to verbal stems ending in a con-
sonant are those of § 4 and the suffixes added to stems ending in
a vowel are presumably those of § 12, note 2, although the only
possible vocalic stem is the 2 sing. fem. perf. (for the 2 s. m. and the
3 pi. see notes 3 and 5). In OJ the variations from the suffixes of
§§ 4 and 12 are in the 1 singular, *3 or ^. for i, and in the 3 plural,
2766
82
§ 3 6. VERBAL SUFFIXES
where the independent pronoun p3K is substituted for fin (ft). For
the forms of the suffixes added to the 3 s. f. perf. see note 6. In OJ,
in agreement with the Hebrew text, the suffix of the 2 plural is rarely
found. It seems never to occur with a 3 sing. masc. perf. stem.
2*. In OJ P3N is joined in writing to the verbal stem with
which it is associated, n being omitted when the stem ends in a
consonant and the form being reduced to JU with the 3 s. f. perf
and to pa in union with stems ending in a vowel ($®n?&, fUnnpB',
painpt?). The forms of the verbal stems are not modified before
I«K except in the 1 s. perf., in which nana, mavis and JOTO*
are used for JV3TB, &c.
3*. The difference between PTM and OJ in the endings of the
3 plur. perf. and 2 plur. imperat. involves a further difference in the
suffixes attached to these forms. PTM uses the suffixes appro-
priate to the consonantal ending un, while OJ uses those required
by the vocalic ending u. Examples: fi^p&N (25. ii. 2), ^pBK
(Gen. 19. 16).
Perfect 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. 4. For the stem forms of the
3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. perfects P e al and Aphel with suffixes see
paradigm, p. 90. Pael perfects are treated like Aphels. In the
suffixed forms of the perfects Pael and Aphel the final stem vowel
generally becomes vocal shewa both in the 3 sing, and the 3 plural
("•rflpBK, Gen. 19. 16), although sometimes the orthography of PTM
presumably indicates the retention of the full vowel (20. ii. 2,
n^KS'ijDK, 21. 1, wyjnpK).
OJ plural forms are sometimes found in PTM (26. 8, ^nj»).
Sometimes the vowel points in Dalman's Dialektproben are un-
necessarily those of OJ, instead of being those of PTM. In
21. ii. 7 JUUrp should be I^n; and in 28. 5 patent* should be fWariK.
2 sing, and 1 sing. 5. In OJ and PTM the forms of the
1 sing. perf. with suffixes are like H3TI3, &c. The 2 sing. masc.
and 1 sing. com. with suffixes of the 3 s. m. or 3 pi. (where
§36. VERBAL SUFFIXES
83
ambiguity arises) are distinguished in OJ by the use of the form
nana for the 2 s. m. But ambiguous forms with suffixes of the
3 sing. fem. like annals 'I have found her' (Gen. 38. 22) and
'thou hast found her' (Gen. 38. 23) are in use. ^P?f (Gen.
31. 28) = vafSaxdavti (Matt. 27. 46), having a suffix of the first
person, can only mean 'thou hast forsaken me'. In PTM the
2 s. m. is clearly distinguished from the 1 sing. com. by its employ-
ment of the termination inn (note 8) before suffixes (Wipatf,
nanrG^K). The 2 sing. fem. perf. is distinguished by its retention
of the old termination i before suffixes (NWirGEW).
3 s. f. 6*. The 3 sing. fem. perf. with suffixes is sometimes
written as if it were 1 sing. com. (awfe « she counselled him ',
Judg. 1. 14). All the cases noted by Praetorius (Judg. 1. 14) are
forms in which the suffix is 3 s. m. The unambiguous forms are :
H ann^, wnn^, faring, paring; ?\nrb&, ayin^, mrfee?.
1 plur. and 2 plur. 7. The suffixed stem of the 1 plur. perf.
in OJ is the same as the independent stem, but written without K
Onarr^). Instead of *W&& the form wrr^ is used. In PTM the
forms nan^ ) & Cf> are used with suffixes. Dalman explains n as
derived from the accus. particle W (§ 4, note 4). The suffixed stems
of the 2 plur. masc. perf. are like mnbf m OJ (suffixes as § 12) and
like pnn$B> in PTM (suffixes as in § 4).
