www.GetPedia.com Oxford University Press, Amen House, London E.C.4 GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI LAHORE DACCA CAPE TOWN SALISBURY NAIROBI IBADAN ACCRA KUALA LUMPUR HONG KONG Oxford University Press 1962 NOTE ON THE SECOND EDITION In this second edition Dr. Stevenson's text remains unchanged, but it has been thought right to repair a long-standing omission by the addition of an Appendix on the Numerals, which has kindly been supplied by the Rev. J. A. Emerton, Lecturer in Divinity in the University of Cambridge. FIRST EDITION 1924 REPRINTED LITHOGRAPHICALLY IN GREAT BRITAIN AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD FROM SHEETS OF THE FIRST EDITION 1950, 1956 SECOND EDITION I962 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION This introduction to Palestinian Jewish Aramaic presupposes a general knowledge of Hebrew or of some other Semitic lan- guage, such as Syriac or Arabic. It is intended primarily to equip students for the reading of the Targums (OJ) and the Aramaic portions of the Palestinian Talmud and Midrashim (PTM), and to provide a help to the study of the Aramaic ele- ments contained in the writings of the New Testament. The Aramaic of the books of Ezra and Daniel is perhaps best learned after a study has been made of one of the dialects just named. Its forms and uses, therefore, are noted in a supplemen- tary way throughout the grammar. At the same time those who choose to begin with Old Testament Aramaic (OTA) may do so with the help of the special paradigms at the end of the book and by concentrating chiefly on the notes marked OTA, which have been placed towards the close of most of the sections into which the grammar is divided. The pioneer work of Gustaf Dalman is everywhere presupposed and made use of. His grammar of OJ and PTM formulates the now accepted principles of their treatment (see p. 9) and provides an inexhaustible store-house of material for further investigation. In accordance with his conclusions the punctuation of the supra- linear MSS. is taken as a standard, although transliterated uni- formly into the familiar sublinear system and so, in some particulars, made more precise (see § 2). PREFACE PREFACE Dalman's grammar does not include syntax, so that the notes on syntax are a special feature of this grammar and are based almost entirely on the writer's personal observations. The ref- erences added to the syntactical notes, and in other cases also, are intended to show the range of the evidence found, and to make it easy to test and supplement the conclusions drawn. They are not intended to be used by beginners. The evidence for the syntax of PTM has been taken wholly from the texts of Dalman's Dialektproben. The scantiness of the material available for the study of OTA often makes the formulation of general statements about it difficult and practically inexpedient. The method adopted, there- fore, has frequently been that of giving a precise numerical state- ment of the facts. The paradigm of the verb, also, has been made, more closely than is usual, a reproduction of existing verbal forms. Strack's edition of the texts, in his Biblical Aramaic Grammar, is assumed to be referred to, except when otherwise stated. Special note has been made of the evidence of the supra- linear MSS. of OTA, of which Stiack gives specimens. References to the Targum of Onkelos are made implicitly to the supralinear editions of Kahle, Merx, and Praetorius, so far as they go (see Literature, p. 8). In the case of Gen. 1-4 and 24, the source is Merx's Chrestomathy, for other parts of the Pentateuch, Berliner's Onkelos is used. The references to Dalman's Dialekt- proben are made by means of figures referring to the page, para- graph, and line, generally without mention of the title, sometimes with the abbreviation Chrest. prefixed. Much of the material in most sections of the grammar may be passed over on a first reading. Students working without a teacher are recommended to confine themselves at first to the notes marked with an asterisk. One or two sections which should be read completely are similarly marked. Those who have a fair working knowledge of Hebrew may begin to read the chapters of Genesis contained in Merx's Chrestomathy after they have completed § 8 of the Grammar. Only texts with a supralinear vocalization should be used at first. Dalman's interesting Dialekt- proben, if it can be obtained, may be commenced at p. 14, after a few chapters of the Targum have been read. Unfortunately the Dialektproben is now out of print and there is no immediate prospect of its re-issue. The publication of further selections from the Aramaic portions of the Jerusalem Talmud, with an English vocabulary, would be of great assistance to English students of this literature. The language of the Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C., recently edited and translated by A. Cowley (1923), is closely related to the idioms of OJ, PTM, and OTA. The announcement by the editor of his intention to publish a grammar of the dialect of these papyri makes it superfluous to apologize for its exclusion from the scope of the present work. Still it may be said that, on the scale of treatment here attempted, no more than three dialects could properly be included. A more comprehensive work must be preceded by other detailed studies, which do not yet exist. It is a very pleasant duty to acknowledge the help and en- couragement the writer has received from the members of the Society for Old Testament Study, both individually and col- lectively. Without the assurance of their support and interest this grammar would never have been published nor expanded into its present form. Special thanks are due to my friend, the energetic and resourceful secretary, Dr. T. H. Robinson, of Cardiff University College. I am greatly obliged to the readers of the Clarendon Press for their vigilant attention to every detail and to the Delegates for the cordiality of their acceptance of my work. My Assistant, Mr. E. J. Harris, B.D., has twice read through the proofs and has verified many references and has helped to remove inaccu- racies that might otherwise have escaped detection. WM. B. STEVENSON Glasgow, 5 March 1924 TABLE OF CONTENTS i. 2. 3- 4- 5- 6. 7- 8. 9- 10. 11. 12. 13- 14. 15. 16. 17- 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23- TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Literature .... Introduction .... Orthography .... Personal Pronouns (nominative forms) ,, „ (suffix forms) . Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives Interrogatives .... The Relative Pronoun . Nouns and Adjectives (general) . Classification of Nouns (declensions) Inflexion of Nouns (masculine types) „ ,, (feminines) . Pronominal Suffixes (with singular nouns) „ (with masc. plur. stems) „ „ (with fem. plur. stems) rvK, rvb, &c. Verbal Stems Perfect Tenses . Imperfect Tenses . Imperatives .... Infinitives .... Participles .... Compound Tenses Influence of Gutturals upon Verbal Forms PAGE 3 8 9 11 15 16 18 20 21 22 26 29 34 38 40 42 43 44 46 48 5i 52 54 57 60 24. Verbs, initial Nun ..... 25. „ initial Aleph 26. „ initial Yodh and Waw 27. „ final Yodh and Aleph 28. „ „ ,, ,, perfect tenses . 29. „ „ ,, „ impff.,imperatt., and infinn 30. ,, ,, „ „ inflexion of particc 31. w?h, nin, Kjn, -fo 32. Monosyllabic Stems (*'V) .... 33. „ „ (inflected forms) . 34. Partially Monosyllabic Stems (V"V) 35. ; , ,. „ (inflected forms) 36. Verbal Suffixes ...... 37. „ „ (with N'v stems) 38. „ „ (in OTA) . Paradigm of Verb (OJ) „ „ Verbal Suffixes Tables of OTA . Appendix on the Numerals by J. A. EMERTON . 39. Cardinal Numbers 40. Ordinal Numbers 41. Other Numerals . PAGE 61 63 65 66 68 70 72 73 75 77 78 80 81 84 86 88 90 92 97 99 104 105 LITERATURE Berliner, A. Targum Onkelos (text, with introduction and notes). Berlin, 1884. Massorah zum Targum Onkelos. Leipzig, 1877. Burney, C. F. Aramaic Origin of the Fourth Gospel. Oxford, 1922. Dalman, Gustaf. Grammatik des Judisch-Palastinischen Ara- maisch. Zweite Auflage. Leipzig, 1905. Aramaisch-Neuhebraisches Handworterbuch zu Targum, Talmud und Midrasch. Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. Frankfurt a. Main, 1922. Aramaische Dialektproben . . . mit Worterverzeichnis. Leipzig, 1896. Worte Iesu. Leipzig, 1898. (English trans., T. & T. Clark, 1902.) Diettrich. Grammatische Beobachtungen zu drei . . . Hand- schriften des Onqelostargums. ZATW xx 1900 (pp. 148- 59)- Kahle, Paul. Masoreten des Ostens— die altesten punktierten Handschriften des Alten Testaments und der Targume (in Kittel's Beitrage, Heft 15). Leipzig, 191 3. Lagarde, Paul de. Prophetae chaldaice. Leipzig, 1872. Landauer, S. Studien zu Merx' Chrestomathia targumica. In Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie, vol. hi, 1888 (pp. 263-92). Merx, Adalbert. Chrestomathia Targumica (with critical notes and Latin glossary). Berlin, 1888. Praetorius, Franz. Targum zu Josua in Jemenischer Uberliefe- rung. Berlin, 1899. Targum zum Buch der Richter in Jemenischer Uberlieferung. Berlin, 1900. Strack, H. L. Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramaischen, mit . . . Texten und einem Worterbuch. 6te Auflage. Munich, 1921. PALESTINIAN JEWISH ARAMAIC § 1. INTRODUCTION Dalman's Grammar of Jewish-Palestinian Aramaic (Leipzig, 1894) opened a new period in the study of the Aramaic dialects. It separated clearly for the first time the dialects of the Targums, Talmuds, and Midrashim, and it supplied a coherent and correct vocalization of the grammatical forms of the Targum of Onkelos and of the related dialect used in the Palestinian Talmud. The vocalization was based upon Yemenite MSS., which employed supralinear vowel signs. The second edition of Dalman's grammar (1905), along with his dictionary (1901), supplemented and revised his early work, but did not change its fundamental character. It was now made clear that the Targums of Onkelos (Penta- teuch) and Jonathan (Prophets) were written in practically the same Aramaic dialect (OJ), somewhat modified by the influence of the Hebrew originals, and that the Palestinian Talmud and Midrashim preserved the remains of another dialect (PTM), closely related to the former. Because of this relationship Dalman sup- plied the unvocalized texts of PTM with vowels determined for the most part by the analogy of the supralinear tradition of the Targums. In this whole literature he saw, with good reason, the best avenue of approach to the Aramaic speech of Palestine in the time of Christ and a valuable help to the study of the language and thought of the New Testament. The origin, character, and. variations of the supralinear MSS. of JO § i. INTRODUCTION the Targums have been greatly elucidated by the patient and extensive researches of Paul Kahle (published in 191 3). His conclusions may be summarized as follows. The oldest and best tradition of the Aramaic of the Targums is contained in MSS. of Babylonian (i.e. Mesopotamian) origin. The Yemenite MSS. represent this tradition modified by the principles of the school of Tiberias in Palestine. The measure of Palestinian influence in- creased as time went on, so that the older Yemenite MSS. are nearer to the Babylonian tradition than the later. The sublinear vocalization of Berliner's edition of Onkelos goes back ultimately to a MS. which used the supralinear system. The forms of Berliner's edition are not real Aramaic forms, but through them we may reach a supralinear tradition similar to that of the MSS. which employ a supralinear vocalization. The texts of PTM are to a large extent stories written in a simple popular style. The language, according to Dalman, is that of Galilee in the third and fourth centuries a.d. Part of what is contained in the Midrashim may be dated as late as the sixth century. There are some differences of vocabulary between the Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan, but no very obvious differences of grammar. The Aramaic of these Targums has a more literary character than the language of the Galilean stories, and is supposed to have been moulded first in Judea. The Targums themselves may not have received their final literary form before the fifth century, but the idiom in which they are written probably goes back at least to the second century and perhaps earlier. Dalman's interpretation of the phraseology of the New Testament in the light of Aramaic usage proceeds on the view that we have in OJ and PTM, respectively, close approximations to the literary and popular forms of the language of Palestine in the time of Christ. 1 1 See especially Dalman's Words of Jesus, Introduction, section viii. The most recent attempt to show the influence of Aramaic upon a NT writer is II § 2. 1 ORTHOGRAPHY 1. In unvocalized texts (PTM) k, n, 1, and " are freely used to indicate vowels. Waw and yodh frequently denote short vowels, as well as long vowels. Typical examples are: nb"D = nbo, |u»k = pax, bopo = bepp, t6m - abay, prvx = prw, TbW= vty* , K-^u = irjaa , rrbia = irbs , N»in = mn , kdH or roan . The stem vowel of the inflected forms of segholate nouns (N^y) and the preformative vowel of verbal reflexives (tWn) are commonly indicated in this way. The insertion of vowel signs into texts originally unvocalized accounts for the existence of forms like r^K, bBpDK for "B«, T3yK for Tag*). This usage occurs in the supralinear MSS. of OTA (Dan. 3. 12, 3. 13, 4- 28, 4. 29), but not consistently (Dan. 4. 32 $"]?$(, 5. 5 n 0^)- 8. Some supralinear MSS. have forms like VM, «n^K, D>rnjK (= Hebrew BfaK, Dv£>K, Unv^) t instead of forms commencing with « or $. It is possible that this orthography represents an alterna- tive pronunciation of the words in question, but more likely that yddh, with sere, simply represented ... , just as pathah stood for _. . Similarly \?T3 {Chresi. 29. 21) was neither a phonetic variant nor a grammatical equivalent of \^3 (1 plur. impf. Pael), but was, originally, precisely the same word, differently spelled. This use of yodh (with sere) to denote vocal shewa occurs in the supralinear MSS. of OTA, and it throws fresh light on the Hebrew forms referred to in Gesenius-Kautzsch, § 23 h (">iTN = "^TN). 9. Some supralinear MSS. write ? instead of ), especially at the beginning of words, but also in other cases (e.g. in *??* =^» Deut. 9. 28— Kahle, p. 14). This alternative orthography may also be understood to imply an alternative pronunciation—^* or i (cf. Syriac) — but it should rather be regarded as an alternative way of representing the sound that is usually written as vocal shewa 10. Hateph qames is sometimes explicitly written in Yemenite MSS., especially in those of later date and especially in certain words, such as B*Ji?.. 11. With the exceptions already noted, the hatephs of the sub- M § 2. ORTHOGRAPHY linear system are not specially represented in the supralinear writing. Still the distinctive sounds of the hatephs were no doubt employed by those who wrote the supralinear system. The forms 1 (and) and ^ (who, which), which are used before certain con- sonants followed by vocal shewa, may be taken as proof that these following consonants were pronounced with hateph pathah. Hatephs may therefore be employed in transliterating the supra- linear into the sublinear system. 12. In Babylonian MSS. and in the supralinear MSS. of OTA (Strack) ) is the form of the conjunction < and ' before words com- mencing with a consonant followed by vocal shewa (Dan. 3. 21, 4- 29, 5. 20, 6. 5, 6. 17), even when that following consonant is 3, », or a (Dan. 5. 11, 6. n). Before 2, », and s not followed by vocal shewa, the form of the conjunction is ), implicitly, at least, since the vowel is generally not explicitly represented. In the Yemenite MSS. of OJ , is used in all these cases, as in sublinear Hebrew texts (so in Praetorius's edition of Joshua and Judges and in Berliner's Onkelos). 18. When the initial consonant of a word is followed by vocal shewa simple, the supralinear punctuation does not indicate its presence if it is preceded by the conjunction ) or * (Gen. 1. 10, 1. 17, Judg. 1. 17, i. 22) Dan. 3. 21, 5. n, 6. 17, &c). This may imply that the vocal shewa in these cases, as in Hebrew bbpb and »% was no longer pronounced (so Dalman, p. 240). Some MSS. treat words that commence with n and n in the same way so that, for example, Njrn may perhaps be an alternative for Mtm (cf. Heb. ">9r£). In the Babylonian MSS. and in the supralinear MSS. of OTA (Strack), however, vocal shewa following an initial consonant is frequently unrepresented in writing, especially in association with particular forms or words, such as the particles 2,2, h, and ). This implies that the absence of the sign of a hurried vowel (vocal shewa) is not a certain proof of its absence in speech, and makes § 2. ORTHOGRAPHY 15 any conclusion regarding the case of the preceding paragraph uncertain. 