Imperf. stems. 8*. The stems of imperfects with suffixes are
treated similarly in OJ and PTM. The syllable inn is added to
the stems of all imperfects (cf. Hebrew W3K), except in OJ before
the 3 plur. masc. suffix. The suffixes are the same as those added
to perfect stems. (See paradigm, p. 90 f.). The orthography ftiDT!?
for paa'TV an d paDTp for p3B»T£ in Yemenite MSS. is a Hebraism
due to late correctors (Diettrich in ZATW. xx. 152).
Imperat. stems. 9. In OJ singular imperative stems with
suffixes remain unchanged and the suffixes are those of § 12, except
in the cases of the 1 sing, and 3 plural. In PTM the Pael and
8 4
§36. VERBAL SUFFIXES
Aphel singular imperat. stems with suffixes are identical with the
corresponding perfect stems. The P e al imperat. stem is distin-
guished from its perfect by the vowels / or u following the initial
radical. These vowels are sometimes indicated in the MSS. by
yodh and waw respectively.
The imperative plural stem in OJ is like ttfD and in PTM like
pan? (see paradigm, p. 91). Pael and Aphel perfect and impera-
tive plural forms are generally not distinguishable. The Aphel
imperat. in OJ occasionally retains its final stem vowel (e. g. Nn^SK
' bring her out ' = KrflpSN).
yy stems. 10*. The forms of *"V verbs undergo no change
when suffixes are attached (but see § 32, note 2).
Syntax. 11. The use of an anticipative pronominal suffix
before a definite accusative governed by a verb, an idiom character-
istic of Syriac, is found occasionally in OJ (Gen. 39. 1 5, Wpltf
Tn!> FHJbbi> 'he left his garment beside me') and PTM (22. ii. 4,
wvtyf b PlHjpB < he ordered the messenger ' ; 21. 7, 22. ii. 6).
12. The subject of a dependent clause introduced by "*! is also
sometimes preceded by an anticipative pronoun (16. 6, '"^(WK
r?]B njqij < he found that he had been selling '). It is idiomatic to
put the subject of such a dependent clause into the principal
sentence as an object (16. ii. 11, Finr© DWjTn pay* NVinb NDH
' he saw that the buyer was standing behind him ').
18. Occasionally the object pronoun of the 3 plural is used
indefinitely for ' some people' (28.4, ri*)^ }toon 'he saw some
men killing ' (mice) ; for the verbal stem flDn see § 37, note 1).
§ 37. 1 VERBAL SUFFIXES WITH N'6 STEMS
Perf. 3 s. m. 1. In PTM the termination of 3 s. m. of all
perfects with suffixes is treated like the ending of a feminine noun
1 To be passed over on a first reading of the grammar.
§37- VERBAL SUFFIXES WITH *'<> STEMS 85
(cf. § 36, note 7). Examples: avion and awpn (or ^JIW),
PIWB3, iWWK. In the derived stems these forms, when un-
vocalized, are the same as the 3 s. f. (note 4), and in the P*al TOfl
is always ambiguous, ' he saw him' or 'she saw him ' (note 5).
2. In OJ the 3 s. m. perf. P«al with suffixes either retains (con-
sonantal) k (^JNin, nwi, &c.) or is treated as ending in a vowel
Oljn, *mn). With past the suffixed forms are like |WH.
3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. 3. In OJ the 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. per-
fects Pael and Aphel with suffixes generally preserve the third
radical yodh. Examples : FPnefc (Gen. 2. 15), PTrw (Gen. 2. 22),
»32BK (Gen. 3. 13), wrw (J u dg. 1. 7). With |UK the ordinary
stem is used (panriK).
In PTM the third radical yodh is sometimes retained both in
P e al perfects (25. iii. 7, PIWPID = Fiwnp), and in perfects of the
derived stems (cf. notes 1 and 5).
3 s. f. 4. In OJ and PTM the ending of the 3 s. f. of i perfects
(§ 2 7) is generally contracted to n\ before suffixes. Examples:
PWV|#K, SWVD3 (Judg. 4. 19), IjrWK (Chrest. 18. 13). In PTM
these are also imperative forms (note 7).
Perf. stems. 5. In the other parts of the perfect tenses suffixes
are generally added to the unchanged verbal stem. Examples:
awn ( 3 s. f.), 'nrpjn (OJ 2 s. m), awin (1 sing.), *rtm (OJ 3 pi.
perf. Pe a l), Pr^n (PTM 3 pi.). For iWWDn (1 plur.) see § 36,
note 7.
In some supralinear MSS. the ending of the 3 pi. m. pf. P e al with
suffixes is written u instead of (NHinp, Judg. 1.8 ; p3ino, Judg.
1. 4).
Impf. stems. 6. In all imperf. tenses the suffixed stem is made
by adding 3 to the ordinary stem (§ 36, note 8). Examples:
^W, iTOftp. When p3K is used the forms are like that of Jttnn}.
In some supralinear MSS. the vowels before nn are i instead of e,
and u instead of (iratrij, nwp). Cf. OTA, § 38, note 5.
86 §37. VERBAL SUFFIXES WITH v& STEMS
Imperat. stems. 7. In OJ imperatives 2 s. m. and 2 pi. m.
stems are unchanged when suffixes are added ('nitn, »3*jnK). In
some MSS. u is written for and forms with consonantal yodh are
also found (N^nx, J u dg. 1. 24).
In PTM the termination 1 of the 2 s. m. is treated like a femi-
nine termination (23. ii. 7, HWffS). 2 p i. m . forms are like fblriK
(for which in 28. 5 Dalman puts P&1M).
Participles. 8. nn is used with other suffixed stems than
those named above, e.g. with participles (29. 7, FPyaap, i.e. HWlBD).
§ 38. VERBAL SUFFIXES IN OTA
Suffix forms. 1. The forms of the verbal suffixes in OTA
and the treatment of the stems to which they are attached agree
closely with the corresponding features of OJ. The accusative
pronoun 'them' is not expressed by a suffix but by some one of
three independent pronouns— ton (eight times), Jton (three times),
and fllK (Dan. 6. 25). The suffixes attached to verbal stems vary
according as the stem ends in a consonant or a vowel. In the
former case, they are the same as the suffixes joined to nouns,
except that ♦? is < me ' and that W v is written for N3_ in the only
case of its occurrence (Dan. 2. 23). In the latter case, the suffixes
that actually occur are : »3, TJ (2 s. m.), »n (§ 12), K3, and Jta.
Perf. stems. 2. The stems of the 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. of all
perfects are treated as in OJ (see OJ paradigm, p. 90). Examples:
Pionn, Tjoj^n, wan, wripn.
The only examples of other parts of a perfect tense with suffixes
are two of the 2 s. m. in Dan. 2. 23 (*M^n and WR^Tta) and one
1 sing of a n"b verb (note 5).
Imperf. stems. 3. Imperfects with suffixes closely resemble
those of OJ and PTM (§ 36, note 8). 3. is combined with stems
ending in a consonant and 3 with stems ending in a vowel. Exam-
§38. VERBAL SUFFIXES IN OTA 8 7
pies : awn;, ijia^, Wtift. With the suffix of the 2 pi. m. 3 is
written, without daghesh, and in one case the preceding vowei is
seghol (P33W, Dan. 3. 15 ; ftaW, Ezra 7.21). In the case
of two imperfects used in a jussive sense the suffixes are added to
the verbal stem without nn p£na», Dan. 4. 16 ; ybra), Dan. 5. 10).
Imperat. stems. 4. The only imperatt. with suffixes in OTA
are <3j*n (Dan. 2. 24), Vrtban (Dan. 4. 20 ), and one from a «"b
verb (note 5). They agree with the forms of OJ (§ 36, note 9).
tO verbs. 5. There are seven cases in OTA of n'^J verbs
with suffixes attached. The PERFECT form WV» < I have built
it' (Dan. 4. 27) is peculiar in having at for s (§ 28, note 6) and
seghol for vocal shewa. Some MSS. read «W». The other cases
of perfect stems with suffixes 0n3|, \Ti#) agree with the practice
°f OJ (§ 37, notes 2 and 5).