14. In OTA the diphthong at causes mutation, like a simple vowel, and silent shewa is written after the yodh of the diphthong (e.g. in FUV3, npn, *nvi). Compare also, perhaps, wrong (§ II} note 12) and *=^n«D (Ps. 116. 7, in the Hebrew Psalter). These analogies may be allowed to determine the sublinear vocalization of OJ and PTM in such words as pnvi, (§ 6), «nrj?V (§ 1 1, note 7), T^ (§ 31), and the pronominal suffixes "2)_ and Kn». (§ 13). § 3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS (nominative forms) PTM Plur. Sing. m pm (run) m — (tok) m prn, pa*K Kin PJ\-1, pJ*K N\l OJ Plur. Sing. (WTO) WTOK N3K 1 com. pfiK m 2 masc, Vn$ nK fern. P3N wn 3 masc. P?K N»n fern. Accent. 1*. In OJ and OTA the pronouns of the 1 person plural are accented on the penultimate syllable. This is one of the few exceptions to the general rule in these dialects that the last syllable of a word is accented. Forms. 2. The shortened forms K3, fJ, and pri sometimes occur independently in PTM (cf. &} for tWN and WTO for WTOK). They, and n = riK, also coalesce with participles into tense forms (§21, note 7). 3*. jWN, &c, are unvocalized spellings equivalent to P3N, &c. (§ a. 1). OTA. 4. For the forms of OTA see paradigm, p. 92. The last letter of WTON i s n three times and once n. nrOK is i6 § 3. PERSONAL PRONOUNS a K e thibh form, always changed to W3K by Q e re, but pointed ""IFI3K by the supralinear MSS. in Strack. p3N and ten occur, as nomina- tives, each once only. Idioms. 5. The expressions N"£3 NVin (' a certain man ', § 5, note 12) and KTUW tfnn are used by PTM in modesty for N^ (cf. Hebrew ^f^S) and in curses or protestations for n#. In polite address, for riK, OJ uses *?tel and "Stan and PTM " r }», H9, ^ and J331 (cf. Hebrew tfltt). 6. For ' he himself, &c, see § 4, note 6. § 4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS (suffix forms) PTM OJ OJ, PTM Plur. Plur. Sing. * T - ^ i com. fa : fa : ^ T 2 masc. fa : fa : T . fem. ?i, fa : fa : PP .. 3 masc Pn : rn . PI . fem. 1*. These suffixes are equivalent to English possessive adjectives and to the genitives of the personal pronouns in other languages. For the possessiv.e pronouns see § 7, note 4. Forms. 2. The suffixes of the table are those joined to the singular stems of nouns ending with a consonant. In slightly different forms they are attached to verbs to express the accusatives of the personal pronouns (§ 36). *?\ (2 s. f.) and Nn_ (3 s. f.), used in the marriage contract printed in Dalman's Dialektproben, p. 4 (11. 4, 5, 6, 8), are older, uncontracted, forms of T. and n_ respectively. See also § 12, note 2, and § 13. For the variations of OTA. see p. 93. 1 See § 3, note 1. §4- PERSONAL PRONOUNS 17 3. Merx {Chrest. Targum) prints N.?3i? in Gen. 2. 20 for a\^?i? and wrtnn for Pirrinn in Gen. 2. 21. Aocus. Cases. 4*. The accusatives of the personal pro- nouns are expressed in three ways: (1) by suffixes (§ 36), (2) by W, &c, (3) by \b, &c. OJ nearly always follows the Hebrew text in its choice between a verbal suffix and an independent accusative form. In the latter case it regularly employs TV, &c, seldom >b, &c. For PP.? and fin? after particc. see Gen. 3. 15 and Exod. 3. 9. In PTM >?, &c, are used as accusatives after participles (18. 12; 19. 5, 20. ii, 14, &c.) and sometimes after finite forms of the verb (16. ii. 9, 26.3, 28.15). A pronominal object after a verb is usually expressed by a suffix, TV, &c, occur after participles (16. ii. 3, 23. 2), perfects (19. ii. 14, 21. 7, 25. ii. 5), and impff. (22. ii. 5). In OTA the pronominal object of a verb is generally expressed by means of a suffix. But only the independent forms ten (in Ezra), (ten (in Daniel) and pa« (Dan. 6. 25) are used for 'them'. fP with a suffix occurs once (Dan. 3. 12, finrV), ^ & c>) 0Ii \ y w j tn participles (Dan. 2. 23, 4. 22, 29, 6. 17, Ezra 5. 2). Ethic Dative. 5. "6, &c, are also used as ' ethic datives', especially after verbs of motion. Examples : P»\? P?3 (26. 5), NgBlD ^ (24- ". 5)- Reflex. Pron. 6*. In PTM the reflexive pronouns are generally expressed by Wj , &c, sometimes by TM,&c. (Dalman, P- Ir 5» § l 3)> In OJ the pronominal suffixes are used, in agree- ment with the Hebrew text, *B>M, &c, being occasional alterna- tives. In PTM emphatic 'he himself is expressed by PPD"I3 bb, 'this itself by »H NOT3 bh (JH = this, § 5). VT\S means, literally,' ' my bone' (for its inflexion see § 12, note 4). OTA. 7. In MT W T (Baer, Ginsburg) is usual for W_, but cf. pausal ramiPE? (Dan. 3. 17). D3 and D'n occur only in Ezra, as alternatives to p and tfn. See Brockelmann, Grundrtss, I. 113. 27« B i8 § 5. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES PTM PTM OJ OJ Adjectives. Pronouns. Adjectives. Pronouns. this |n, |nn, pnn, pnn wn, pn pnn (J3n) pn «nn xn ton an T T T T T T these P.W) p^N, p^K p^Nn p>« Adjectives and Pronouns. that wnn -in, -inn pa^n wnn nn «n, wi, wnn nn xvin 111 T > T » • T • T • T ' T those n^K, pj"n _ psxn ipj* § 5. DEMONSTRATIVES 19 Forms. 1*. Wnn and K^nn are the forms of the Babylonian MSS. published by Kahle. Wnn and N^nn in the supralinear Yemenite MSS. are Hebraisms (Dalman). ??>} (16. ii. 7) is pointed P.?n in Dalman's paradigm (p. 397). 2*. p^N, \):"n, and p^K are the unvocalized spellings of PTM (§ 2. 1). 8. VTp, N ^ n , and |\^n occur as alternatives to H?, &c. (e.g. 15. 6) and are cited by Dalman (p. m), but are held by him to be incorrect forms (p. 120). 4. PTM has a number of forms such as pHN and jnK (28. 24) in which N alternates with n. It also frequently uses contracted forms 0« n , !\^ n , &c). H and J^n coalesce with a following Wn into W3 and Wn. ^ 3, ) join with *«n into "b, "3, "J (Dalman, p. 112). OTA. 5. For OTA forms see paradigm (p. 92). p3N for ' those ' (Dan. 2. 44) and H|8 for 'these' (Ezra 5. 15) occur each once only. I?" 5 ! 'that' is both masculine (once) and feminine (twice). In OTA the same forms are used, without distinction, as adjectives and pronouns. See also notes 10 and 14. Special usages. 6. J« occurs in PTM as an enclitic particle following interrogative pronouns (Dalman, Grammar, pp. 1 1 1 and 224). In OJ it is similarly used to translate HT after neb (Gen. 25.22) and also for nt associated with a numeral (Gen. 27.36, Judg. 16. 15). J3"|3 is sometimes used by OJ as a translation of Hebrew na (Gen. 45.9, Exod. 3. 14 f., 5.10, 7.26, Josh. 24.2, Judg. 11. 15, 2 Kings 19. 20). 7*. '3*3 is usually equivalent to Hl^n (Judg. 6. 20, &c.) and seldom occurs otherwise (Gen. 27. 33). The pronoun 'that ' in OJ is also expressed by mn (Gen. 2. 19, 41. 28, 42. 14, Exod. 16. 23, Amos 7.6), which might, therefore, properly be included in the table. Syntax. 8*. OJ generally distinguishes between adjective and pronoun forms. Exceptions are: (a) ^n, (6) p^ instead of VF}, after a noun with a pronominal suffix attached, under the influence of the Hebrew text (Exod. 10. 1, Josh. 2. 20, Judg. 6. 14), (c) the phrase H KOl* = Di»n < to-day ' (cf. n* *Bff ' this day'), (d) Knns (Judg. 13.23, 15.7). 9. In PTM mnn generally serves as the pronoun 'that' (16. ii. 11 and 13, 18. ii. 3) and other singular adjective forms are also freely used as pronouns (15. 6, 16. ii. 12, 28. 24). On the other hand, pronoun forms are used as adjectives (18. ii. 10 and 11 — P1», 28. 13 — JUK). p;?N, in particular, occurs more often than ??>} as an adjective (16. ii. 10, 17. ii. 8, 20. 21, 24. ii. 1). 10*. In PTM a demonstrative nearly always stands before its associated noun (two exceptions in Chrest. 20. 12 and 21. 15 are both from the same narrative). In OJ the influence of the Hebrew text has established the rule that demonstratives follow the nouns they qualify. Exceptions agree with the order of the Hebrew text (Gen. 2. 23, Judg. 16. 15, &c.) In OTA a demonstrative adjective generally follows, but may precede, an associated noun (Dan. 2. 44). 20 §5. DEMONSTRATIVES 11. Nouns qualified by a demons, adjective nearly always assume the emphatic form (see § 8, note 3). Idioms. 12. P10 is used with proper names in the sense of ' the well-known' or 'the previously-mentioned' (15. ii. 2, 17. ii. 1; similarly 22. ii. 9). Win is sometimes equivalent to ^/B ' a certain ', e.g. in the phrases «roa *Win, NOi* MPin. H . . . H (and in . , . in) express ' this . . . that ' or ' one . . . another '. 13. rp with suffixes of the third person is sometimes used as a demons, adjective or pronoun, like frlK, &c, in the Mishnah (Dalman, §17. 8). 14. In OTA before a noun governed by a preposition an antici- pative pronominal suffix is used in an emphasizing demonstrative sense (NJPJ A? 'at that very time'). The noun is then in the emphatic form (§ 8). So in PTM J??^ jaib n\b npK 'he said to this same R. Jochanan' (20. ii. 10). § 6. INTERROGATIVES PTM OJ who? !>», 19 1? what? no no which ? H* n FT* sing. masc. nt^n, m^n n^n fem. r^N, r^* n {?\^?) plural com. Forms. 1*. For the spelling JNP see § 2. 1. P.?K happens not to occur in OJ. P"Wi, &c., are the unvocalized spellings of P™, &c. (§ 2. 1 and 14). 2. In PTM wn |p contracts into tip and «*n KO into *P. In OJ PT9 = n N1 ? ( n o te 4)- Usages. 8*. The meanings of MD are : what ? how ? what kind of? and (with adjectives) howl Kpb (n»S>) expresses 'why?' and §6. INTERROGATIVES 21 NO? ( ne ?) 'how many?' Questions introduced by Nop so often expect a negative answer that this interrogative acquires the sense of a negative (§ 7, note 7). 4. In OJ pn KC or pTO renders Hebrew flffip (Gen. 27.20, Judg. 18. 24), but fri KDb is used for nrnpb (§ 5, note 6). Syntax. 5. pTK, &c, are both pronouns and adjectives. Their associated nouns may stand in the emphatic form {Chrest. 23.3 and 4, Isai. 66. 1), but not necessarily. Interrog. Adverbs. 6. JK (OJ) and jn (PTM) = ' where ?', ]\6 = < whither?' and JK JO = 'whence ? ' f» (Gen. 29. 4) is also written for }K JO. OTA. 7. Only JO and HO occur in OTA. Most editors, in- cluding Baer and Ginsburg, point the former JO. In Dan. 3. 33 HD3 (with an adjective) = how ! § 7. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN Forms. 1*. In OJ and PTM the relative pronoun is "] (unin- fected). In OTA and in OJ compounds (v^,&c, note 4) the form is ,,! !. Idioms. 2*. *=} without an antecedent means ' that which ', 'he who', 'those who', &c. ^ pnn, •=} wnn, 1 JO, and 1 KD are also used to express these combinations. 8*. ■*! before a genitive means 'the possession of, 'those of, ' those belonging to ', &c. E.g. Win = ' the people of my house '. In reports of the opinions of the Rabbis, before the name of a Rabbi, it stands for 'the opinion of. Compounds. 4*. fa, *|j^, &c, ' that which is to me ', ' that which is to thee ', &c, are the equivalents of the possessive pro- nouns mine, thine, &c, in OJ (cf. Dan. 2. 20). In PTM nn, &c, are more usual. ^T"! may be a phonetic variant of y , ' ! ! (Barth) or = 1 + ^ * ' the possession of my hand ' (Dalman). 22 § 7- THE RELATIVE PRONOUN 5. KD + ^ + p, with suffixes, is treated as a substantive, meaning property (16. ii. 2, ^v! ). 6. In PTM Fl is a contraction for KVTO and ^ occurs as a con- traction for N' , n ,! } (Dalman, p. 98). Conjunctional uses. 7*. "I is much used as a conjunction, — of time (when), place (where), cause (because), purpose (in order that), and introducing subject and object sentences (= Hebrew '3 ' that '). Joined to prepositions it gives them the force of conjunc- tions CJ fO = after, "] "ty = until or whilst). 13 ' when ' and NOpi ' lest ' or ' perhaps ' (Ezra 7.23 nop ,,5 |) are compounds with 3 and NE>b (§ 6, note 3) respectively, "t. T13 is used for ' because ' and ' in order that '. Relative Adverbs. 8*. The relative adverbs — where, whither, and whence — are expressed in PTM by 1 fn, "n ]np, and ^ |n P? (cf. § 6, note 6) and in OJ generally by fen . ."*, fonp . .I, and JBPID . . •=! (cf. OTA rran . . ^, Ezra 6. 1). § 8. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES (general) Feminine. Masculine. N30 30 singular absolute. rao 2Q construct. - T T Nrno hod emphatic. }30 p3D plural absolute. rno *30 construct. T T " T NTino N'30 emphatic. T T T T- T t Emphatic state. 1*. The emphatic ending a has a demon- strative force equivalent to the Hebrew definite article. The corresponding English expression may, however, be indefinite, e.g. when the noun is abstract (16. ii. 4, 21.15, 24. ii. 6), or a generic word (Dan. 5. 1). Sometimes the emphatic ending has practically the force of a possessive pronoun (20. 5, where '"^sat? § 8. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES 2 3 = 'our enemies', 24. ii. 12, where 'the stick' means 'his stick' or ' a stick '). 2. In PTM and OJ the emphatic state tends to lose its distinc- tive definite meaning, as in Syriac, but to a much lesser extent (14. ii. 1, 25. ii. 10, 18. ii. 2, 20. 12, 24. ii. 1, 27. 6, 25. ii. 3 and 9 ; Gen. 2.10, Exod. 1.8, 12.20, Josh. 2.2, Judg. 9.36). In PTM emphatic forms (18. 6, 18. ii. 6, 19. ii. 3, 21. ii. 7, 27. 2) as well as absolute forms (16. ii. 6, 17. ii. 1, 29. 1, 25. ij. 3) are associated with the indefinite word "in, one. In OJ the emphatic state seems to be more often used within (Gen. 1.9, 2.24, 27. 38, 45, 33.13, 34.16, 40.5, Deut. 24.5, Josh. 3. 12, 13, 17.17, Judg. 6.16, 9-37)than the absolute is (Gen. 1. 5, 11. 1, Deut. 28.7, Josh. 9.2). The MS. evidence sometimes varies and the printed texts even have both constructions in the same verse (Gen. 11. 6, Josh. 17. 14). In OJ a singular indefinite object is generally expressed by the emphatic state (Gen. 2. 8, 4. 1, 4. 17, 20. 9, 21. 8, 28. 2, 29. 2, 33. 17, Judg. 6. 26), rarely by the absolute (Judg. 6. 1 7). Emphatic forms are said to be preferred in pause (Berliner, Massorah,^. 96, Lev. 2. 13, Deut. 26. 7). OTA seems always to use the emphatic form in its distinctive sense. 3*. There are a few exceptions to the rule that a noun qualified by a demons, adjective stands in the emphatic form (16. ii. 2). The absolute state is employed when the associated noun is accompanied by a numeral and a demons, adjective (28.13). In Nin 6UDT (Judges, passim) the feminine noun may be regarded as mascu- line in form, and so as in the emphatic state. Cf. N*nn KJD], Deut. 10. 10. 4*. An attributive adjective regularly assumes an emphatic orm when the noun it qualifies stands in the emphatic state (Gen. 1. 16, 10.21, 27.15, 29.2, Deut. 3. 24, 11. 2; Chrest. 23. ii. 4; Dan. 3. 26, 6.27). Cf. N2nrPDf(i Sam. 12. 22), but3DT>nK(2 4 .ii. 13). 24 § 8. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES Absolute state. 5*. Some words and phrases employ abso- lute forms in a definite sense (25. ii. 3, D?y fP3 ' the cemetery '). In PTM foreign words may be used definitely without the addition of an emphatic ending (16. 6 ff., 23.4, DC'H, ^B). Predicative adjectives are generally put in the absolute state (Dan. 2. 11), even when, in OJ, they translate Hebrew words with a definite article attached (Gen. 2. n, 42.6). A predicative adjective in the em- phatic state may be considered to be a superlative (15. 8). Construct and Genitive. 6*. In PTM construct forms, followed by genitives, have only a limited use (17. 13, ^3 H^y). They occur most frequently as the second member of compound prepositions (^V.?, ^ 33 > "fi°S, &c.) and in stereotyped phrases which are almost compound nouns, e.g. &W "* 3 ( 2 ^- n)> D ?V ^ ( 2 5- u - 3)> KB>D# tytpOQ < sunset ' (22. ii. 5), ' , D"]y. DV1B < my bed-cover ' (29. 15). Instead of the genitive construction PTM usually employs phrases like (a) NjDf "1 NQiy, i^?3n^ KrP3 « the birds of the sky ', 'the house of his comrade', or (d) Kfij*H W, FO w ; for Gen. 39. 15 see § 36, note 11). The old accusative ending a survives in. a few adverbs of place (e. g. Knnn ' below '). For the accusative pronoun anticipating an object noun see § 36, note 11. 10. In OTA p is not infrequently associated with a definite accusative. Possibly it has a slight demonstrative or emphasizing effect. 1 1 It is prefixed to expressions for the true God (Dan. 2. 19, 4. 31, 34, 5. aj) and the false gods (3. 18, 5. 4, 33 ; cf. 2. 34), to words and phrases denoting the rulers (3. 2, 6. 2) and wise men of Babylon (2. 12, 14,24; 5. 7), to the 26 §8. NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES §9*. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS 27 Inflexional endings. 11*. The feminine singular ending n' is attached especially to stems that end in an, hence N^T*. (Gen. i. 2) and KJ???. Feminine plural endings divan and 9 wan are used by some nouns. Examples: (a) P T ?v, |V??> JJTI* Hf 0, {i) !#«, nn«— from HK, sign, and nnK, sister. Cf. p T «D = ?JKD and JJND = J$9- See also § 10, note 21, and § 30, note 2. 12*. The plurals of 3K, DK, and DW are fraK, JTOK, and fnotf, respectively. 13*. The termination \. is sometimes used when a noun is in the absolute or in the emphatic state. Examples : ^DO? (Gen. 1. 10), V.D (Gen. 2. 7), ^.in (Gen. 18. 7). Such forms are specially frequent in the case of gentilic names like ^ni3 (Chrest. 24. ii. 1), WW (Exod. 12. 30), Win (Josh. 1. 4), and W'f? (Dan. 2. 5). Dalman compares, also, TeOcrqixavrj = , ?.1X' H3 = ' garden of oils '. 14. Words like p?*)B3 (Num. 32. 4), from IBS, village, and prua (16. ii. 14) are examples of double plurals. For an as a plural ending see Brockelmann, Grundriss, vol. i, p. 450 f. Duals. 15*. The only clear duals in PTM and OJ are pin, prnn (< two '), and fnND (200). But the ending P. in words such as TTV. may also be a dual ending (OTA JWJ). In OTA (besides PI?, P™, and pnw?) pT, j£fl, P51i1, and patf occur. § 9*. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS (declensions) The following classification is made with a view to a statement of the rules for nominal inflexion, as given in the next paragraph. Six classes, or declensions, are distinguished. names Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego (a. 49, 3.13,22,3°; cf. 3.27 and 3. 28) and to the name Daniel, when standing as an object by itself (2. 19, 4- 3 1 > 34, 5- 2 3 ; cf. a. 1 3 and 18). Almost the only other cases of p introducing a definite object, in Daniel, are found in 5. 2, 22 and 23. In Ezra very few examples altogether occur (4. 14, 5. 12, 6. 7, 7. 25). la Ezra 6. 7 nT3XJ? may be regarded as a textual error. A nouns. Nouns originally disyllabic and having two short vowels are very slightly distinguished in Aramaic from nouns originally monosyllabic and ending in two consonants. The two groups are here joined in the A class of nouns, which is further subdivided into three sub-classes according as the characteristic vowel (used in the inflected forms) is a, 1, or a (OTA d). The absolute forms, of which specimens follow, do not clearly indicate the sub-class to which an A noun belongs. ii class. DDia I class. - HO? a class. an^ originally disyllabic. &??? originally monosyllabic. 11$ In the u class absolute forms like TJ"i (Deut. 9. 20, Dan. 3. 13), DD3 (Exod. 30. 23), and ^03 (Dan. 5. 5) sometimes occur. In Dan. 5. 5 the supralinear MSS. give bnh for the bn? f MT. Words of the a class like 0*n}» are ^3, DW, ^gn, ipbo, TJJD, and tfjn (OTA fya, DJJD, D.^,'and Dr6', with ^V in Dan.' 2. 49', 6.21). Some words have more than one absolute form (Tjbe, bpn, & c .). In OTA the uses of DJ?B and DJJD, D^Jf and th* are perhaps differentiated by MT (Strack, § 8 a). 1Y? (Num. 5.22) and DTI" (Exod. 22.21, Deut. 27.19) are unusual forms, perhaps at first only orthographically different from V.) and DTI* (§ 2 , notes 8 and 9). The former belongs to the ? sub- class and the latter to the a sub-class. B nouns. Disyllabic nouns having a in the final syllable and an unchangeable long vowel, or a shut syllable, in the penult, toge- ther with all participles (whose final vowel is sere or pathah) follow 28 §9*. CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS a distinct rule of inflexion (see § 10). Examples : "N3N, JEnK, ob$, T'np. A small number of monosyllables including T, D**!, JT, "in, "»? (son), and aitf (OTA D^) belong to this B class and not to the C class. C nouns. Monosyllables from stems y"y have absolute forms like OS?, 06? , and ba, in which the vowels i and d are frequently represented by \. and i respectively (e.g. TV??, Di9). Dalman gives "V? (arrow) and 213 (pit) as variant forms in the second and third classes. Some words which are not from y"y stems follow the inflexion of this class (e.g. DiB, IV). In OTA the MSS. of MT read D3 (mouth), but the supralinear MSS. have 03, in accordance with the analogy of 2ft } 3*13, &c. D nouns. Words which remain unchanged when terminations are added to the stem are principally disyllables with a long vowel in the final syllable (e.g. BUtC, D^, 133, -my), and monosyllables like "Ml, D^, "W3, and p. The unchangeable a in the first group is equivalent to Hebrew 5 (Oi?^, &c). E nouns. It is convenient to make nouns from stems final yodh or final waw a separate group. Words like yB are chiefly substantives and those like *?D (OTA tUB>, nriK) are participle forms (see § 30). Probably the orthography 'fn (Gen. 12. 11) is equiva- lent to ttn (§ 2. 8). F nouns. In this class are included all nouns with the termina- tions di (= Hebrew z) or / added to a triliteral stem. Examples : VT. (or W]g, § 2. 1), T?l, '3DTI. The long vowel of OTA ('O^, T 3 ")> ^) is also the P ausaI form of OJ ( Gen - i- 13. 19). 29 § 10. INFLEX ION OF NOUNS (masculine types) Plural. Singular. Emph. Constr. Absol. Emph. Constr. Absol. T- • - *3& r?!>» vdyo T ; "" *9 *9 A N^P \^|3 pfe t6y3 H?a ^ t - :• «vij m? t : * "TO "11? Nnru nn3 HH3 t-:~ "1™ -iri3 N'53b t- : • ^ r??5> Naai? t : • 3 ^ 3^ N»o!>y t- : Tt ••: it r»h? T : ,r "" T t£y B »T n) NT t : T v « T ?V 'SV wv wy T • ry • ry C tO"133 T ~T * "T • PI? N133 tt • T • "133 T * D T— ; V^ \^9 E N>3D T- T ♦3D "T p3Di J5? W3D t: it ♦30 •*T *3D "T *onn »nn Ill" t: - irn wn N .H 3 ? rn-v «n?y nay F ^"! 3 ? P«"jay NN13y KniDTG t tt : tt : I!?? 3 t : : *D-fi3 »P"fl3 1 The accent in these plurals was probably placed on the & and the ending may be pronounced as ain. 3© § io. INFLEXION OF NOUNS § io. INFLEXION OF NOUNS 3* A nouns. 1*. Nouns of the A type retain or assume a mono- syllabic form before inflexional endings. The usual vowels of these monosyllables are a, i, and u (OTA o). The mutation of the third radical of inflected forms in OTA— when the third radical is susceptible of mutation — shows that the preceding shewa is vocal (a) in the plural of nouns originally monosyllabic (p?}©), (£) in the singular and plural of nouns originally disyllabic (Nf?!?, p3n). All the examples of the table above are treated according to this rule, although the Yemenite MSS. with supralinear punctuation do not indicate vocal shewa, except after a medial guttural, and even then not consistently (e.g. trjrn, Gen. 2. 13, but KVU, Josh. 1. 4). 2. Under the influence of medial/, b, and m (labials) u is often sub- stituted for a and 1 in the monosyllabic stems of the first and second sub-classes, especially in PTM. Examples: WW, N133, Wtfcn, NKfr?. The absolute form ?E>a, for JM, ma y be regarded as a secondary formation from the inflected stem gufn. In OTA the plural forms of "OS are always p"}3a, &c. 3. The vowel i is also frequently substituted for an original a. Examples: N")D3, torn, totpo, KpQp, «n:n ; OTA *q*B>3, NJDJ, *?*#, P"^, HP?. The absolute form rnn (Exod. 12. 27) may be a secondary formation like JS3. The stem vowel of the inflected forms of ?an is i in the supralinear MSS. of OTA and according to the Babylonian tradition (Kahle ; cf. Chrest. 1 5. 9). The MT of Daniel and the Yemenite MSS. of OJ give a (Josh. 5.15, 14. 9). 4. In the 1 sub-class, nouns whose initial radical is a guttural generally retain hireq in the inflected forms. N»bn f rom cbn (dream), in the MT of Daniel and in some OJ MSS., may be due to Hebrew influence (cf. yW, &c). Hireq and seghol also inter- change in the OTA group HD^a, FlD^a, fin»B>a. 5. In the u sub-class, when holem occurs as the vowel of the inflected stem it may be understood to represent b (§ 2. 1). Examples: KrniK Gen. 38. 16, TV^? Exod. 28. 40, Kfiiy Lev. 11. 15 (Dalman, p. 144). According to the punctuation of MT there are three examples of easterns in OTA (Dan. 2.37, 4. 12, 6. 20) and one of an £-stem (Njb£3 Ezra 5. 8). Similarly the feminine N 9?C! is written K03P1 in MT and in some late MSS. of OJ. In Dan. 4. 34 and 5. 23 the supralinear punctuation is ^CH**, and the MSS. of MT are divided between that and nrn« or nrn». In OJ inflected forms like *?.Wtp (Josh. 2. 6) for ^0 sometimes occur. 6*. In the supralinear MSS. of OJ nouns like TV3 and PS?, in the construct singular and in the inflected stems, nearly always have forms like rV3 (Dalman, p. 91, note 1). In MT construct singulars are like PJ? and inflected stems like P^V, although the supralinear MSS. often substitute e for at, especially when pronominal suffixes are joined to the stem (see Strack's note on Dan. 4. 1). pi?? is the plural of n?3. ?V is used as an absolute form (Exod. 32. 12). B nouns. 7*. The final stem vowel of nouns of the B class becomes vocal shewa when terminations are added to the stem. For some apparent exceptions see § 21, note 6. C nouns. 8*. In nouns of the C class the final radical is doubled before inflexional endings and the stem vowel is normally a or 1 or «, according to the vowel of the uninflected stem (NOV, W3K, N23). Before final resh the stem vowel is lengthened in com- pensation, when doubling does not take place (hence 8*12 from ">? (country)). Some nouns put 1 for a in the inflected forms (03, *U?3). In OTA N^K, from Bta, is unique (Dan. 7. 11) ; in OJ «?« (fem. absolute) is also used. 9*. In OJ, although the stem vowel of the word *>3 with pro- nominal suffixes (§ 12, note 6) is always it, the emphatic form is regularly N?to (Josh. 11. 19), pointed in Berliner's Onkelos some- times with daghesh (Exod. 29. 24, Lev. 8. 27) and sometimes without (Gen. 6. 19, 20, 16. 12, Lev. 1. 9). In Lev. 8. 27 Berliner prints «^3. In OTA the MSS. of MT always have «^3 (five 32 § io. INFLEXION OF NOUNS times), and the supralinear MSS. agree (Dan. 4. 25). Holem in this and similar words denotes a short vowel (§ 2. 1). The reading NDin (= NDh) in Gen. 8. 22 (Dalman, p. 145) is an alternative to NE>n ( c f. Berliner). 10*. In the later Yemenite MSS. of OJ Hebrew -i>3 is repre- sented by £> and Hebrew i>3 by &. In Gen. 1-2 (Merx), Josh. 1-2, and Judg. 1-2 (Praetorius) the only exceptions to this rule are in Gen. 1. 30 and Judg. 2. 15. In OTA, MT has both "b and fe, generally the former. Strack's supralinear MSS. (except G, once) either insert no vowel or read ?2 . 11. Plurals of the form P»DJ? occur in OJ, PTM, and OTA (cf- § 35> note 4). 12. Erroneous dissimilation of the doubled consonant of the stem takes place in VW (Exod. 32. 19), from 30 ( c f. § 26, note 9). The form pw& (Dan. 2. 46) is also a dissimilated form. D nouns. 13*. In this class the absolute form and the inflected stem are identical. The inflected forms of the word &b& (Gen. 6. 9) seem, however, to be taken from a stem of the A class (H?te, &c). E nouns. 14* .When a termination is added to words of the E class the stem of words like *b& is either like ^B or an A stem, with yodh as the third radical, and the inflected stem of words like V.p is either like 'Jp or a B stem (see particulars in table above). In forms like *Mp and K#£o, from W'p, the shewa following the middle radical is vocal (§ 30, note 3). In K^B it may be treated as silent, on the analogy of the originally monosyllabic A stems. 15*. P?l? is contracted from ti>B and J3p from J^D . Adjectives ot the form *3D have contracted plurals of the form £» (Deut. 6. 1 1). The only case of such an adjective in OTA has an uncontracted plural (}rif, Dan. 3. 25). 16. J*?* (Hebrew ^B) is used in the plural only. For plurals in § 10. INFLEXION OF NOUNS 33 dwdn see note aj. Dalman (p. 192) regards the supralinear punctuation of absolute plurals like VV£ as incorrect. 17*. When E nouns employ an A stem (as in &ota) the vowel of the stem is usually a, but sometimes / or u (OTA 8). Examples : K™ from VTl, KTOB from »na. The supralinear pathah of W]0 in OJ may be interpreted as seghol, in agreement with OTA Nnn (§ 2. 6). 18. Forms like Wj, Kim, with consonantal waw, are unusual. Most nouns ending in * are feminine («■), W3) and are inflected according to the rules of § 11. P nouns. 19*. In the inflected forms of ai stems the yodh of the termination is consonantal and the preceding vowel (in OJ) is lengthened. Instead of yodh, aleph is often written (cp. § 23, note 9). The emphatic plural termination is contracted from aiya to e (\. or N„). The inflected forms of stems terminating in * ("0!®, 'pD?) are treated like those of V.? (E class). EF nouns. 20. A few words from stems with final yodh are treated like nouns of the F class in OJ (Dalman, p. I5 6 e ) and OTA ($g, Dan. 4. 24, from ♦#). See also § 12, note 8. 21*. Some words of the E and F classes have plurals in dwdn or •wan, with or without retention of consonantal yodh. Examples : iff]*, HP? 3 , PJH, IJP? (cf. § 8, note 11 and § 30, note 2). OTA. 22. The general rules for the inflexion of nouns given in this section apply to OTA. As the E class is very slightly represented there it may be passed over by those who begin their Aramaic reading in OTA. For these the most important notes in this section are 1, 7, 8, 13, and 19, along with 3, 6, and 9 for some details. 2765 34 §11* INFLEXION OF NOUNS (with feminine endings ) Plural. Singular. Emphat. Const. Absol. Emphat. Const. Absol. Nnabo t t; - nabo t ; ~ I?fe Knabo nabo xabo t: - A Nnswa ▼ t : • ne>aa T ; • #?? T ; • • ntfaa t : * NmEK T T ; • rntDK w other tyibk t : • B K^O \bo pbp OTibo ▼ : • rfe T • C nrvao * • : p;?» KTTV3D T • • : n?3» t • : D Nrirn TT •• nrn T •• 't " wivn nvn T •• Krpbo tt: - n-bo t; ~ rbo ■t; t Nrvba oj NJvbti PTM n:bc N^ba t: - E ktmd t T ;it wnba t t: |T tt: - rvao t:it nib a t: it rob* m nbs 't: it ktmd T • T Nrfiba T T wrrtb-t rvaD • T ruba T nib? N*3C t: it >ba ibi Kroao TTT : mao tt ; '!»? OT13D t t : nac t : nan t : TT T ; % Tt?V Nrfnny NK"jay F «CCP "XU ot wry-it n^jnt Tynt G Nmabo tt: : - mabo n?fc wmabo ruabo labp Aramaic of OJ and PTM 1. The stem syllables of nouns to which the feminine ending a is attached are treated in accordance with the rules of § io. There are, therefore, six classes of feminine nouns corresponding to the classes of § 9. In the E class nouns having final consonantal waw are numerous and several types of absolute singular are in use (see § n*. INFLEXION OF NOUNS 35 Table). Abstract feminine nouns having an ending in I or u are treated as a separate class (G). The rules of § 10 sufficiently explain the forms of classes A-D and F, except those of the emphatic singular, which, therefore, receive special notice in what follows. A nouns. 2. The emphatic singular ending of the A class is usually OTi ; , joined to the monosyllabic stem. Examples: OTiabp, NO 3 "] 3 , KOW- NJ ? is added to the stem boj5 in the case of some nouns havingstems originally disyllabic (parallel to Hebrew words like niTTC). Examples (from Dalman): OTljm, OTOna, OTIEHK, OTirriS, Nn-un, Nn^aa (absolute NP33). Berliner's Onkelos gives OT&y. (Deut. 21.4,6) for 'calf (from xbay), as well as for 'wagon' (Num. 7. 3, from xbay). The emphatic sing. fern, of rnn (= ehri) isOTnn. The absolute singular feminine of a stem originally disyllabic is distinguished in OTA from a stem originally monosyllabic by the vocal shewa following the middle radical ( n ^"J?, Dan. 2. 9), and this analogy may be followed in reading OJ and PTM (cf. § 10, note 1). In all feminine plurals of the A class the shewa following the middle radical may be treated as vocal (§ 10, note 1). B nouns. 3. In this class the emphatic ending is OTI and is joined to the absolute stem of § 9 (OTHSK, Wjn\£, OTiaW-_ se e under D nouns, below). But the emphatic form of ^3 ' daughter', is Krna, and that of K# 'year', is OTiB>. C nouns. 4. In the C class KTi. is joined to the stem used by all the inflected forms. N3D, like many feminine nouns, has plurals of the masculine form. WP ' sleep ', although not from an y"y stem, is inflected like words of this group (N03B', &c.) D nouns. 5. With unchangeable stems the emphatic ending, according to the supralinear punctuation, is usually OTI (NOT?, «W> Nn P, *0??». *W 3 f, «CW). OTI i s used only' with a few disyllabic stems whose final vowel is i or u (OTlb^DB', OTQ133, wfono). wn\bj and WQW belong rather to the B class. 36 § ii*. INFLEXION OF NOUNS § 1 1*. INFLEXION OF NOUNS !7 Certain nouns, which might be expected to belong to the A class, have forms of the D type (N^, *&W; N r3?» *W$'> *$^h Knjrcu ; vtyy*, Kn^a-n), although not exclusively (cf. njaj, Lev. 5. 2, and H??, Exod. 5. 7). All have close parallels in Hebrew. B nouns. 6. There is considerable variety in the inflected forms of feminine nouns of this declension. In the SJpB group yodh is always consonantal in OJ and the stem resembles that of the A declension. In PTM quiescence of the yodh takes place in the emphatic sing, (see Table). In the Ml? group, both in OJ and PTM, yodh quiesces in the construct and emphatic of the singular. A few nouns have consonantal waw in the singular. Examples : NJJP (Gen. 4. 5) and «J"jP or K^i? ' city ' (emphatic KWlg, plural Hli?). A larger number have consonantal waw in the plural only. For the various forms of the absolute singular and for their inflexions see table of nouns above. Other examples of the group are ^0, *3T, \2"\ } VSh, ri5fp. The rare absolute sing, of the word used in OJ for Hebrew «"6iy seems to be iOV. (Isai. 40. 16). The construct is ro% (Lev. 9. 17, Merx), the emphatic $$¥. (Josh. 22. 23, Judg. 6. 