In the 3 s. m. IMPERFECT before 3 the sere of the indepen-
dent form (nim) is replaced by hireq (W*, P13W) and in the plural
is replaced by u (Wrppi, 2 pL m . impf . Haphel) For simiJar
forms m OJ see § 37, note 6.
The only **> IMPERATIVE form is the 2 pi. m. imperat.
Haphel »3lnn (Dan. 2.6).
W verbs. 6. No change takes place in the stems of ry verbs
when suffixes are attached (but see § 32, note 2).
88
8 9
r-
n-- n» r» n» r •• n» n» r- r
S' 5: ft., fi:. s: fr R 5:. S- S'-
E E* E-- f- -■ as g e- g*
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fi:. E- E- E-
i=] r^- i^» n»
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n* n-
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52 ^
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S S' S' n-
r; g:. g:. S; n. g:
p. E." lii" fr.. IT- t*'
£ p a- S" Sk fi
55' ri'.- h'.. E' E> SI.
g e g- g g:: e=
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as- ?-• ?-• e- e- p;,
r.. E- E- J= t-.. E-
g- £:. g:. |r |. g;
as f-:. f-:. e- e-
E " n. r. E • E- pi,
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E: E- E E-
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52
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as-
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APPENDIX ON THE NUMERALS 1
by J. A. EMERTON
Introduction
When the late Dr. W. B. Stevenson compiled this grammar, he
apparently accepted Dalman's views about the Aramaic dialects
of Palestine. Dalman believed that the best evidence for the
Aramaic spoken in Palestine in the early centuries of our era was
to be found in the Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan, and in
the Palestinian Talmud and Midrashim. He thought that the
Jerusalem Targums were later in date and of much less value.
Dalman's views have been challenged in more recent years,
notably by P. E. Kahle. 8 Largely as a result of his work on
fragments of the Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan with Baby-
lonian pointing, and on fragments of the Palestinian Targum,
he argues that the former Targums were produced in Babylonia
in an artificial literary Aramaic, and that they are not good
evidence for the language spoken in Palestine. On the other
hand, he believes that the Jerusalem Targums contain material
derived from the older Palestinian Targum. This Palestinian
Targum (which is not to be regarded as a single, uniform trans-
lation) reflects the spoken Palestinian language. Since Kahle
published fragments of this version, A. Diez Macho has dis-
covered the Palestinian Targum to the whole Pentateuch in a
Vatican manuscript. 3
Kahle's conclusions have not been universally accepted.
1 I am indebted to Professor G. R. Driver, Professor D. Winton Thomas,
and the Rev. A. E. Goodman for their kindness in reading the first draft of
the first few pages of this appendix.
2 The Cairo Geniza (2nd edn., Oxford, 1959), pp. 191-208.
* Cf. Congress Volume, Oxford J959 (Supplements to Vetus Testamen-
tum, vii) (Leiden, i960), pp. 222 ff.
876G G
9 8
APPENDIX ON THE NUMERALS
E. Y. Kutscher, for example, has recently 1 maintained that the
Targum of Onkelos has an ultimately Palestinian origin, even
though it does not reflect ordinary spoken usage. Nevertheless,
it cannot be denied that Dalman's views are now out of date.
The Palestinian Targum ought now to be used in the preparation
of a grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic, and it is, at least,
questionable whether the language of the Targums of Onkelos
and Jonathan should be included.
If, therefore, Stevenson were preparing this Grammar of
Palestinian Jewish Aramaic today, it is likely that he would
make a different selection of dialects. Nevertheless, although its
contents no longer adequately represent modern knowledge of
Palestinian Aramaic, his work retains its usefulness as a descrip-
tion of the dialects with which it deals. This appendix describes
the numerals in OJ and PTM, so as to add to the usefulness of
the book without altering its scope.
Similarly, I have adopted Stevenson's policy of transliterating
supralinear punctuation into the more familiar sublinear system. 2
This policy is sometimes unsatisfactory, but it seems desirable
that the appendix should be uniform with the rest of the book.
I have also brought the spelling of some words into line with
Stevenson's methods of orthography. Consonantal waw and
yodh, for example, are shown by single, not double, letters. 3
This procedure is justified by the fact that this book is intended
primarily for fairly elementary students. For the same reason,
I have simplified other matters. For instance, some fairly rare
forms have been omitted, and no attempt has been made to
record all the varieties of punctuation or of the consonantal text
which are found in the manuscripts and editions. 4
It will be obvious to many readers that this treatment of the
1 C. Rabin and Y. Yadin, Scripta Hierosolymitana, iv (Jerusalem, 1958),
pp. 9 f. * Cf. pp. 3, 11 ff. 3 Cf. p. n.
4 I have usually been guided by Sperber's edition of the Targum and by
Dalman's Aram&isch-neuhebraisches Handwdrterbuch zu Targum, Talmud,
und Midrasch (Gdttingen, 1938 edn.), as well as by Dalman's grammar.
APPENDIX ON THE NUMERALS
99
numerals is greatly indebted to G. Dalman's Grammatik des
judisch-palastinischen Aramaisch (2nd edn., Leipzig, 1905)
and draws on the material which he has collected. I have also
been able to use several works which have appeared since
Stevenson wrote, including H. Odeberg's The Aramaic Portions
of B ere shit Rabba with Grammar of Galilaean Aramaic (Lund,
1939) and J. F. Stenning's The Targum of Isaiah (Oxford, 1949).
In 1959 Alexander Sperber published the first two volumes
of The Bible in Aramaic (Leiden), containing the Targums of
Onkelos on the Pentateuch and of Jonathan on the Former
Prophets. A future volume will contain the text of the Latter
Prophets, and the final volume will give a full introduction to the
edition. Until this last volume is published, it will not be possible
fully to evaluate Sperber's work, but there can be no doubt of
the importance and usefulness of an edition based on so many
manuscripts and printed texts. I have made extensive use of the
first two volumes in the preparation of this appendix.
For Old Testament Aramaic, I have used Grammatik des
Biblisch-Aramdischen (Halle, 1927) by H. Bauer and P. Leander.
The references to the Aramaic of Daniel and Ezra are taken from
the text in the third edition of Rudolf Kittel's Biblia Hebraica
(Stuttgart, 1937).
THE NUMERALS
Note. There are many variations in spelling in the manuscripts
and printed editions. In particular, most forms which are shown
below as ending in K or H also appear with H or R respectively
as the final letter. Similarly, ' ten ' and related numbers frequently
have fr instead of 0.
§ 39. CARDINAL NUMBERS
OJ. 1. Cardinal numbers 1-19
With masculine nouns With feminine nouns
1 io *qq
IOO
§ 39. CARDINAL NUMBERS
With feminine nouns
§ 39- CARDINAL NUMBERS
1 01
n*»tf
my
Kjpp ,-a^ ,to
ytfri ^n ,s#n
"105?
"y «in ,n?y *nq
Jf/M masculine nouns
3 npfti
4 (construct n¥318) ny?18
5 (construct Dtt^q 1 ) fl^ipn
6 (construct nptf) n©#
7 (construct n¥3#) T\yitf
8 icjan
9 ' (construct ri5?^#) nytfn
10 rn^s
11 155? in
12 'j? nri ,15s? pfl '? "PIP ,'y n?1P ,-ipv ^PIP
13 !55?nWi '"spyri 1 ?^
14 "»0»n'^8 r TO»3*}8
15 155? ntf'&q 1 "IPS «h?q
16 155? nptf npy rrtf
17 !55?ri5?3tf a npV^
18 155? nipn 'y xjjpp /v K299 ,T?y W
1 9 155? nytfp 'y »tf»ri ,np# ytfp
Such forms as the following are also found with masculine
nouns: 155? KP^P, '5? "??1*, '5? Wft?0, '5? B^q, '5? IVtf.