26) and the plural ?jbj| (Mic 6. 6, Merx). Berliner's nby. &c. are erroneous. Cf. Syriac and OTA (note 11). In all feminine plurals of the E class the shewa following the middle radical may be treated as vocal, according to the analogy of § 10, note 1 . P nouns. 7. After the diphthong ai the emphatic termination is Nn t with mutated n , but without vocal shewa preceding. Usually the vowel before NH is e. Supralinear plurals like N£J!3y Dalman (p. 79) treats as erroneous. N^lJ? (= Hebrew py) generally, and perhaps always, used in the plural (£}#, &c. ), is a feminine noun similar to the OTA masculine forms ^V. and V?B (§ 10, note 20). Q nouns. 8. The vowel terminations of the singular are replaced by consonantal yodh or waw in the plural (see Table). The mutation of the third radical in the plural is a peculiar feature. Old Testament Aramaic A, B, and C nouns. 9. The inflexion of feminine nouns in OTA is the same as in OJ, except in the emphatic singular ot nouns of the D class. There is only one OTA example of the ending NH in the A class, viz. KJ^IC (Dan. 2. 10). It appears in the supralinear punctuation of OJ as W?: (Gen. 1. 9) or N?f |! (§ 2. 6). Emphatic singulars of the B and C classes are wnaK (Ezra 4. n), Wpa! (Dan. 4. 27), and Knh? (Dan. 2. 8). D nouns. 10. In MT all words having unchangeable di- syllabic stems receive NF> as their emphatic singular ending (NPiTajJ, HFbwp, Winaa, NPnpy Nrrno, & c .). The two words having un- changeable monosyllabic stems, NflV'n (Dan. 4. 11) and NriTa (Ezra 6. 2), both receive the emphatic ending &W1. (for the reading WTO see Ginsburg and Strack). MT W0 (Dan. 3. 6, &c), although supported by some supralinear MSS., should be corrected into NriyK' and included in the D class. E nouns. 11. There are very few inflected forms of the E class in OTA. ^)*)i? (Ezra 4. 12) and nnj? (Ezra 4. 14) belong to the «jS»B group, $0 (Dan. 7. 3) to the *?D (fibs) group, and tfo (Ezra 6. 9) to the T\yo group. H133, from 033, occurs several times with pronominal suffixes. Nnp3 (Dan. 2. 25), from v3, is also a noun of this declension. P nouns. 12. Before the emphatic singular ending, instead of ai, as in Knyjg (Dan. 7. 4), KTi^a") (Dan. 7. 19), some MSS. read c*' (cf. note 7). Shewa after ai is silent (note 7) in spite of metheg (NrPDng). K^g (see note 7) occurs once in the plural with a pronominal suffix (Dan. 4. 24). Q nouns. 13. MTpV'lp't? (Dan. 3. 5) is an inflected form of the i group and Nnjapp (Dan. 2. 44) an example of the u group. 1 If reckoned a participle, this word comes under the rule of the B class. 38 § 12. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with singular nouns) 1*. For the usual forms of the suffixes in OJ and PTM see § 4 and for those of OTA see paradigm, p. 93. 2*. 3K, n«, and On with pronominal suffixes are treated as follows : xrnnx vnmc y*m *prw *m rmnK jtmroe pavw j^ns* wotm oj r*n« PTM The suffixes vi, «n, p, n:, and T are all unaccented. Regarding the first three see further § 13, note 2. ip? is said to have been preferred by the school of Sura and 1J (2 s. f.) by the school of Nehardea (Berliner, Massorah, p. 62 f.) The former is given by Merx (Gen. 24. 23) and in Berliner's Onkelos (Gen. 20. 16, 38. 11), the latter in Praetorius (Judg. 14.15, Josh. 2.18) and Lagarde' (2 Sam. 6. 21, 13.17). 3. For is paralleled by the distinction between *?}« and "aab. Before heavy suffixes, words ending in a guttural or resh commonly use a stem of the fe? type. E.g. finp< (Josh. jo. 42), fa"!?? (Judg. 8. 7), but also fa-iDS (Judg. 9. 2). § 12. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 39 The statement of § 10, note 6, applies also to stems with suffixes attached (hence OJ awa, OTA arf>3). In Dan. 4. 1 the MSS. are divided between W3 and ^a. For JV? with suffixes see § 15, notes 2 and 3. B nouns. 5*. In the B class the stem vowel of the final syllable is retained before heavy suffixes and becomes vocal shewa before light suffixes. Examples : *"JD*D, |irr)D»D, >T, pn*j: (OTA DHT). C nouns. 6*. The supralinear orthography represented by iVjia is normal, although the vowel u is short (§ 2. 1). In OTA ?3 with suffixes has as its stem vowel (Dan. 2. 38, 7. 19), while all other words of this class have it. E nouns. 7*. In the E class words like vt? use their emphatic stem before all suffixes. In the » sub-class the later Yemenite MSS. sometimes make the vowel of the inflected stem 0, as in MT (Dan. 4.9). Examples: «bo, pn^B, «bn (Judg. 9. 11), PCDJJ (Dan. 4. 9). Participle forms like Mi? and nouns like ''Wfo and T#Q either employ their emphatic stem 0lJ"]3, ^J 1 ??^) or > m ore generally, are treated as plural nouns are (§ 13, note 7). For participles see further § 30, note 4. F nouns. 8. Words from stems final yodh that belong to the F class (§ io, note 20) like T| (OJ) and TIB (OTA), have suffixed forms like ^ (Gen. 35. 18, Dalman) and TWa (Dan. 3. 1). Nouns like 'D-fla with suffixes are treated as plural nouns (§ 1 3, note 7). Feminine stems. 9*. Feminine nouns to which pronominal suffixes are attached may be arranged in three divisions, according as the termination of the emphatic singular is Nfl, NT1 # or KH. (1) Nouns that use the ending Nn join suffixes to the emphatic stem OrnBK, j«bripnx). (2) In the case of nouns whose emphatic ending is NH , light suffixes are united to the emphatic stem and heavy suffixes to the construct stem ^nabo, pnnabo; v^p, finn^D; ^n-pay, pnrrvay; wbc, pnrrbe). 40 § 12. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES § 13. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES 41 (3) Nouns of the E, F, and G classes, whose emphatic ending is N?, add suffixes to the emphatic or construct stems, which are the same (wrvbs, tf™?3», Waj>0). For examples of F nouns see § 29, note 9. 10. Watf (Dan. 6. 19) may be regarded as a noun of the C class, rather than as derived from an absolute form 8U£ (cf. §11, note 4). Feminine suffixes. 11. The supralinear MSS. of OJ generally write the suffixes of the 2 plur. masc. and of the 3 plur. masc. instead of the corresponding feminine forms (Dalman). The same substitution is often made in PTM. § 13. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with masc. plur. stems). Plural Suffixes. Singular Suffixes. PTM OJ PTM OJ P- *3- * ,'- \ 1 com. ^".. P\. H T ,T T II T 2 masc. r?- ry„ r /a* t. /?:. fem. tf n \. tf"\. ^ /rrt \ni 3 masc . P3\. r-}\. pi. ,nv ,kpp_ M n. f em . Suffix forms. 1*. "WjT 1 , and i2» are simply orthographical variants for ♦., *p_, and *:p_. For *3% and Nn)_ see § 2. 14. K. is an alternative in OJ for \ (see § 29, note 8). 2*. The 'connective vowel' of these pronominal suffixes was originally the plural ending at, which in a majority of cases has become e or a or a. The connective 5 of ^rtf is explained either as a nominative plural ending = au (Barth) or as a dissimilation from at (Dalman). The terminations *a, *n, and xrt were originally used with singular as well as with plural stems (§ 4, note 2, § 12, note 2). The contracted forms of 3 sing. masc. and 3 sing. fem. are charac- teristic of PTM. \l is a reduplicated ending found also in Syriac. The suffix L is used by PTM in faan « our teachers \ 3. In OTA the K e thibh implies the earlier pronunciations T T Pi 1 . , and N£_ , which the Q e re alters into f\ T ,K, and N3_ respectively. See paradigm, p. 93. 4*. It may be observed that several of the at suffixes attached to plural stems are identical with the suffix forms attached to singular nouns (*I T , Pi., KJ_). Unvocalized m in PTM, when joined to a masc. plural stem means ' her ', and to a singular stem ' his \ Plural stems. 5*. Most of the plural stems of § 10 are also used when pronominal suffixes are joined to plurals (e. g. M?bp, *?., ^38). Only the \?D group of E nouns employs with suffixes as its plural stem a stem identical with that of the emphatic singular O-pB, Ji'T'vB). In other E nouns at suffixes are joined directly to the ordinary plural stem (^p, fiiTJH, flrn#p). In Dan. 2.32 this treatment is extended to the form 1 Pii*in, although presumably its uninflected singular is Hn, as j n OJ. 6. For ' they two' OJ always uses Jin"»nn (Gen. 2. 25), instead of frrnn, and PTM sometimes has the same form (cf. § 8, note 15). Singular stems like plurals. 7*. The direct combination of pronominal suffixes with the singular ending e of certain nouns of the E class, like Vrt?D and neto , produces a set of at suffixes, which are precisely the same as those attached to plural stems. This makes the singular and plural forms of such nouns frequently indistinguishable (p.Ti.E'O, VriTO). For the case of participles see § 30, note 4, and for infinitives § 29, note 8. Certain F nouns, like 1 D"tt3 , are also combined with suffixes in the manner of plural stems. 8. no ' master ', with suffixes employs a stem with consonantal yodh 01J")9, Chrest., p. 23, note 1), or a contracted stem with the suffixes of § 12 (PT»nn, Exod. 21. 29, no, Dan. 4. 16, 21) or a con- tracted stem with the suffixes of this section fnViD, Exod. 21. 34). 42 § 13- PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES In the K>thibh form >nid (Dan. 4.16, 21) >n might represent at (§ 2.1) but probably « stands for consonantal yodh (§ 23, n. 9). 0*. Prepositions that originally ended in e, for that reason take ai suffixes (*Pg, "$%, &c), and other prepositions do so by analogy (nna, mpj. I n OTA «?)% or K»Jj[ (Ezra 4. 12, Ac), an old form of the suffix N3_, is preserved (cf. note 3). Pern. plur. suffixes. 10. The observations of § 12, note 11, apply also to the suffixes added to plural stems. § 14*. PRONOMINAL SUFFIXES (with fern. plur. stems). Borrowed ai Suffixes. Normal Suffixes. PTM OJ OJ and PTM vnsK wrnsNoj vtjbk ICO m. jrnsK ptm riawBN _ jiarnoK TjrntpK 2 maS c. WW — T"W fern. tfnwBK ^rrin-jBK jinrnsx nra 3 masc . NnrnoK _ nrnsK f em . T - T The normal suffixes added to feminine plural stems are identical with those added to singular stems and the noun form employed is the construct or the emphatic stem, which are the same. The Hebrew practice of combining with feminine plural stems the suffixes appropriate to masc. plural stems, and derived from them OCip"]?, &c.) is occasionally followed in OJ and PTM (for particu- lars see Table above). Dalman gives the order of frequency of occurrence of these borrowed ai suffixes in OJ as : (1) 3 sing, fem., (2) 1 sing., (3) 3 sing. masc. *J_ for T. occurs only once or twice, in the Targum of Jonathan (Dalman, p. 205 f.). In Dan. 2. 23 some MSS. read »nroK for VirnK (§ 8 , note 12), and this is the only exception to the general rule in OTA. 43 § 15. rVK, n\?, etc. Forms. 1. Both in OJ (Lev. 11. 26) and PTM (25. ii. 12) «J> JVK occurs for Tvh. In OTA the forms used are WK and WK *$. Subject pronouns. 2. In PTM the subject pronouns of these particles are in the nominative forms (e.g. NVi nv?). TV? coalesces with the pronouns of the 1 sing, and 1 plur. and 3 plur. into the compounds NJV, ^b } and \W?J. 3. In OJ the subject pronouns are generally expressed by suffixes, except in the 3 person plural. The suffixes are at suffixes, because of the original ending of the particles (cf. § 13, note 7, and OTA WIS). In the 1 person singular the ending at has become a and the suffix adopts an accusative form (§ 36, note 1). Examples : WVK, Vrinn*, JtaWK. The inflected stem of n\b has two forms,' as in *nin\i> and Vflflv. In the latter the shewa following yodh is vocal (Dalman, p. 108). The nominative form of the pronoun of the 3 person plural coalesces with fly, as in PTM (pSHy). The nominatives of other persons are also sometimes used in OJ (Deut. 1.9^ N3N n\b). 4. In OTA the subject pronouns of WN are expressed by means of suffixes of the ai form (ftoyVK, &c). Usages. 5. rVN and fly express ' there is ' and ' there are ' (there is not, there are not) ; e. g. ^n* in Kan JVK ' there is here a Jew' (20.9). They are regularly combined with y, ?J?, &c, to express the verb ' have ' ; e. g. ptp^B *J? J"ly V$ ' if you have no money' (15.9). Sometimes NX may be rendered by 'it is', e. g. "^na TVH N? ' it is not in my power ' (25. ii. 12). In OJ fly is used absolutely, like Hebrew P*? (Gen. 5. 24, 37. 30). 6. With a predicate, which may be a noun, adjective, or parti- ciple, these particles are equivalent to the English copula ; e. g. TV? 1J.5d n:n < I am not a king ' (20. 10), ann pnn WT3 n\b < this house will not be destroyed ' (20. 12). A subject noun or pronoun follows 1VN (Hv), except in relative sentences or for the sake of emphasis. 44 § 1 5 . rvx, n\b, etc. Before prepositional phrases, where IVN may also be translated ' is ', it really has the sense of ' there is ' or ' there exists ', e.g. ?3 na flW no 'everything that is (there is) in it' (26. 14; cf. Dan. 2. 30). § 16. VERBAL STEMS Reflexive and Passive. Active. ynarwt ithp«el ana pe a i simple anariK Ithpaal 3*B3 Pael Intensive anaRK Ittaphal 3VOK Aphel Causative 1*. The stems having preformative ith are reflexives, which serve also as passives. 2*. The Pael, Aphel, and Ithpeel of verbs final n, n, and y take pathah for sere in the final syllable. For other variations caused by the influence of gutturals see § 23. P e aL 3*. P e al perfects with e or u in the final syllable, princi- pally intransitive, occur especially in OJ. Examples : Ti^ ' be strong' (Gen. 1. 28) or 'be angry' (Gen. 4. 5), ^rpj (Gen. 3. 10), anj5 (Gen. 12. 1), b*f (Judg. 1. 1), D\^ (Gen. 15. 16), 3D? and 3, D3 (Gen. 2.21); TJO"*! and spO"*} (Gen. 2. 21). 5 occurs for u (THD, Kahle, p. 219) and i for e, especially in pause (Dalman, pp. 54 f., 257). In OTA e and J both occur, the latter generally in pause (anp, b0, *|j?n). Where MT has i the supralinear MSS. sometimes have e (Dan. 6. 21, pVT). Haphel. 4*. Haphels sometimes take the place of Aphels in PTM and OJ. The only examples in OJ are povi, ynin, and yain (Dalman). For OTA Haphels see note 11. 5. In ?wn, which is borrowed from Hebrew, the final vowel is i (Gen. 45.26 — Berliner) or e (Gen. 15.6 — Berliner). Supralinear MSS. give both po^n (Dalman, p. 302, note 2) and ?W (Merx). In Dan. 6. 24 the sublinear vowel is i and the supralinear is e. § 16. VERBAL STEMS 45 Ith forms. 6*. The Ithp e el and Ithpaal of verbs initial dental and sibilant are modified as follows (a) n of the prefix is assimilated to a following n, B, or 1 (thus nsTOK becomes T3TO). (3) n changes places with a following sibilant and after V and T becomes D and *T respectively. Examples : V®nptt, Tftisytt, JTHJN . Ittaphal forms are not affected pnoriK, Exod. 21. 29). 7. In PTM assimilation of n to 3 , a , , 3 and other consonants takes place occasionally. Examples : P"pSN = P^pSriK } nas = ^anx (21. 4), T.fe« = T.^W, HO^W = nowrw (28. 4). Dalman com- pares iaOd (Mark 7. 34) = nnsnx (§ 19, note 5). Cf. also Chrest. 4. 19, n^jpo = rnpno. 8. In the supralinear vocalization an intrusive vowel frequently appears after preformative JIN, in the perfect and other tenses (SUB'nk). Shaphel, &c. 9*. Shaphel causative forms are found. The most frequent are ^V^ 'complete' (passive ??ariK'K, Gen. 2. 1), T3gtf 'subdue' (Gen. 12.5), 3TB> 'rescue' (Gen. 37.21), T^ ' finish' (Gen. 2. 2). See § 26, note 6. 10. Less common forms are the Po'el and Pa'el (both = Arabic iii), with their passives (e.g. P»T, Gen. 24. 14). The Polel, Palel, and Palpel are formed from stems Y$ and y"y (§ 32, note 7, § 34, note 2). OTA. 11. OTA instead of Ittaphals uses Hophals and a perfect passive P e al of the form P e 'Il, especially in the 3 person . (naw. Dan. 5.28; law, Ezra 5.14; cf. HTPIK, Chrest. 1.8). Haphels for Aphels and preformative nn for HK are both normal in OTA, though not universal. With DDfriB'K (Dan. 4. 16) the Syriac forms having preformative FIK may be compared. 12. Where OJ has i in the final syllable (Pael, Aphel, Ithpeel) OTA sometimes has / and sometimes /. It is difficult to make 46 § 1 6. VERBAL STEMS a general statement on the subject, or to frame an accurate para- digm, because of the paucity of material. The following review includes all perfects, imperfects, imperatives, and participles of verbs other than those K'i? (§27), which agree with OJ, and *'V and V"V\§§ 3 2 and 34), which exhibit the vowels e and l in nearly equal proportion. In the PAEL perfect, examples of * number four, against one of e (Dan. 6. 1); in the imperf. and panic, there is one example of both on each side, of the imperat. no cases at all. In the HAPHEL the perfect (three examples) and the imperative (two examples) have e (excluding P?? «7?3 vmn pan? una 3P i. m . jana xa^na x^m jana Nana f. nwns nnaio-i ]m ^ 2 pl> m> pnavia .TKfm pnana f. w^na waio-n ^ana wan? , phlr . § 17. PERFECT TENSES 47 Table. 1*. The table represents the inflexion of all perfects, in a, i, and u. The analogy of OTA (note 6) suggests that the supra- linear 3 s. f. should be pronounced nana rather than nana (§ 2 . 6). Endings. 2*. The distinctive ending m is more common in OJ than in PTM (Dalman) and is predominant in OTA (n). 3*. The PTM plural endings un and an are borrowed from the imperf. tense, to which they properly belong, u and a also occur in PTM. 4. In PTM JJ\. occurs for ?3 and ?W. for pn, especially in Aphels. The e may have been transferred from the final syllable of the Aphel (Pael) stem. Dalman suggests the influence of the forms of § 21, note 7. Examples: jygBK (25.5), ^j?K (23. 9). The form l?$m (r 9 . tf. 9 ) = pgn$ + ja. Accent. 5*. In OJ only the 2 plur. terminations are accented ; in OTA the 2 plur., 3 s. f. (Syriac type—see note 6) and the 1 sing.; in PTM at least the 2 and 3 plur. terminations and possibly, like OTA, the 3 s. f. and 1 sing % OTA. 6. In OTA the 3 s. f. has two forms, one of the OJ type and the other resembling the Syriac form. The former occurs in two Peals (nnON, n>ea) and in the few cases there are of Hithpeel n 51 3 )- In the Haphel, besides nD'pn (§ 33 ), only nnatfn (Dan. 2. 25) occurs. The form resembles that of OJ and perhaps its vocalization, which is also that of a 3 s. f. perfect, should be nna^n ( as n»*pn) or nnaf n ( as in supralinear MSS.). The supra- linear MSS. of OTA have a larger proportion of OJ forms than MT in the 3 s. f. perfect, but they do not wholly eliminate the Syriac type. The absence of vowels in the texts of PTM leaves it uncertain how far they agree with the forms of OJ and how far with those of OTA. 48 § i7- PERFECT TENSES Syntax. 7. In PTM the 2 pi. masc. form is always used for the 2 pi. fem. and frequently the 3 pi. m. for the 3 pi. f. (Dalman). 8. In PTM and OTA perfect tenses alternate with participles in narratives regarding the past (cf. § 21), and the use of successive sentences unconnected by conjunctions (asyndeton) is characteristic, especially of PTM. OJ follows the Hebrew text in its use of conjunctions. The perfect is used to express unfulfilled conditions after PN (26. 18) and vW (21. 11, 24. 1, 27. 12) and sometimes also as the tense of the following apodosis (21. 11), but not generally (see § 22, note 2/). § 18. IMPERFECT TENSES PAEL.— OJ AND PTM P e AL.— OJ AND PTM Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. RO) 3W ?*ana;» aina? 3 masc. im avian jana* ' t : : • ainan fem. panan a>nan panan ataan 2 masc. JrW panan janan panan fem. 3*133 avoK aimaa ainax 1 m. and f. Stem vowels. 1*. The stem vowel of the imperf. P e al is rarely e, except in the case of verbs final aleph or yodh p 1 ?^, P^, \1 n ?)- Pathah is not usual in the imperff. P e al of intransitive verbs. For verbs final guttural see § 23. The occasional use of u for and of 1 for e may originally have been limited to pausal forms, where it is found with special frequency (Deut. 16. 29). 2*. The stem vowels of other imperff. than the P e al agree with the corresponding vowels of the perfect. Examples : B*33n*, inaiv, n?e>:. Preformative vowels. 3*. Supralinear preformative pathah (= seghol) in the 1 sing, imperf. P e al (as in Judg. 4. 7, 6. 15), except § 18. IMPERFECT TENSES 49 in the case of some verbs initial guttural (§ 23), is a usage of late Yemenite MSS. In OTA preformative seghol occurs twice in MT («!i?«, K$?aK)i and hireq once (VUN). 4*. In the supralinear MSS. published by Kahle the preforma- tive vowel of the 1 sing, imperf. Pael is regularly *N, and »K is commonly written in the unvocalized texts of PTM. This orthography is to be regarded as a representation of hateph seghol (§ 2. 8). OIK?*? in the MT of Zech. 7. 14 may be compared. The only 1 sing, imperf. Pael form in OTA is N?nt< (Dan. 2. 24). 5. After the final consonant of the preformative syllables of the imperff. Peal and Aphel an intrusive vowel (hireq) is sometimes indicated by the supralinear punctuation (eg. TH&W'' = PO??*, Deut. 15. 6 — Kahle p. 222). So also in the Ithp e el (§ 16, note 8). Prefix b. 6. Forms of 3 s. m. imperf. with preformative b (Brockelmann, Grundriss, i. 565) are found in PTM (21. ii. 6). Examples : *v6, bvh, nwij, p&b (W^, fob, rmb, p a (^?^), and e(>&) and those of the impff. Pael and Haphel ^or J(§ 16, note 12). In the Haphel imperf. uncontracted forms are nearly always used p-^n* , roBW). The plural ending u (or 0), for tin, occurs twice (§ 29, note 10; § 35, note 5). See also notes 3, 4 and 6. Syntax. 8. In PTM the uses of the imperfect tense are very strictly limited : (1) It is a jussive (21. ii. 6, 26. 17, 27.6) or imperative (with negative, 16. ii. 4, 19. ii. 7 f., 22. ii. 5 ; as a polite imperat., 24. ii. 7) 1 In the supralinear MSS. probably hireq, as Dan. 5. 17 (Strack). ?7*5 D 5© § 1 8. IMPERFECT TENSES and expresses wishes, imprecations (26, last line, 28, second last line) and resolves (18. 9, 28. 6 — see (4) below). (2) It is used after "n and N?* 5 * to express purpose (18. 13, 18. ii. 4, 21. 15), after N?" 1 } = lest (24. 3) and after T (or tibi) in dependence upon verbs of asking (21.2) and ordering (23. 5). (3) It is used modally (21. 3), especially in questions (19. ii. 9, 20. ii. 7, 24. ii. 2, 25. ii. 8). Cf. note 9 (3). (4) It is a future tense only when there is an implication of indefiniteness (19.^.3 'that I should go out', 22. 1 'should be married ', 28. 6, T3y« Ntf3 13 >b no^i bs ' everything that any one may bid me I will do '), in subordinate clauses. 9. In OJ the imperfect tense is used more extensively than in PTM. It is employed : (1) As an imperative, jussive, and voluntative, expressing com- mands and exhortations (Gen. 6. 21, Exod. 22. 24, Deut. 16. 18, Josh. 23. 8, 13, 1 Sam. 24. 13), and resolves (Gen. 6. 7, Josh. 24.15, 1 Sam. 24. 11). (2) After "\ P" 1 *! 3 in purpose clauses (Gen. 12. 13, 27. 25, Exod. 8.6, 11. 7, Deut. 4. 1, 5. 16, 8. 1, 11. 8). (3) As the usual equivalent of most Hebrew modal imperfects (to be rendered by may, might, would, should, must, &c). ' Could ' is expressed by an imperfect (2 Sam. 2.22, 1 Kings 8. 5) or a participle (1 Kings 18. 10, Jer. 24. 2), or by "\ ~W£& with an imperf. (Gen. 13. 16). 'Can' may also be expressed by "n "NS'BK (Isai. 49. 15). (4) As the ordinary future tense, for which PTM uses the participle. Examples: Gen. 2. 17, 3. 4, 49. 1, Exod. 4. 1, 6. 1, Deut. 16. 18, Josh. 1. 3, 18, 3. 5, 10, 13, 18. 8, 23. 5, 1 Sam. 24. 21. (5) In conditional sentences, following DN (Gen. 18.26, Exod. 22. 24, Josh. 23. 12) and *?K (Hebrew '3), Josh. 24. 20. A parti- ciple, however, is used to translate a Hebrew participle (Gen. 43-4 f -)- § 18. IMPERFECT TENSES 51 (6) As a future in the past (preterite future)— Gen. 2. 19, Exod. 2. 4, 1 Sam. 22. 22, 2 Kings 13. 14 — for which a participle (Gen. 43. 25, 1 Kings 7. 7) or 1. Trig w j t h an imperf. (2 Kings 3. 27) are possible alternatives. 10. In OTA the imperfect is used as the ordinary future tense, as a jussive, and in the various modal senses. It is also used in conditional sentences, referring to the future (English indefinite present). It seldom refers to the present or the past. 11. "W1J> ('ready', 'prepared') or j> TriJ( f with an infinitive, also expresses future time in OJ and PTM (Gen. 4. 10, 41. 28, Exod. 16. 23 ; Dalman, Grammar, p. 268 f). 12. Sometimes an imperfect tense depends directly upon a governing verb, without "n (§ 7, note 7) being prefixed (29. 21, f?3! jntJD rfr™ \hr;> pya Nan 'Our teachers here ask (that) I should pray, so that rain may fall '). Cf. Nan p ^ pifi3 Nn-»»T NED i>3 l T t * • • ' * T ; • ; t~ t (19. iii. 3) 'the only remedy of the affair is that I should go out from here '. For ^2 and plB3 see note 13. 13. In PTM the 1 plur. imperf. is often used for the 1 sing, impf. (19. iii. 3, 21. 1, 24.^7, 29.21; Dalman, p. 265^). Cf. Dan. 2.36, and see § 21, note 14. § 19. IMPERATIVES Pael. P e AL. OJ 3 ^3 V30 T3$? 3^3 2 s. m. *?7?3 W 'T?K *?V13 f. WHS W3D ,T 3J? «V13 2 pi. m T • - NJ?3» . t~ : NTay Nains t : f. PTM 3»ri3 j»p -pay airo 2 s. m. Pan? r?3» P13y Pans f. pans IW3D fray P3TH3 2 pi. m, W? !WP n?y farna f. 52 § 1 9. IMPERATIVES 1*. In PTM the terminations are accented, in OJ unaccented. 2*. The final stem vowel of an imperative form agrees generally with that of the corresponding imperfect tense (cf. § 18, note 1). 3*. The MSS. of PTM indicate only u as the stem vowel of the inflected forms of the P e al imperatives, i was probably in some cases the stem vowel, as well as a (see § 25, note 5, and § 36, note 9). t n ?V might have been given as the paradigm form. 4*. In OJ and PTM the plural imperative of the derived stems is the same as their 3 plur. perf. and in some verbs the plural imperat. P e al is also ambiguous (W?9, |W3D). 5. iaOd is understood by Dalman (p. 278, note 1) to be 2 plur. fem. imperative Ethp e el, having n assimilated to (§16, note 7) and with the fem. plur. ending silent as in Syriac, the man's ears being addressed (in Dalman ' Augen ' should be 'Ohren'). Accordingly NnneriN = nnBK = ia6d (n not being distinguished from N in Galilee — Dalman, p. 57 f.). OTA. 6. OTA imperatives agree in terminations and accentua- tion with the imperatives of OJ. The OTA forms corresponding to 3ins and TTOK are 3ri3 (one example) and inin (two examples). § 20. INFINITIVES BAB PTM OJ OJ nrap anao P^al ninar? Karoo t : : * *ata3 Karoo T T - ; roans T — K3R3 T T - Pael •giros VQFOO t t ; - roanaK T ; — KanaK t t : - Aphel •ainariN Kansno T t ; ; • roansnK KaHSHK t t ; ; . Ithp e el •ainrnx Ksnzno t t - ; ■ ivamm N3D3DK t t - : • Ithpaal Kanano t t • - • norpFiK N3T13PIN t t ; - • Ittaphal §20. INFINITIVES 53 Orthography. 1*. The feminine ending of the infinitives of the derived stems in PTM is often represented by n, and this orthography is usual in OTA. BAB. 2. The forms under BAB, which are of Babylonian origin, occur occasionally in OJ (Judg. 3. 26) and PTM (23. 3). OJ. 8*. The OJ forms in uth are used in the construct and with suffixes. Penultimate a is unchangeable (iWWMB, Gen. 14. 17). PTM. 4*. The infinn. of the derived stems in PTM are in- flected like feminine nouns (finnpBD, 16. ii. 8— infin. Aphel of PB?). OTA. 5. In OTA the forms are generally those of OJ, but with preformative n for K (see paradigm, p. 95). ngwn (Ezra 4. 22), with construct ending as in PTM, is exceptional. Infin. P«al. 6*. In OJ and OTA infinn. P«al are inflected as nouns of the B class *3")pe, |in:nj?D (§ I2 , note 5). In PTM the termination 3— (§ 36, note 8) is added to the P^al infinitive before suffixes (iTO?"]??). Syntax. 7. The adverbial use of the Hebrew infin. absolute (as in Deut. 15. 4, 5, 8) is exactly reproduced by OJ, and the P*al infinitive form is then generally written 3ri30 in the supralinear MSS. (but cf. fan? in 2 Sam. 24. 24, Kahle, p. 28). The idiom is infrequent in PTM (Dalman, p. 280). 8. I^OJ an infinitive dependent on a governing verb is nearly always preceded by b, even when there is no preposition in the Hebrew text (Exod. 2. 3, Deut. 1. 19, 2.25, Num. 22.14, Judg. 8.3, Isai. 1. 14). In OTA the use of f> is invariable. In PTM both constructions occur, with b (19. ii. n, 20. ii. 1 and 3, 22. ii. 6, 24. ii. 1 and 4, 26. 10), and without b (19. ii. 10, 27. 2, 3, 6 and 8, 29. 7). 9. A Hebrew infinitive in the nominative case is generally replaced in OJ by "] with an imperfect (Gen. 2. 18, 29. 19, Exod. 54 § 20. INFINITIVES 14. 12, Judg. 18. 19), or a perfect (Gen. 30. 15), or a partic. (Isai. 7. 13). Examples of the retention of the infin. occur in 1 Sam. 15. 22, 29. 6, Isai. 10. 7. 10. The Hebrew negative ^f?f is represented in OJ by bna ? N^ (with an infin.), e.g. in Gen. 3. 11, 4. 15, Deut. 4. 21, 8. n, Josh. 5. 6, Judg. 2. 23. In OTA j> t*b with an infin. means 'must not be '. 11. A peculiarity of the syntax of OTA is that a single object noun, with no qualification, stands before a governing infin. (Dan. 3.16, 5.16, &c). Cf. Dan. 2.12, 3.19, 5.7, 7.25, where the object follows. Objects such as generally follow a governing infin. may also precede the infin. (Dan. 2. 10, 3. 32, 5. 15, &c.) and do so freely in Ezra (4. 14, 5. 13, &c). § 21. PARTICIPLES Aphel. Pael. PTM OJ P*AL. 3^30 n»rop Trap yr\3 *• T active arop anap ajriisp 2^n| passive Ittaphal. Ithpaal. Ithp 6 el. 3PI3P10 ansnD aviano Forms. 1*. Since verbs final guttural and resh have a for e in all final syllables ip« is the partic. P e al of ">P$, and there is no distinction between the active and passive forms of the Pael and Aphel participles of such verbs. On the other hand, Sn'W (Deut. 3- 3. J ud g- 12 - 5) and 3\rri^p (from 2W, rescue) are passives as well as actives. 2*. In OJ l sometimes appears for final e (so Tny in 1 Kings 1. 6, Kahle, p. 28, and D'rnp in Deut. 28. 50, Kahle, p. 225). § 21. PARTICIPLES 55 P e al particc. used as nouns always have l in the supralinear punc- tuation (so 1^3, THE), p^Q). I n OTA e is usual, but eight words have I for i, viz. : ivpn, bsp, *>b&d, i>.fep, pu, pjn, nm, by. 3*. The particc. of intrans. verbs have the same forms as those of trans, verbs. Examples : TOT (also ipOT) 'sleeping'; j" 1 ?} (also TCI) 'trusting', 'hoping'; bw (also birn) < fearing '. 4*. Words of the form 3"»ri3 may have an active sense. Exam- ples : T3D ' thinking ' ; "^n ' remembering ' ; «^pri (? also awi) ' wondering '. 5. The form nrpop occurs occasionally in PTM and 3JR3p (especially with verbs medial guttural) in OJ (Gen. 2. 9). Inflexions. 6. Participles are inflected like nouns of the B class (§ 10, note 7). There is, therefore, no formal distinction between active and passive in the particc. Pael and Aphel when these are inflected (KaijOB, & c .). Forms like p.TDD (17. ii. 18), J^pD (23.8), tow (27. 2), and NTZiy (28.17) occur in the un- vocalized texts of PTM and are read by Dalman as NT3y, & c . They do not occur in MSS. having a supralinear vocalization (Dalman, p. 311). Possibly yodh in such cases signifies vocal shewa (§ 2. 8). 7*. Shortened forms of the personal pronouns of the first and second persons («3, J3, ri, and |W) joined to particc. make a new tense form. Examples : N3yT (Gen. 4. 9), n53") (Berliner) or ???! (Merx), in Num. 22. 30, n$nt (Deut. n. 10, Kahle, p. 16), rrn; (25. ii. 8), 1 pm?T (Judg. 5. 16). See also § 30, note 5. 8. Tense forms got by uniting particc. and perf. terminations also occur, e.g. pbsp (or f^p, § 28, note i), meaning 'they prayed ' (Dalman, p. 284). 1 So Dalman (cf. Gram., p. 290) ; why not |3 , yi > ? 56 §2i. PARTICIPLES Syntax. 9. In PTM participles take over much of the early usage of imperfect tenses. They serve as an ordinary future tense (15.9, 16.5 — 3V)J, 20.11, 23. ii. 8, 26.3), and as the English indefinite present (= future) in conditional sentences (16. ii. 13), and they express promises (15. 10, 20. ii. 11) and general truths (23. 8). With ny 'while' (14.11.4), and in an object sentence dependent on a past tense (16. ii. 11) they are used as past pro- gressives and may sometimes be rendered by an English past tense (24. 2). The use of particc. in place of perfect tenses in narratives of past events is very characteristic (24. ii. 3, 25. ii. 2 fF., 27. 9 — 10. In OJ particc. often represent Hebrew imperff. (or consecu- tive perff.), but not to the same extent as in PTM and not in the same uses. Acts customary in the present (Exod. 18. 15, Num. 11. 12, Deut. 1. 31 and 44, Judg. 7. 5, 10. 4, 1 Sam. 5.5, 16. 7, 2 Kings 9. 20) or in the past (Gen. 29. 2, Num. 9. 20, Judg. 2. 19, 6.5, 14.10, 1 Sam. 1. 3, 6, 7, 2. 13 f. and 19) are expressed by particc. For the different idiom employed by PTM, see § 22, note 2 (c). In questions understood of present time, a Hebrew imperf. is rendered in OJ by a participle (Gen. 32. 29 = 32. 30, 37. 15, Exod. 2 - x 3> 3- 3> J ud S- r 7-9> l 9- *7> x Sam - '• 8 » 2 5- IO » 28 - l6 V So, also, when the Hebrew imperf. denotes continuance of a state through a period in the past (Gen. 2. 25, Exod. 13. 22, 1 Sam. 1. 13, Isai. 10. 7) or the future (1 Sam. 1. 14). 11. In OTA the partic. is the ordinary equivalent of a present tense (Dan. 2. 8) and a very frequent alternative to a perfect in narratives of past events (Dan. 4. 4, Ezra 5. 3). It is also used as a progressive tense, descriptive of events in the present (Dan. 3. 25 — }»3^no) or the past (Dan. 5. 5 — nana), and in stating general 1 In O J an imperfect in questions is to be understood as a future (Gen. 16.8), or in a modal sense (Gen. 27. 45, 1 Sam. 17. 8, 28. 15). Cf. § 18, note 9. §21. PARTICIPLES 57 truths (Dan. 2. 21). Occasionally it alternates with the imperfect as a future tense (Dan. 4. 29). 12. When the pronoun subject of a partic. is in the third person, it is often left unexpressed (Chrest. 15. 11, 16. ii. 3, 20.8, 24.10, 27.9; Dan. 4.4, 4.32). 13. A general statement with an indefinite subject is expressed by the plural of a partic. without an explicit subject. Examples : Chrest. 27.11, 'men despise'; Ezra 6.3, 'men sacrifice'; Dan. 4. 28, equivalent to a passive 'you are addressed'. 14. The 1 pers. plur. of the participle tense (note 7) may be used for the 1 pers. sing. (Dalman, p. 266). Cf. § 18, note 13. 