PTM. 2
PTM use the same forms as OJ for the units, with the addition
of the following variants :
With masculine nouns With feminine nouns
2 "ifl ,n? 'PIP >'P1P
6 np#8 ,nptf$
7 ' rwaw 8
8 iciain 3
1 Sometimes vocalized R^ipq.
' I can find no example of this form in OJ, but this is presumably what it
should be.
' Note the tendency for the vowel to become u before the labials beth
and mem.
PTM. 3
PTM differ from OJ in the numerals 10-19 m the following
ways:
(a) mtW? is frequently used instead of "HOB.
(b) Sometimes, worn-away forms (cf. the Babylonian Talmud
and the Jerusalem Targums) are used, in which the » of
10X7 has been lost, e.g.
1 1 (with masculine noun) 1510
1 2 (with feminine noun) , '"1P' , 1P
16 (with masculine noun) 1PT1 rVffX
(c) There are minor differences, e.g. (with masculine noun)
OJ and PTM. 4. Tens
20 hp» 30 rflV* 40 i:v?ik
50 ptfppo 60 pptf 70 pyatf
80 rw,wi 90 rv?p
PTM also have pp#8, ?$ for 60, psaw 1 for 70, and paw
for 80.
OJ and PTM. 5. Hundreds
The word for ' hundred ' is n$& ?
OJ use the following forms:
200 ]pS ,]pKp 300 n$» n!?p
400 nKjpvsig 500 nqtjpBfrpq
600 n^jp n^ 700 n$» sa^
800 n$» -"jon 900 n$ip sytfp
PTM sometimes use the same forms, but also have |?pK» for 200,
and, for 300-900, more frequently have ]1K& (the absolute plural
of n$&) preceded by the short form of the numeral, e.g. nVft
pK», )1KJ3 »31K, pKID HOT (also ]1K» P»1M1).
1 Note the tendency for the vowel to become u before the labials beth
and mem.
102 § 39- CARDINAL NUMBERS
OJ and PTM. 6. Thousands
In both OJ and PTM, the word for 'thousand' is l*?^ em-
phatic state KD'fg; plural: absolute , pp l ?N, emphatic K*? 1 ?*?.
OJ and PTM use the plural of ^Vk, preceded by the form of the
numeral appropriate to a masculine noun, e.g. 2,000 pD 1 ?** pTifl;
3,000 pro 1 ?* m?^ ; 14,000 fD^K nos? nss-ix.
OJ and PTM. 7. Myriads
Tens of thousands can be expressed as in note 6 above,
e.g. 20,000 pD 1 ?** p9»; 200,000 ppVx IpiXQ.
Sometimes, however, the word for 'myriad' is used: absolute
state i3"l, emphatic Npi3"l; plural: absolute ft?"!, emphatic
KplSn or Npl3*"j, construct ril3"V As the noun is feminine, any
other numerals preceding it take the form appropriate to this
gender, e.g. 1 Kings 8. 63 iSI nptf Krnri ... 131 pJTJB.
OJ and PTM. 8. Compound numerals
The higher numbers come first, and the lower numbers are
joined by 1, e.g.
Gen. 5. 26 )"# pEHpl roflW n$)p »31^ 782 years.
Num. 26. 22 n$ip ah?qi pp 1 ?*? n$t*ft py3# 76,500.
PTM. 9
The numerals 3-10 and 20-90 also have a determinate form
ending in te, e.g. ^fl 'the three ' ; '•flyS'lK ' the four ' ; ''Etf&q ' the
five'; ••JlpW 'the eight'; "©"Jttf iVftl 'the thirteen'; ^fl'?© 'the
thirty'.
OJ and PTM. 10. Special forms for the days of the week
or month
In PTM, special forms (ending in a or ta) are used for the days
of the week : Monday X^fl ; Tuesday KpVn ; Wednesday KriyanX ;
Thursday NFltfpt].
§ 39. CARDINAL NUMBERS
103
In OJ, the numbers 10-19, when referring to a day of the
month, have the emphatic form N*}03?, e.g.