15. Some verbs take as their complement a participle, instead of an infin. Examples: Wp (14. ii. 1), *1^ (16. ii. 9, 20.10), 13J( (19. 13). , "n? (' begin') is used with particc. in the Peshitta, but with infinn. in OJ (Gen. 6. 1, Deut. 2. 31, Judg. 10. 18, 13. 5, 1 Sam. 14. 35) and in OTA (Ezra 5. 2). § 22. COMPOUND TENSES 1*. The tenses of the verb njn * become ' form compound tenses with the participles of other verbs. These compound tenses occur frequently in PTM and are also a characteristic feature of OTA. They are seldom used by OJ. 2. In PTM the perfect of njn joined to a present participle expresses : {a) A pas/ progressive tense, in sentences introduced by 'who' or 'when' (14. ii. 1, 15. ii. 1, 22.7) and in circumstantial clauses (15. 6, 16. ii. 5). It describes a prolonged state or act in the past., where in English a past tense is a possible (22. 3, 27. ii. 1) or a preferable (16. ii. 5, 16. ii. 8) alternative. The verbs employed are very frequently intrans. verbs denoting state or condition. Exam- ples: V?K njn 13 'when he was coming', JHJ njn NVH 'now he 58 § 22. COMPOUND TENSES knew'. In the sentence rfy '""3 &b rmoNi ntaiODK ia iT33 mm T - ' !" T T ; ; . t; T T-S- (29. 6) the compound tense possibly expresses a past inchoative, * when she began weeping in the street, I asked her what was the matter '. (b) A pluperfect progressive tense, in sentences dependent on a past tense (16. 6, 'he found that he had been selling'). (c) A habit or custom, in the present (21. 12) or the past (22. ii. 2, 23. ii. 7, 27. i, 28.6, 'he used to say'). (d) An act repeated in the past a number of times, by the same or by different persons (15.3, 19, ii. 15— nin fBTib *m nirn fKD ^| ?!*l'3V— 21 - 13,22.7). (e) A future in the past (preterite future), 'he lay down beside one of them in order to learn what they would say' (17. ii. 4 f.). (/) A P ast conditional, expressing ' would have '(22.9, after ^n , 24. 2, 27. 12, both in apodoses of conditional sentences, after unful- filled conditions). 3. The participle tense of nin (see § 21, note 7) may be used, instead of its perfect tense, in combination with the present parti- ciple of another verb. Examples : N*he N^jn ' I repeatedly un- covered' (22. 7), ^n iyDD n:\in no ' How could I have diverted my attention ? ' (29. 28). For the expression of ' could have ' by a compound tense see also note 5. 4. In OTA the uses of the perfect compound tense, so far as they occur, are the same as in PTM. Examples: (a) Dan. 2. 31, 5. 19 — py)T Vin 'trembled', describing a prolonged state or condi- tion; (c) Dan. 5. 19— !>Dj5 njn 'he used to kill'; (d) Dan. 6. 11, three times in the day he knelt on his knees and prayed ' (spa Kin N.?XtM • • •) and Dan. 6. 5, ' they sought repeatedly to find an excuse' (HJQ iin). In Dan. 6. 15 n^neto njn may be classed under (a) or (<*). 5*. In OJ a participle or an imperfect tense is generally used where PTM would use a compound perfect tense. A compound § 22. COMPOUND TENSES 59 perfect is, however, sometimes used to describe an act or state extending over a period of time (Gen. 2. 6, 19, Josh. 4. 14, 'as they had reverenced ') or repeated at intervals during a period of time (Gen. 31. 18). It is also used in the apodosis of condi- tional sentences (Judg. 11. 39, 'he would have redeemed') and to express * could have ' (Gen. 43. 7). It is of course the regular equivalent of the same compound tense in Hebrew (Gen. 4. 17, 37. 2, &c). 6*. The imperfect Nnj joined to the present participle of another verb is used (a) as a future progressive tense (Exod. 1. 16, after "13), (b) to express future custom or habit (Dan. 2. 43), and (c) after "=} and N^J to express result or effect {Chrest. 16. ii. 14, 18. 15, 20. 5 ; Dan. 6. 3, Ezra 6. 10, 7. 25 f.) or the substance of a command (22. ii. 3 f.). As an alternative to a simple jussive this tense perhaps implies emphasis or menace {Chrest. 19. ii. 17; cf. Ezra 6. 8f.). For corresponding uses of the imperfect see § 18, note 8 (2). 7. A relative sentence contains a compound tense when there is a compound tense in the associated principal clause (Dan. 5. 19 — N?? «Ji| »1— Ezra 7. 26, Chrest. 19. ii. 15). 8*. nin joined to a passive participle provides the equivalent of a simple perfect passive (17. ii. 2, 25. ii. 10 ; Dan. 6. 4, Ezra 5. n). X>y\ with a passive participle is used as a jussive passive (Dan. 3. 18, Ezra 4. 12, 6. 8 f.); cf. note 6. 9. In PTM, as in Syriac, the perfect of any verb may be slightly strengthened by prefixing to it the perfect of nin (Dalman, P- 257 f-)- 10. NFW in combination with an infinitive is sometimes equiva- lent to a compound tense (20. ii. 10— «runp Bn33» 'K *n»nD 'after (he) had conquered the city '. 6o § 23. INFLUENCE OF GUTTURALS UPON VERBAL FORMS The influence of gutturals (n, n, y) and of n upon the vowels of verbal forms is not as extensive as in Hebrew, but, so far as it goes, is similar in character. 1*. Pathah holds the place of normal sere in the final syllable of all parts of verbs final guttural or resh (Pael, Aphel, partic. P*al, &c). In the final syllable of imperff. and imperatives Peal pathah is usual, but o also occurs before final resh and final 'ayin, especially in PTM. In OTA pathah is used in all the cases covered by this section. The verbs of §§ 27, 32, and 34 are not included. 2*. In the imperf. P°al preformative pathah is used in some verbs (e.g. t2Szr)l } piety, Tiy;), but hireq is more common (Dalman). In OTA ?nayn (twice), f^rr (once) and rn£ or tryin (thrice), with the imperfect forms of njn (wnn , & c .), are the only P e al imperff. of verbs initial guttural that occur. Dalman (page 93) makes the supralinear pathah of *V^ equivalent to seghol (hence Chrest. 18.4, 19. ii. 9, 20. ii. 7). 3*. Apparently the only infln. with preformative pathah is *T?J(0. In OTA the form is t?yo (twice) and Dalman follows this analogy in his Dialekiproben (18. 14, 29. 7). 4*. Pathah furtive is used in the pass, partic. P e al of verbs final guttural (D^f). See also § 32, note 1. 5*. An intrusive pathah separates the termination n from the stem of verbs final guttural. E. g. firorif n (Dan. 5. 27). 6*. Vocal shewa following a guttural in the supralinear punctua- tion is to be pronounced as the sublinear hateph would be. Supralinear pathah in perff. like ">DN signifies hateph pathah and sere in imperative forms like "»»''&? and "O'JJ signifies hateph seghol. See § 2. 7, 8. 7*. An intrusive hateph (before vocal shewa an intrusive § 23. GUTTURAL INFLUENCE ON VERBAL FORMS 61 pathah) is indicated in some MSS. of OJ after initial y and initial n in the imperf. and infin. forms of the P e al (Aphel, Shaphel). "P?S{! and "nyo are most frequently so treated. Cf. Judg. 1 2. 5 p3K£) and 16. 24 (Snnp, Hebraism?). In some MSS. after y an intrusive hireq is indicated, in harmony with the hireq of the preformative syllable (Dalman, p. 93; Kahle, p. 223). For forms with intrusive vowels in OTA see note 2. 8*. In the intensives of verbs medial resh, in which the medial radical is not doubled, the preceding pathah is regularly lengthened into compensation qames and, similarly, sometimes before medial y or N. Examples : Tjn.2, ^ya, 3»KD. In Dan. 5. 9 the sublinear reading is /HZino an( j tne supralinear is ^nanp (or i'nanp). 9. N between two vowels was pronounced yodh (Dalman, p. 60), hence PTM in the inflected forms of the active partic. P e al of verbs medial aleph and in the intensive forms of s^W and ~MP writes » for N. PTM W and "M8> = OJ W (Gen. 43. 7— Dalman, p. 305) and "WB\ See also § 33, note 2. § 24. VERBS INITIAL NUN nru P\fe ,pfy 3 'P? ,3M nin\i P& 2Q1 nin po 2D vun 'P9 ttD nrrp pDO HDD rrir^D pi DD 31DD •* T p^D 3»D3 •• T rvrix P^K rvrv P*K rvnN PW T T - Ki?DK rvnp PW PD? Peal perf. p\B] imperf. pia imperat. qra pso infin. pisp PTM P*w partic. P** Aphel perf. P's: imperf. P^K imperat. MpfiM •T T ™ infin. P*#P partic. 62 § 24. VERBS INITIAL NUN Assimilation. 1*. Assimilation of nun to the medial radical takes place in the impff. and inff. P e al and in all the tenses of the Aphel and Ittaphal. Nun and its vowel (shewa) generally dis- appear in the imperat. P e al. 2*. In verbs medial n and medial y assimilation of nun does not take place (Gen. 1. 17, ^l^K). Unassimilated forms of other verbs also occur (22. ii. 9, *lft3?; Gen. 26. 11, p\W!). 3*. The vocalization of verbs medial n , according to the supra- linear punctuation, is shown above. Where pathah is written in the perfect Aphel (Gen. 2. 5, Merx), it may be understood to denote hateph pathah (§ 2. 7). P e al imperatt. and inflnn. 4*. The stem vowels of the imperative P e al do not become vocal shewa in the inflected forms, as they do in Hebrew (see table above). Forms with nun pre- served sometimes occur in PTM. a'p (15.9, 16. ii. 7) is an alternative to 3D. 5. Infinitives like PS» are normal in OJ, and those like pte» in PTM. Ithp e el. 6. Ithp e el forms sometimes assimilate n of the prefix to the following nun (§ 16, note 7). p^D 7*. In p^D / assimilates regressively, so that forms like those of verbs initial nun are produced. The infin. Haphel n i?p3n (Dan. 6. 24) is a case of erroneous dissimilation (cf. § 10, ■note 12). OTA. 8. So far as examples occur, notes 1-4 apply to OTA. The only verb medial guttural is riru, whose nun is assimilated in the Haphel imperfect (nrw), imperative (Ezra 5. 15, nriN r T\nx) and partic. (r™iriD), but not in the Hophal (nnan). Other verbs with unassimilated forms are jru (imperf., inf.), pBJ (Aphel), and PT3 (Aphel). There are two e imperfects, b& (as Syriac ; OJ Hfi?) and ]F}i) or JW. For the imperat. Kfe> see § 27, note ro, and for P.c'D. note 7. 63 § 25. VERBS INITIAL ALEPH Aphel. pe AL . 1*?ta b& now b?X perf. T ^ ^ TD« bta» imperf. 1»3te b»V* >T» TV* bs* imperat. n ^ M ^T« *WK £*3»K OJ P" 1 ?^ I^]K }"ON p$>3K PTM N *S iN ^r» tod ^» i n fi n . T ^0 ^ npN ^3K partic. 1*. In the imperf. and infin. Pe a l and in the Aphel N coalesces with the preformative vowel into i and respectively, and the orthography is generally the same as that of verbs initial yodh (tfa«, T3iK). P e al imperf. 2*. The imperfects P°al, that have pathah as their stem vowel, are ">0«, 13", *\b"„, and ID" (but also "tiD^). The final stem vowel of the imperatives of these words is also pathah (in Hebrew holem). Ha» does not belong to the group (unlike Hebrew fetf). Imperat. 3*. The supralinear imperatives TOK, fox, &c., although pointed with sere, should probably be pronounced 1DK , ^ 3 8. &c - (§ 2- 8), as in OTA pDK). In the supralinear MSS. of OJ ?T« (Exod. 33. 1, Deut. 10. 11— Kahle, pp. 5 and 15) and bm (Judg. 18. 19— Praetorius) both occur, and the plural form is tyf* (Josh. 2.1, 18.8). In the singular Berliner's Onkelos has both e (Deut. 10. 11) and i (Gen. 22. 2, Exod. 3. 16, 33. 1). In all these forms yodh presumably at first represented a hurried vowel (vocal shewa). 4*. Some verbs (e.g. b?K, NriX) use shortened imperatt. P*al as alternatives to the full forms (^T, fr); Wi, W— in Dalman b*)). For the ending 5 in fa see § 29. 6 4 § 25. VERBS INITIAL ALEPH 5*. The stem vowel i of the imperat. plur. of PTM is indicated in the texts for some words and may have been the stem vowel of all words of this class. The analogy of the imperat. sing, with suffixes points to i or u (§ 36, note 9). Dalman's pointing fv]N and pbatf (23. 1) seems unlikely. Aphel. 6*. Of the Aphels with preformative sere that occur in PTM only b^K , P 1 ?^ and some verbs having both initial K and final N, such as NHK, are recognized by Dalman (p. 298 f.) as correct. The salutation "^8 'hail' {Chrest. 29. 19) is also supposed to be an Aphel form (imperative). In OJ and OTA pDM (§ 16, note 5) and W« or WK (OTA wn, W), from NPiW, are used. Contracted forms. 7. Contraction takes place in the imperf., infin., and partic. of e^N (T.K «?b», vbp = *l\b* » &c). Contracted Ithp e els and Ithpaals also occur (e.g. TOR* = 1DSJTN and tnnK ==, insriN. There seems to be similar contraction of verbs initial yodh (in T^flN, Gen. 4. 18, 26, 24. 15, Merx). Unusual forms. 8. ll* and cj^ (18. ii. 2) are used as alterna- tive forms of na« and p£k (cf. § 23, note 9). NO« (=T»*2) is a Babylonian form, which occurs in PTM (16. 5). H?*3* (17. "• 7) seems to have no parallel and may be an error for jybaK (§ 21, note 7) or Kjb*?«. OTA. 9. The variations of OTA are as follows. Etymo- logical aleph is generally written in the P e al imperf. and infin. few, "TOKO), except in the cases of Nno and WO, from ten* and MTK (§ 27). In the Poal imperat. N is generally followed by hateph seghol and in "btK (Ezra 5. 15) sere is its equivalent (cf. note 3 and nj£, Dan. 3. 22, = niK, pass. ptc. P e al). In Dan. 7. 5, where MT has ^JOK, Strack's supralinear text reads *ba«, i.e. \baK (§ 2. 8, 9) The Hophal. perf. Wn (Dan. 7. n) has the same form as the Hophal of verbs initial yodh. See also note 6 and the table of verbs, p. 96. § 26. VERBS INITIAL YODH AND WAW Aphel. P e AL. a^ciK jit an? yr b*y perf. n*?.? aw ^??V ni« w sn? bia? imperf. a*Bi« TO a*n yn — imperat «»ota inn o»n qn Nat^K an» jn» bar? infin. rwo anna yTD bans peal prefixes. 1*. In the imperf. and infin. P e al yodh coalesces with the preformative vowel into(i) (OTA artf) ' rescue' has no P e al in use (? = ^W). 73iD (Ezra 6. 3) may be regarded as a causative of 73\ with D as in some Syriac forms. For 'JW (? from H)r) see § 27, note 8. Ithp e eL 7. For elision of yodh in Ithp«el forms see § 25, note 7. 3rP 8. In PTM forms with elided n are used (e.g. rpy = ivan», Chrest. 29. 8). In OJ and OTA the imperf. and infin. of jru take the place of the corresponding parts of 3iT and are the only parts of fro in use (see § 24, note 8). In PTM they are alternatives to an** or 3*rp and 3n*D. OTA. 9. For a synopsis of the forms of OTA see table, p. 96. In P e al perff. and imperff. the stem vowel / corresponds to OJ e ( 3 ^;, 'T. ; 3FP). In the imperf. P e al preformative i and e both occur (73?, 30^). yi^ is always, erroneously, dissimilated to JW (seven times). The normal Haphel form is like 3rrtn (cf. note 4) and a Hophal form (HMPI) occurs once. See also notes 6 and 8. § 27. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH ITTAPHAL. ITHPAAL. lTPH e EL. ApHEL. PaEL. P e AL. nnriN *?™n s !DriN TO *?o Njn pert. NtrURN wnrw N!D?n nruv nnrv 'inn; ♦trr MIV \W imperf. nnriN "•innx 'inns TO ID *!P imperat. nwnni* t t : ~ • nwnrw Tt" i • nNtnnK tt-: : • nwnn t t : * nwn Tt* nnp infin. tt : ~ • K*tnnD tt - : : * tt : ~ Tt" : PTM wid' Mnno \tnnp *yp Mnp \W act. ptc. wnno \tn pass, ptc PTM § 27. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 67 Pinal vowels of stem. 1*. In the bare stem forms, with- out an inflexional ending, the final radical coalesces with the preceding vowel into t or e or a or a. a. occurs only in the per- fect Pe a l (3 s. m.) and in the OJ adverbial infin. (note 6). a comes from at (cf. § 13, note 2) and the forms of the paradigm in which it is found seem to be peculiar to OJ (see, however, note 6). In OJ and PTM the distinctive orthography n\i\ is more common, in this verb, than Kjn (cf. Mil). 2*. Intransitive perfects P«al ending in l in OJ are: 'Z&, *??, *in, *?*, &c. VV (or VlBfc, with prosthetic vowel) is the only form of the kind in PTM (Dalman). In OTA »w (or *«te) and <2Xoccur. 8. Where I appears in the final syllable of imperfects, it may be regarded as due to scribal error (Dalman). 4*. In Yemenite MSS. P e al imperatt. of the form \in are correc- tions of *jn under the influence of Hebrew (Diettrich, ZATW., xx, p. 151). Infin. forms. 5*. In OJ the third radical of feminine infinn. is written aleph but pronounced yodh (cf. § 23, note 9). The writing of yodh twice in forms like N^n», &c, is a characteristic of unvocalized MSS. n is used in PTM less frequently than n to denote the feminine ending of infinitives. 6. In OJ an infin. P e al of the form Ktrip i s used as an adverbial infin. (cf. § 20, note 7). The PTM form NtriD may have been pro- nounced N]np, from nriD. In 25. ii. 4 Dalman points a in the final syllable (N»nr?f>). Pass, partic. 7*. The passive partic. P<>al is sometimes pointed with final t by supralinear MSS. (Deut. 25. 10, Josh .7. 10). Shaphel. 8. The Shaphel form TV 'complete', may be derived from wn. For the e of the preformative syllable see § 26, notes 4 and 6. OTA. 0. The vocalic endings of the uninfected forms of the perff., imperff., and participles of OTA are a, I, and e, as in 68 § 2 7 . VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH § 28. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 69 OJ (see table, p. 96). Final yodh is written when the vowel is i O??™!!) and in TIplV (Dan. 5. 12). In other cases — when the final vowel is a or / — « or n is written at the end of the word, without any precise distinction between them. Examples : Nya and <"iy3 ; Njn? ; Njnp; Kjn an d njn ; naa. For the form njK (Dan. 3.22) see § 25, note 9. In Ezra 6. 15 the Kethibh is N^K>, the Qere W or 'W- 10. There are three examples of a 2 s. m. imperat. in OTA, one Pael (TO, Ezra 7. 25, for TO) and two P e als (*n, in Dan. 2. 4, &c, and Kfe>, Ezra 5. 15, from K&3). 11. The third radical of the infinitives of the derived stems is always yodh in the Kethibh of MT (WWr\ } &c). There are, however, supralinear and other MSS. in which aleph is read, as in OJ, by the Q e re (see Strack's notes on Daniel 2. 10 and 6. 9). 12. The forms np (Ezra 4. 18, 23) and ^3 (Dan. 2. 30) or \b (Dan. 2. 19) and the plural Vtp. (Dan. 3. 21, 7. 9) are examples of perfect P e Ils (§ 16, note n). § 28. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH (P erfc ;ct tenses) Aphel. P*AL. P*AL. PTM OJ PTM OJ PTM OJ ^ns *ne> Kin 3 s. m. rvnnN riK^riN rvw ntonp f. n- NrinriK n- T • ; n- Nrnn 2 s. m. nnn« rwne> rnn f. n- winx n. ■ wnf n. win 1 s. com. firm* wins jinf wntf pfn irn 3 PL m - W HN^nX — •■writ? t : - HKTn f. ivwrw JWntf prvtn 2 pi. in. pnnnx pn-nc' rown f. ??!W sunrw ??w t • : ?3\!D t •— ; 1 pi. com Endings. 1*. The OJ plural terminations i (3 masc.) and ?in (2 masc.) are peculiar to this class of verbs and are used in the P e al only. Dalman makes the corresponding endings of PTM on and tun (?) and extends the use of on to all perfects, in accordance with the analogy of OJ imperfects. 2*. The distinctive endings NTi and *n occur frequently in OJ and to a less extent in PTM. In OTA the endings of the 2 sing. masc. and 1 sing, are n and n respectively, and there is no example of 2 s. f. 3rd radical. 3*. Before all consonantal endings the third radical of these verbs coalesces with the preceding stem vowel into /or i, as shown in the table. In * perfects the reading e, for i, by Yemenite MSS. is due to late correctors (Diettrich, ZATW., vol. xx, P- 151 f-)- 4*. In the 3 s. f. of i perfects and in the 3 pi. f. of all perfects, OJ retains consonantal aleph (pronounced as yodh) and PTM consonantal yodh (TM], 18. 3; Tin?, 21. ii. 7). There are two cases in OTA, both of which agree with PTM in writing yodh (Jinan* , Dan. 7. 15, and ffJJfl, Dan. 6. 18). In MT these two forms follow two different systems of punctuation. One of the MSS. used by Strack supplies the variant reading rnvn. I n PTM JVnnK and pnrw are unvocalized forms for JVjnK (? nw or rvtnK) and fJjriK. In OJ « appears also in the 3 pi. m. of all i perfects. 5. In PTM forms of the 3 s, f. and 3 pi. m. perf. P*al, with con- sonantal yodh retained, sometimes occur. Presumably they were pronounced like n^n and pnn respectively (§ 17). Dalman's pointing of flW (22.19) and njya (27.2) seems to follow the analogy of the OTA (Hophal) form rvTiVj (note 4). In OTA the Knhibh preserves one 3 s. f. perf. P*al with consonantal yodh (lTDO,Dan. 4. 21). OTA. 6. In OTA before consonantal terminations the final syllable of the stem becomes I in i perfects (?TO), ai in the 2 s. m. 70 § 28. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH of ordinary perff. P e al (rvtn) and in ^33 or PBVaa < I have built it ' (Dan. 4. 27), e in other forms (n\tD, Krj;a). See also note 2. 7. In the 3 sing. fem. perf. P e al the forms ntn and Wl are written by MT without discrimination. Strack uniformly prints njn. In other respects the 3 s. f. of perfect tenses agrees with PTM (see notes 4 and 5). There is no example in OTA of a pi. fem. perf. 8. In one 3 pi. m. form (WP'!J, § 31, note 6) consonantal yodh is retained and the vocalization is that of the normal verb (§ 17). With this exception the 3 pi. m. is like that of OJ (ty3), with a variation of orthography in the I perfects (I^N, VX&), which is also found in some MSS. of OJ (Berliner, Massorah, p. 92). In Dan. 6. 17 and 6. 25 Strack's supralinear text reads wn. The only case of a 2 pi. m. is pn\in (Dan. 2. 8), for which supralinear MSS. read jinnn. 9. Baer's reading of seghol for sere in the final syllable of pausal imperff.Pael and Haphel (Dan. 2. 4, 7, 24 and 5. 12) is not accepted by Strack. § 29. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH (imperfects, imperatives and infinitives) P*AL. Singular. Imperfect. PTM OJ \tn? 3 masc. TO fem. \tnn 2 masc. prnn pnn f em . "tnn nro nnx 1 com. Plural. P* n ! Pin* 't: • • jirnn §29. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 7 i PTM APHEL. OJ PTM P e AL. OJ IMPERATIVE. nnx vn 2 s. m. nnx KtnN nn urn f. ptnx i?n« fttn irn 2 pi. m. — — — nwn f. Imperflf. 1*. The imperfect plur 1 masc. termination on is known from the MSS. of OJ and OTA and is extended by analogy to PTM. The 2. s. f. endings in PTM are read by Dalman (p. 339) as ain and ai respectively. P'tnn might be understood to signify P]nn (§ 2. 1). 2*. Consonantal yodh is retained by OJ and PTM in the 2 and 3 plur. fem. of all imperfects (cf. OTA V$h, Dan. 5. 17). For the 2 s. f. in PTM see note 1. 3. Forms like \TrlK (given in Dalman's paradigm) sometimes occur for \T.nK (Gen. 24. 14, Merx), but are characteristic of the later Yemenite MSS. (§ 18, note 3). Imperat. 4*. The PTM imperative ending on is got by analogy from the 5 of OJ and OTA. The 2 s. f. ending ai is shortened from ain and is the only ending of which Dalman gives examples from PTM. In OJ a — at (cf. § 27, note 1). The 2 plur. fem. form occurs in 2 Sam. 1. 24 (i"iK32). 5. Shortened. imperatives (2 s. m.) are found in OJ. Examples : n^K (Pe a l— Gen. 24. 14), W (Pael— Gen. 24. 2), ^K or ny« (Aphel— Exod. 33. 5). 6*. The 2 s. m. imperat. of the derived stems is the same as the 3 s. m. perf. in OJ and PTM, the 2 pi. m. of all stems is the same as 3 pi. m. perf. in PTM and the P e al imperat. 2 plur. is the same as the 3 plur. perf. in OJ. Cf. § 19, note 4. Infinn. 7. Infinitives of the form NjnB'D are found in PTM. Cf. Ezra 5. 9, njaap. 8. P*al infinitives with suffixes are treated in OJ like plural 72 § 2 9 . VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH nouns (§ 1 3, note 7), except that N_ is used for at as the suffix of the 1 st singular and that fl_ is employed for NH_. Examples: wnp, "nirnp. ptm has forms like n>rpnp or sworn? (see § 37, note 6). In OTA, stems with consonantal yodh are used (.iTjayp, Dan. 4. 32). 9. Infinitives of the derived stems with suffixes retain the third radical in OJ ('"^r^i^** , Gen. 24. 9) and are treated like feminine nouns of the F class (§12, note 9) in PTM (e. g. n*»n^3po from the Pael infinitive KJ|OB). OTA. 10. The inflexions of imperfects and imperatt. in OTA, so far as examples are found, are the same as in OJ (cf. notes 1, 2, and 4). There is no case of a feminine imperat. nor of a 2 s. f. imperf. The form fan^ (Dan. 5. 10), with for on, may be a special jussive form (Strack). Cf. § 38, note 3. For the infini- tives see notes 7 and 8. § 30. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH (inflexion of participles) Pael. P e AL. P 6 al. Active pic. Pass. ptc. Act. pic. *MD \tn \tn Sing. m. *od3d wv\ «nn f. t : - : t:- i;t peso JEDD P!D ,J!0 PS? ,lS? Plur. m. £??? HP W f - 1*. In the feminine singular and plural of participles consonantal yodh is always retained and in the masc. plural the ending is ain in OTA and usually in PTM. In OJ the masc. plural ending is always an, and this form also occurs in PTM. 2*. Participles used as nouns employ the plural termination e wan (§ 8, note 11). Examples: tyF, fr° m *H 'shepherd', and P T DK, from 'DK 'physician'. §30. VERBS FINAL YODH AND ALEPH 73 3*. In the inflected forms, when the middle radical is a guttural or a doubled consonant, the supralinear MSS. regularly indicate vocal shewa before consonantal yodh (*<$"}, P?-9)- Except in these cases vocal shewa is seldom represented (Dalman, p. 340), but should be pronounced in reading in accordance with the general analogy of participle forms, except in the singular fern, of the P e al passive partic. (cf. § 10, note 14). 4*. Words like \tn with pronominal suffixes attached are inflected in three ways: (1) the suffixes may unite with the termination e as with a plural ending ("nine, Deut. 25. 11), or (2) the final radical yodh may be retained (01J"!?> 2 5« "• 8, from "12), or (3) instead of yodh, aleph may be used. In OJ ^D always retains N with suffixes (Gen. 14. 20, Exod. 20. 5, Deut. 5. 9, 7. 15, 30. 7, 2 Sam. 19. 7, 22. 18, Jer. 49. 7). So also IJfcUE', Dan. 4. 16, which is the only example of a suffixed form of these participles in OTA. 5. Examples of tense forms like those of § 21, note 7, are N^O (26. 6), fern. «£■# (Dalman, p. 352), rV|*to (Deut. 11. 10— Kahle, p-i6), J^J^t (29. 25). The 1 sing. masc. of this tense is always wrongly pointed like N3\in in the Yemenite MSS. § 3 1- 1 w?S, n J-n, Kjn, life APHEL. P e AL. P e AL. APHEL. P e AL. *n« K»n mn erf. '??! *DV. VE XR '™: ^n« imperf. piT ,pirp fur: prp *!D ^H WpK R0»K imperat. n«n« "lno n«n»« wc infin. T t - *• : * t t •• •* •• ******** K w n*» PTM "no «n "»U WD YIN nartic. 1 To be passed over on a first reading of the grammar. 74 §3i. w?k, n jn, «:q, ?£n 1. Several verbs, having stems with both initial aleph and final aleph or yodh, are treated like W1K (xnx, NTK, NDK, NSK). Of these only W1K has a shortened imperat. form (§ 25, note 4). 2. The imperff. and imperatt. P e al and Aphel of NDN are written alike, but are distinguished in pronunciation (see note 3). WD is both infin. P e al and partic. Aphel. Imperat. 3. In the imperat. P e al the OJ supralinear form WVN is equivalent to WlX (§ 25, note 3) and the final vowel repre- sents an original at. In PTM ^8.(24. ii. 13), WIN («n»K, 22. ii. 8), and WJI (§ 25, note 4) are all used. In Berliner's Onkelos i is written in WTK, foVK, &c. (cf. ^T*K). The final vowel of WVK ma y be corrected into a (similarly in the case of WTK, 22. ii. 8). 4. The 2 s. f. imperat. P e al of KJ1K is WVK (1 Kings 1. 12 — Kahle, p. 29) or T^ (Chrest. 29. 22). Cf. § 29, note 4. An alter- native Aphel imper. 2 plur. masc. WS (Gen. 42. 34) is given by Dalman (p. 356). 5. fjLa.pa.va6d (1 Cor. 16. 22) is explained by Dalman (p. 152, note 3) as being Nn tunc ' Come, our Lord '. WH and von Soden both divide the word into papav add. OTA. 6. For WW see table at the end of this section. The OTA passive forms JlWn (Dan. 6. 18) and VJTn (Dan. 3. 13) are explained as Hophal forms = ivrnn (3 s. f. perf.) and vrfln (3 pi. m . perf.) respectively (S track). mn. 7. In OJ the longer forms of the imperf. P e al of mn are used only in the plural and (as alternatives) along with "WSJ or 'FJN in the 1 sing. In PTM short and long forms are used indifferently and both K$ and " m occur. For PTM *v6 and OTA WTj^, &c, see § 18, note 6. The 3 sing. fem. impf. in OTA is wnn or mnn. No shortened forms occur in OTA. 8. In the MSS. published by Kahle the shortened forms of the P*al imperf. of mn are written W and fin], with the original pre- formative vowel retained (cf. § 2. 9). § 31. ww, mn, wn, rfyn 75 N^n. 9. In the verb Kjn the medial radical yodh is generally suppressed in OJ and PTM in the imperfect (and infin.) P e al and in all parts of the Aphel. The same forms are used in Syriac. Cf. also W and Hebrew W. For OTA see table below. ^n. 10. In OJ and OTA the impf. and infin. of ^n elide the medial I and assume the forms r\n) (plur. ?«m) and ^HD respectively (cf. p^D, § 24, note 7). In the perfect and participle OJ uses only Pael forms (cf. OTA ilk"?). The imperf. and infin. Pael also sometimes occur in OJ. P«AL. HAPHEL. P e AL. OTA wn nm ,nnK perf. vmn Sm : imperf. «n imperat. KHD infin. Knp nnN partic. HAPHEL. P e AL. mn »n t-: » t- : wnb •■v:y iin \ TT "/ T T : - § 32. MONOSYLLABIC STEMS (1'V) ITTAPHAL. lTHP e EL. ApHEL. P e AL. PTM OJ AND PTM cpnx &i>nx Dp T riN D"p^ DP T perf. DpiriN PTM DpFP D*pn* D^ri? D*p) Dip* imperf. — CplW t3p T PiN D"^ Dip imperat. _ W?P T nN W?P T « DP T P infin. NtDpnD NOPD DipD PTM t t : • t 't • * : Dpn» D^pnp DP T np D^pD D*Kp T partic. act. D*p partic. pass. 76 § 3 2. MONOSYLLABIC STEMS Stem vowels. 1. The stem vowels of the P e al forms some- times differ from those of the table. Perfects in I are IVO ' die ' 2 S B ' be old ', and "V") ' spit '. Imperfects in e are JV3*, &D\ and VT. (or pT) from 03 ' pass the night ', DD ' place ', and J* ' judge '. Verbs final guttural generally have u in the imperf. and imperat. (e.g. TO*), but VT < shake ' has imperf. W. and imperat. in (plur. W). Pathah furtive no doubt always followed u in speech, whether written or not (§ 2. 5). Verbs with imperff. in e have imperatives in i (JVa, Judg. 19. 6 and 9). 2*. In supralinear MSS. the Aphel stem vowel e (perf. and imperat.) is sometimes written z and the stem vowel i (imperf. and partic.) is sometimes written e. The stem vowel of the 3 s. m. perf. Aphel with pronominal suffixes appears to be normally i fl^PS, Josh. 24. 26 ; Gen. 47. 7, Num. 27. 22 ; Dan. 3. 1, 5. 11). Preformative vowels. 3. The preformative vowels of the P e al are sometimes treated according to the analogy of verbs ]}"$ (§ 34)» so that forms like Cflp) and DW*, D[3D and Dta»D occur. Examples: Tm), Num. 35.25 (Kahle, p. 9), M), Jer. 18.8 (Kahle, p. 38), DOT*, Exod. 12. 23. 4*. The preformative vowel of the imperff., imperatt., infinn., and particc. Aphel is often written a in supralinear MSS. Examples : 3TO N2T1N (Gen. 24. 5— Merx), NTON (Judg. 1. 1), n3K ( 2 Sam. 24. 16 — Kahle, p. 27), D*pN (2 Sam. 24. 18 — Kahle, p. 27), H3D (Exod. 17. 11 — Dalman, p. 324). In OTA preformative a occurs in an imperfect (Dan. 2. 44) and a partic. (Dan. 5. 19) and in the uncontracted forms D^n* (Dan. 5. 21, 6. 16) and D^gno (Dan. 2. 21). In PTM the corresponding vowel is 0. 5*. When supralinear pathah is written in the perfect and imperative Aphel instead of preformative vocal shewa, it may be understood to denote vocal shewa (§ 2. 7), rather than to indicate a form according to the analogy of verbs ])"]} (§ 34). Ithp e el. 6. In OJ the stem vowel of the Ithp e el is sometimes §32. MONOSYLLABIC STEMS 77 written a ( n 2nN, Judg. 5. 20) and the n of the preformative syllable may become 1 before initial 1 (hence H" 5 }** = ?"??"*). iDtensives. 7*. The intensive forms in use are D , *5, D^P, (OJ supralinear), D^P, D*Di5 (OJ supralinear), and B*P.9P. The passive of the Palpel is like 5>BJ>BD (Gen. 4. 12) or befctSO (Gen. 4. 16). Verbs medial waw. 8*. Verbs having consonantal waw as their medial radical are "Wl, "njf f nw, HV1, TV] 'rejoice', &c, also some verbs having both medial waw and final yodh, njn, NU5>, &c. OTA. 9. In OTA both the stem vowels and the preformative vowels of the P e AL and HAPHEL are normally those of the table above. In the 3 s. m. pf. Haphel the stem vowel 1 occurs as an alternative to /(Dan. 2. 14, 6. 2) and in the participle (Dan. 2. 21) and the imperf. sing. (Dan. 2. 44, 5. 21, 6. 16) /occurs as an alter- native to I. Preformative hateph seghol occurs in one Haphel form in most (?) MSS. (nD^pn, Dan. 5. 11). The stem vowel of the HITHP«EL is a in one verb (DfcW) and i in another (pW»). The only INTENSIVE FORMS are HDJp (Dan. 6. 8), DDiiD (Dan. 4. 34) and riDDV-mn (Dan. 5. 23). There is one HOPHAL, np»j?n (Dan. 7. 4, 5). The peculiar passive form fiDb> (Dan. 6. 18) should perhaps be written Tidp (cf. § 16, note 11). See also notes 2 and 4. § 33. MONOSYLLABIC STEMS (inflected forms) Aphel. P e AL. Imperat. Perfect. Partic. Perfect. D'pK D'E*! D*$, ^«P T nn? 0? w$ no'pK *9S nyo nop npi- np*p« t : ; •• ten. npp *D*pK * • • 'd^k r?$ • * • WD • ■ • "DJ5 W?*I?K «o H P« m (?WM?) «»P 78 §33- MONOSYLLABIC STEMS P e al perff. 1*. The forms of the table are those of the supra- linear punctuation. The stem vowel of the perf. P e al is a only in the 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. In Syriac and OTA a is the stem vowel throughout the perf. P e al, and this pointing is used by Dalman in his Dialektproben. The inflected forms of JVC are treated like those of perfects in sere. Particc. 2\ In OJ (and sometimes in PTM) the uninfected participle P e al has the form of verbs medial aleph. In the inflected forms yodh is written for aleph in both OJ and PTM. In OTA the inflected forms have N in the K e thibh and *• in the Q e re, except in NJDKJ5 (Dan. 7. 16). The inflected participle forms of verbs medial aleph retain n in OJ and sometimes in PTM (1 Sam. 8. 10, 1 Kings 2. 20; Chrest., 20. 14). Cf. § 23, note 9, and Dalman, P- 305. OTA. 3. In OTA the termination of the 1 s. pf. is eth (nCB>, Ezra 6. 12 ; HO^n, Dan. 3. 14). For the form IB'IV (Ezra 4. 12) see § 35, note 5. § 34. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS (VJ?) Aphel. *by* wax T T ~ TT - ^j» rap P«AL. by (ra) ra per f. bvi na? imperf. ?iy fia imperat. b?y T3» infin. bty na panic, act. tyv : rja p tc. pass. Disyllabic stems. 1*. Disyllabic stems are used in the P«al participles, all intensive forms, Ithpeels, and Shaphels. Examples : b\k>, rjanK, Wo*. See also § 35, note 4. § 34. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS 79 2*. The intensive forms are of the types ?