Ixod. 12. 3 Nrn!V *Hp»3 'on the tenth of the month'.
Josh. 5. 10 KrniV K^' inoy nV31Na 'on the fourteenth day
of the month'.
OJ and PTM. 11. Suffixes
In PTM, suffixes can be attached to the numerals 2-9, though
examples of some of the possible forms are lacking.
2 ps^, "prrns, lirrriri; feminine jirrn*}©
3 prrnSn
8 pnman, prrornan 1
Similar forms appear in OJ, e.g. pD*'r»^»ip, pnnrf3tf. Before
suffixes, the form corresponding to p*"JJ"l is T)5>> e.g. prTViri.
OTA. 12
The following forms are found in OTA :
With masculine nouns With feminine nouns
1 ™ rnn ,x-T T q
2 ■prnri
3 rmVn .xxhvs rhr\
4 n»a^8 sn'-jx
6 ntf ,n#
7 (construct n»3#) n»3#
10 n"jtpy nfm
12 Ifcjpifl
20 pifrv 30 ptf?9 60 pn#
100 n«9 200 pnxio 4 oo nxjp »s-ik
1000 "]^, construct *f?8, emphatic KB^K; plural: absolute
PpV**, 2 emphatic K^g.
10,000 construct singular 13*1;
absolute plural p31 (Knhibh; Q e re 133")).
1 Dalman emends this form to pn*Wtt3JV
■ The reading D^D^K in Dan. 7. 10 is probably a mistake.
104
§ 39. CARDINAL NUMBERS
With a suffix jinflVfl.
In the only two examples of compound numerals, the lower
number follows the higher and is linked to it by 1 :
Dan. 6. i ptrjOl f^ 62 -
Dan. 6. 2 pfe$rj HNO 120.
§40. ORDINAL NUMBERS
OJandPTM. 1. 'First'
The word for 'first' is VIp. (or WT£ ; cf. p. 28), emphatic state
n 9?"!P-; P lural : absolute T^yL, emphatic ^»"]i? ; feminine singu-
lar emphatic NrP&'Jj?, plural emphatic Kn»Q*fj?.
"^Ip. is attached to the F class of nouns (cf. pp. 28-37), and
variations in form occur, similar to those of "H3y, e.g. masculine
singular emphatic K$"Tp>, masculine plural absolute pi?"Tj?.
PTM also have a form in which the daleth has coalesced with the
mem, which is doubled in compensation: "*&?_, &c. (also JCttlp).
OJ and PTM. 2. 'Second'
The word for 'second' is \$Fi, emphatic K£3T); P mra l absolute
r?T?$; feminine singular absolute NrP^n, &c.
OJandPTM. 3. « Third'-'tenth '
The following forms, declined like F nouns, are used:
3rd tv^ 4 th -y»?T 5 th ^)?q 6th wny
7th T?^ 8th Tpfl 9 th Trtffl 10th Tpjf
The feminine singular emphatic is KrPJVVi?, NAT?"}, &c.
OJandPTM. 4
The cardinal numerals serve as ordinals for higher numbers.
OTA. 5
OTA has the following forms 1
' First ' : masculine plural emphatic R!0*Jp>
feminine singular emphatic KrM?*Tj?, plural emphatic
*0W
§ 40. ORDINAL NUMBERS
105
' Second ' : feminine singular absolute H£$fl
'Third': feminine singular absolute nwfifi (Q e re; Knhibh
icrv , ?n)
'Fourth': masculine singular emphatic n^^H (Q e re; Knhibh
KVm)
feminine singular absolute nHSr?*} (Q e re; K e thibh
mrai and mr»3-i)
feminine singular emphatic Xrpy3"l
The forms KTlVri and ''fiVri in Dan. 5. 7, 16, 29 are used of an
important office in the Babylonian kingdom. They seem to be
loan-words from Akkadian, and are not to be regarded as Ara-
maic numerals. Cf. J. A. Montgomery, A Critical and Exegetical
Commentary on the Book of Daniel (Edinburgh, 1927), pp. 256 f.
§ 41. OTHER NUMERALS
Note. Some of these forms are very rare. For convenience,
OJ and PTM are usually grouped together in this section, but
this does not mean that all the forms mentioned are found in both
dialects.
1. Distributives
These are expressed by repetition of the cardinal numeral, e.g.
Num. 3. 47 yV*?*? ^SD 8^5>p 'five shekels each'.
Sometimes, the numbered object is also repeated, e.g.
Isa. 6. 2 "TO 1 ? r?l KJ?# rW NJ?# 'each one had six wings'.
2. Ordinal adverbs
These are expressed by the masculine ordinal numeral in the
absolute statej by the feminine ordinal numeral in the emphatic
state with the preposition 3, and, in the case of certain numbers,
by a form ending in i(tfi), e.g.
'First' -5-tj?, Kri-O'fp.a, Krwa-TP. (isa. 60. 9 KrjyVp? a^f ktk
KTP??f£3 'Which spreads out its sails first ?')
'Second' KJTJflS; 'third' "O'Vfl, K$ , p ,,, ?fl3, &c.
io6
§ 41. , OTHER NUMERALS
§41. OTHER NUMERALS
107
The same forms are used to express the meaning ' the first time ',
'the second time', &c. Note the form WJTl, rortfl 1 'the second
time'. It is also possible to use a cardinal numeral with p|
(cf. note 3 (a) below).
3. Multiplicatives
(a) The question ' How often ? ' is answered by the cardinal
numeral with p}, KpT, or ppf (treated sometimes as masculine
and sometimes as feminine), e.g. K"jq KpT (or p} in) 'once';
ppf »3^ 'seven times'; fpj nsfn 'nine times'. Sometimes,
N*tfj is used alone, e.g. X$flfy K*jq 'once a year'.
In OTA (Dan. 6. n, 14) the numeral follows ppl: n^fl ppf
'three times'.
Multiplication is expressed in PTM by the use of cardinal
numerals, often with ppt and the preposition p, e.g. "pftpD
n^Jp p ppj 50 X 100. When a number is squared, the preposi-
tion bv may be used, e.g. JlpTpn, bv )^^n 50 X 50.
(b) The meaning 'threefold', 'fourfold', &c, is expressed by
the phrase TO *?¥ followed by the appropriate numeral, e.g.
Gen. 26. 12 7\$Q in *?¥ ifnn K$tf? n|^ 'and he found an
hundredfold in that year'.
2 Sam. 12. 6 KySHX in *?» ,,, ?tf? 'he shall repay fourfold'.
In OTA, a slightly different construction is used in Dan. 3. 19
a^pV Hjq ^ bv ny^^-nn Rpn&V WSV 'to heat the furnace seven
times hotter than it was usual to heat it '.
4. Fractions
There are two ways of expressing fractions :
(a) By the use of cardinal numerals and the preposition V or
p, e.g. X99 p -m 1/6; tqpy p no i/io; *ws?V Kin i/io.
(#) By the use of special forms :
(i) 'A half: J>B or J" 1 ??; 2 emphatic state X^e or KJ^,
1 Found also in OTA (Dan. 2. 7).
2 OTA hasj^ (construct — Dan. 7. 25); y^?p resembles the Syriac 1< STo>
Other variants are also found in the manuscripts.
In addition to this form, which belongs to the A class
of nouns, there is a form belonging to the G class:
U 1 ?©, construct IVti^B, &c, e.g.
Exod. 37. 6 V$?W ppK ps-jri ' 2 £ cubits'.
Num. 34. 15 KV?# n^V?^ P?# H? ' tne two trib?s
and the half tribe'.
(ii) Other forms :
1/3 mnVri, also x^ri, wfo$, k^
1/4 5"?i, emphatic Ky?"1 and Hy?l; construct nw?1
and ny^T; plural py^, &c.
i/s tfitfn, w?>pn
1/6 ron#
1/7 57310, xy;n£
1/8 Kpp^l, xj^)i
i/iq HOV; K"79¥» 'tithe'; K}i"IOV ' 1/10 of an ephah'
1 Cf. Odeberg's note on the vocalization of these two forms.