\?y, 7\?ft (especially PTM), bty (OJ), and H£y. ^»y is borrowed from the *"]> stems (§ 32). The use of ybv is a special feature of the supralinear vocalization. P¥i?? (25. 4) is the passive participle of this form. Stem vowels. 3*. The stem vowel of the 3 s. m. perf. P e al, which is pathah in Syriac and OTA, is always a in the supralinear vocalization of OJ, following the analogy of the verbs of § 32. The stem vowel of the imperf. P e al is either 3 or a (Tta*, 0D\1). Preform, vowels. 4*. The imperf., imperat., and infin. P e al and all the tenses of the Aphel have the same forms as the correspond- ing parts of verbs initial nun (§ 24). In the imperf. and infin. P e al preformative * is lengthened to e before an initial stem guttural, but is retained before initial resh (piT, Lev. 15. 8). This treatment is reversed in the only two cases that occur in OTA (ID 1 ?, Dan. 4. 24; y*«n, Dan. 2. 40). Participles. 5. In PTM the participle form W (§ 32) is sometimes used in place of sty. In OJ contracted plurals like pby, for Ivpy, are a feature of supralinear texts. In OTA ]"bby (Knhibh) is replaced by ]ty or ity or ph? (Dan. 4. 4, 5. 8). 6. Aphel participles like bp s Q and |¥» in PTM are viewed as Hebraisms by Dalman. 7. «^^VP (25. 5), from ?yjP, follows the ordinary rule for the inflexion of participles. For pb*89 (23. 8) see § 2 1, note 6. Borrowed forms. 8*. The forms appropriate to W stems (§ 32) are transferred to verbs of this class in the cases named in notes 2, 3, and 5, and in others also (e.g. in Judg. 6. 26 y*pn = ppn). Ittaphal. 9. The Ittaphal forms are like bym and bnJ?N. OTA. 10. For the P e AL perf. see note 3, and for the only examples of imperf. infin. and partic. see notes 4 and 5. There are three types of INTENSIVES in OTA : bbo (three verbs), WTO (Dan. 2. 40), and DDiDB'K (Dan. 4. 16). In the HAPHEL, preformative 8o § 34. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS pathah becomes seghol before V (n^VH, Dan. 5. 7). There are two cases of erroneously dissimilated Haphel forms (^n, Dan. 2. 25, 6. 19, and n ?V^» Dan - 4- 3)- Cf. § 26, note 9. For normal Haphel forms see table p. 96. A HOPHAL form of one verb is found (i>yn). § 35. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS (inflected forms) P e AL. Aphel. Perfect Plur. xtoyK JVltoyK Sing. ntoyx rvtoyx Imperfect. Plur. Sing. toya Perfect. Plur. (fy) M Sing. fa) ^ n^y n^y 3 masc. fem. 2 masc. fem. 1 com. Imperfect. Plur. Sing. to toy\-. toy»n tojnx 3 masc. 2 masc. 1 com. Imperative. Imperative. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. ^?K toy* &y toy 2 masc. Ntoyx toy f em . 1*. Following Dalman's precedent, and in accordance with the analogy of OTA, the final radical has been doubled in the above table, before vocalic endings, in the P e al perfect and imperative, but not in the Aphel. In Berliner's Onkelos doubling is not indi- cated in any tense. §35. PARTIALLY MONOSYLLABIC STEMS 81 2*. In the 3 pi. m. perf. P«al the stem vowel a (appropriate to l*y stems) is sometimes written in supralinear MSS. for a. The only example of a 3 plur. masc. perf. P e al in OTA is treated in this way OP?, Dan, 2. 35). See also § 34, note 3. 3. Supralinear pathah in imperf. forms like &WI (Deut. 10. n — Kahle, p. 15) may be regarded as representing hateph pathah (§ 2. 7). 4. P«al and Aphel forms like nppn (PTM), r\9?V (Dan. 5. 10, K e thibh), and 7?On (Dan. 4. 9), with repetition of the final radical, occur in PTM and OTA. OTA. 5. The distinctive features of OTA are as follows : In the inflected forms of the imperative P e AL the stem vowel is 5 (H3, Dan. 4. 11, 20). In the perfect HOPHAL some MSS. double the final radical before the plural ending (^yn, Dan. 5. 15), others do not. In HAPHEL forms, when the stem vowel ( n ll?3£» Dan. 7. 23 — Baer, Ginsburg, Strack). Perhaps ItWV (Ezra 4. 12) was originally intended for IBP]: (cf. § 2. 8, 9). But the tense, termination (§ 18, note 7) and possibly stem vowel (cf. § 34, note 8) are all abnormal. There is no other example of the 3 plur. imperf. Haphel of an VV verb in OTA. See also notes above, and for flp^D or njWn (Dan. 2. 34, 45), § 17, note 6. § 36. VERBAL SUFFIXES 1*. For the various forms of the accusative suffixes see pp. 90- 91. In PTM the suffixes added to verbal stems ending in a con- sonant are those of § 4 and the suffixes added to stems ending in a vowel are presumably those of § 12, note 2, although the only possible vocalic stem is the 2 sing. fem. perf. (for the 2 s. m. and the 3 pi. see notes 3 and 5). In OJ the variations from the suffixes of §§ 4 and 12 are in the 1 singular, *3 or ^. for i, and in the 3 plural, 2766 82 § 3 6. VERBAL SUFFIXES where the independent pronoun p3K is substituted for fin (ft). For the forms of the suffixes added to the 3 s. f. perf. see note 6. In OJ, in agreement with the Hebrew text, the suffix of the 2 plural is rarely found. It seems never to occur with a 3 sing. masc. perf. stem. 2*. In OJ P3N is joined in writing to the verbal stem with which it is associated, n being omitted when the stem ends in a consonant and the form being reduced to JU with the 3 s. f. perf and to pa in union with stems ending in a vowel ($®n?&, fUnnpB', painpt?). The forms of the verbal stems are not modified before I«K except in the 1 s. perf., in which nana, mavis and JOTO* are used for JV3TB, &c. 3*. The difference between PTM and OJ in the endings of the 3 plur. perf. and 2 plur. imperat. involves a further difference in the suffixes attached to these forms. PTM uses the suffixes appro- priate to the consonantal ending un, while OJ uses those required by the vocalic ending u. Examples: fi^p&N (25. ii. 2), ^pBK (Gen. 19. 16). Perfect 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. 4. For the stem forms of the 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. perfects P e al and Aphel with suffixes see paradigm, p. 90. Pael perfects are treated like Aphels. In the suffixed forms of the perfects Pael and Aphel the final stem vowel generally becomes vocal shewa both in the 3 sing, and the 3 plural ("•rflpBK, Gen. 19. 16), although sometimes the orthography of PTM presumably indicates the retention of the full vowel (20. ii. 2, n^KS'ijDK, 21. 1, wyjnpK). OJ plural forms are sometimes found in PTM (26. 8, ^nj»). Sometimes the vowel points in Dalman's Dialektproben are un- necessarily those of OJ, instead of being those of PTM. In 21. ii. 7 JUUrp should be I^n; and in 28. 5 patent* should be fWariK. 2 sing, and 1 sing. 5. In OJ and PTM the forms of the 1 sing. perf. with suffixes are like H3TI3, &c. The 2 sing. masc. and 1 sing. com. with suffixes of the 3 s. m. or 3 pi. (where §36. VERBAL SUFFIXES 83 ambiguity arises) are distinguished in OJ by the use of the form nana for the 2 s. m. But ambiguous forms with suffixes of the 3 sing. fem. like annals 'I have found her' (Gen. 38. 22) and 'thou hast found her' (Gen. 38. 23) are in use. ^P?f (Gen. 31. 28) = vafSaxdavti (Matt. 27. 46), having a suffix of the first person, can only mean 'thou hast forsaken me'. In PTM the 2 s. m. is clearly distinguished from the 1 sing. com. by its employ- ment of the termination inn (note 8) before suffixes (Wipatf, nanrG^K). The 2 sing. fem. perf. is distinguished by its retention of the old termination i before suffixes (NWirGEW). 3 s. f. 6*. The 3 sing. fem. perf. with suffixes is sometimes written as if it were 1 sing. com. (awfe « she counselled him ', Judg. 1. 14). All the cases noted by Praetorius (Judg. 1. 14) are forms in which the suffix is 3 s. m. The unambiguous forms are : H ann^, wnn^, faring, paring; ?\nrb&, ayin^, mrfee?. 1 plur. and 2 plur. 7. The suffixed stem of the 1 plur. perf. in OJ is the same as the independent stem, but written without K Onarr^). Instead of *W&& the form wrr^ is used. In PTM the forms nan^ ) & Cf> are used with suffixes. Dalman explains n as derived from the accus. particle W (§ 4, note 4). The suffixed stems of the 2 plur. masc. perf. are like mnbf m OJ (suffixes as § 12) and like pnn$B> in PTM (suffixes as in § 4). Imperf. stems. 8*. The stems of imperfects with suffixes are treated similarly in OJ and PTM. The syllable inn is added to the stems of all imperfects (cf. Hebrew W3K), except in OJ before the 3 plur. masc. suffix. The suffixes are the same as those added to perfect stems. (See paradigm, p. 90 f.). The orthography ftiDT!? for paa'TV an d paDTp for p3B»T£ in Yemenite MSS. is a Hebraism due to late correctors (Diettrich in ZATW. xx. 152). Imperat. stems. 9. In OJ singular imperative stems with suffixes remain unchanged and the suffixes are those of § 12, except in the cases of the 1 sing, and 3 plural. In PTM the Pael and 8 4 §36. VERBAL SUFFIXES Aphel singular imperat. stems with suffixes are identical with the corresponding perfect stems. The P e al imperat. stem is distin- guished from its perfect by the vowels / or u following the initial radical. These vowels are sometimes indicated in the MSS. by yodh and waw respectively. The imperative plural stem in OJ is like ttfD and in PTM like pan? (see paradigm, p. 91). Pael and Aphel perfect and impera- tive plural forms are generally not distinguishable. The Aphel imperat. in OJ occasionally retains its final stem vowel (e. g. Nn^SK ' bring her out ' = KrflpSN). yy stems. 10*. The forms of *"V verbs undergo no change when suffixes are attached (but see § 32, note 2). Syntax. 11. The use of an anticipative pronominal suffix before a definite accusative governed by a verb, an idiom character- istic of Syriac, is found occasionally in OJ (Gen. 39. 1 5, Wpltf Tn!> FHJbbi> 'he left his garment beside me') and PTM (22. ii. 4, wvtyf b PlHjpB < he ordered the messenger ' ; 21. 7, 22. ii. 6). 12. The subject of a dependent clause introduced by "*! is also sometimes preceded by an anticipative pronoun (16. 6, '"^(WK r?]B njqij < he found that he had been selling '). It is idiomatic to put the subject of such a dependent clause into the principal sentence as an object (16. ii. 11, Finr© DWjTn pay* NVinb NDH ' he saw that the buyer was standing behind him '). 18. Occasionally the object pronoun of the 3 plural is used indefinitely for ' some people' (28.4, ri*)^ }toon 'he saw some men killing ' (mice) ; for the verbal stem flDn see § 37, note 1). § 37. 1 VERBAL SUFFIXES WITH N'6 STEMS Perf. 3 s. m. 1. In PTM the termination of 3 s. m. of all perfects with suffixes is treated like the ending of a feminine noun 1 To be passed over on a first reading of the grammar. §37- VERBAL SUFFIXES WITH *'<> STEMS 85 (cf. § 36, note 7). Examples: avion and awpn (or ^JIW), PIWB3, iWWK. In the derived stems these forms, when un- vocalized, are the same as the 3 s. f. (note 4), and in the P*al TOfl is always ambiguous, ' he saw him' or 'she saw him ' (note 5). 2. In OJ the 3 s. m. perf. P«al with suffixes either retains (con- sonantal) k (^JNin, nwi, &c.) or is treated as ending in a vowel Oljn, *mn). With past the suffixed forms are like |WH. 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. 3. In OJ the 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. per- fects Pael and Aphel with suffixes generally preserve the third radical yodh. Examples : FPnefc (Gen. 2. 15), PTrw (Gen. 2. 22), »32BK (Gen. 3. 13), wrw (J u dg. 1. 7). With |UK the ordinary stem is used (panriK). In PTM the third radical yodh is sometimes retained both in P e al perfects (25. iii. 7, PIWPID = Fiwnp), and in perfects of the derived stems (cf. notes 1 and 5). 3 s. f. 4. In OJ and PTM the ending of the 3 s. f. of i perfects (§ 2 7) is generally contracted to n\ before suffixes. Examples: PWV|#K, SWVD3 (Judg. 4. 19), IjrWK (Chrest. 18. 13). In PTM these are also imperative forms (note 7). Perf. stems. 5. In the other parts of the perfect tenses suffixes are generally added to the unchanged verbal stem. Examples: awn ( 3 s. f.), 'nrpjn (OJ 2 s. m), awin (1 sing.), *rtm (OJ 3 pi. perf. Pe a l), Pr^n (PTM 3 pi.). For iWWDn (1 plur.) see § 36, note 7. In some supralinear MSS. the ending of the 3 pi. m. pf. P e al with suffixes is written u instead of (NHinp, Judg. 1.8 ; p3ino, Judg. 1. 4). Impf. stems. 6. In all imperf. tenses the suffixed stem is made by adding 3 to the ordinary stem (§ 36, note 8). Examples: ^W, iTOftp. When p3K is used the forms are like that of Jttnn}. In some supralinear MSS. the vowels before nn are i instead of e, and u instead of (iratrij, nwp). Cf. OTA, § 38, note 5. 86 §37. VERBAL SUFFIXES WITH v& STEMS Imperat. stems. 7. In OJ imperatives 2 s. m. and 2 pi. m. stems are unchanged when suffixes are added ('nitn, »3*jnK). In some MSS. u is written for and forms with consonantal yodh are also found (N^nx, J u dg. 1. 24). In PTM the termination 1 of the 2 s. m. is treated like a femi- nine termination (23. ii. 7, HWffS). 2 p i. m . forms are like fblriK (for which in 28. 5 Dalman puts P&1M). Participles. 8. nn is used with other suffixed stems than those named above, e.g. with participles (29. 7, FPyaap, i.e. HWlBD). § 38. VERBAL SUFFIXES IN OTA Suffix forms. 1. The forms of the verbal suffixes in OTA and the treatment of the stems to which they are attached agree closely with the corresponding features of OJ. The accusative pronoun 'them' is not expressed by a suffix but by some one of three independent pronouns— ton (eight times), Jton (three times), and fllK (Dan. 6. 25). The suffixes attached to verbal stems vary according as the stem ends in a consonant or a vowel. In the former case, they are the same as the suffixes joined to nouns, except that ♦? is < me ' and that W v is written for N3_ in the only case of its occurrence (Dan. 2. 23). In the latter case, the suffixes that actually occur are : »3, TJ (2 s. m.), »n (§ 12), K3, and Jta. Perf. stems. 2. The stems of the 3 s. m. and 3 pi. m. of all perfects are treated as in OJ (see OJ paradigm, p. 90). Examples: Pionn, Tjoj^n, wan, wripn. The only examples of other parts of a perfect tense with suffixes are two of the 2 s. m. in Dan. 2. 23 (*M^n and WR^Tta) and one 1 sing of a n"b verb (note 5). Imperf. stems. 3. Imperfects with suffixes closely resemble those of OJ and PTM (§ 36, note 8). 3. is combined with stems ending in a consonant and 3 with stems ending in a vowel. Exam- §38. VERBAL SUFFIXES IN OTA 8 7 pies : awn;, ijia^, Wtift. With the suffix of the 2 pi. m. 3 is written, without daghesh, and in one case the preceding vowei is seghol (P33W, Dan. 3. 15 ; ftaW, Ezra 7.21). In the case of two imperfects used in a jussive sense the suffixes are added to the verbal stem without nn p£na», Dan. 4. 16 ; ybra), Dan. 5. 10). Imperat. stems. 4. The only imperatt. with suffixes in OTA are <3j*n (Dan. 2. 24), Vrtban (Dan. 4. 20 ), and one from a «"b verb (note 5). They agree with the forms of OJ (§ 36, note 9). tO verbs. 5. There are seven cases in OTA of n'^J verbs with suffixes attached. The PERFECT form WV» < I have built it' (Dan. 4. 27) is peculiar in having at for s (§ 28, note 6) and seghol for vocal shewa. Some MSS. read «W». The other cases of perfect stems with suffixes 0n3|, \Ti#) agree with the practice °f OJ (§ 37, notes 2 and 5). In the 3 s. m. IMPERFECT before 3 the sere of the indepen- dent form (nim) is replaced by hireq (W*, P13W) and in the plural is replaced by u (Wrppi, 2 pL m . impf . Haphel) For simiJar forms m OJ see § 37, note 6. The only **> IMPERATIVE form is the 2 pi. m. imperat. Haphel »3lnn (Dan. 2.6). W verbs. 6. No change takes place in the stems of ry verbs when suffixes are attached (but see § 32, note 2). 88 8 9 r- n-- n» r» n» r •• n» n» r- r S' 5: ft., fi:. s: fr R 5:. S- S'- E E* E-- f- -■ as g e- g* e* as ■J < Q... i^.. ££• i^.. f±.. _ |>_„ j^. rv „ fs.. r r r r r J^ r- r= r ; r n n. R ■ n- R- ft R>- n- Ft- n- e e^ e • fc - as e e- 2* ?,:. E- E- E £ E E E- n n n P fi:. E- E- E- i=] r^- i^» n» h r 1 r' r • " n n r- r • -' E n E- E E- E- n- n- E - n r\ E • E .£ R c " — •• a - ** ^ ^ ^ S. & pr n- r» n- r» E 6 E E •c: ££ *E "■ ' "^ as 1^:. CI;- Cx- n-. f r" r-' r> n n- g n. «5 O p* 5' n ; n» E n r' n n* n- c» e- h ft fir > fa O kr-i o Q < Pi < P-. < a. w .J w a> fr. K H H Ri Rr Ri o, p\< E: E E E E n p, n- n . E |. e i E- r- E ni » c " w ni ri E E E E: E: h rjK n- n» n- "■ SS E E- S- -5 ft S'.. »■ ». »- ft F f E E: E. g. E- E n 2' £ g: g P " as c as E- R» E= W n as as- E • E • R» R» E= E = *- *- Ri R- E E- as as- as as E- E ■■ E- Ri Ri Ri E' E' E' n Ri n- E E^ as as< as* ssi & r- n-- n - n» E: E: £. as as e £ ^ x E-- E- E- R : - R-- {^.. c F E g: P- p u E as as as- E •• E- E- Ri Ri Ri as as- E- E •■ R» R- E- E = as e as as- E • E- Ri Ri Si S. 52 ^ as as- E- E- «•••■ R» E = E^ n - n- E- as as- as E- E- l-|i R" ft- S:. r- #-»>. ^ as F,; E E • E- r-. Ri Di Ri £ E^ E= E- n h h r -' S' 6' E< E- < f ; 2r g; g: n ^:. e- E • e ■ R» *= E- E- E ■■ E- c . R- R« R« £ C> E= E- n n n £• E- g- E E- g: n; ^; Fi; S S' S' n- r; g:. g:. S; n. g: p. E." lii" fr.. IT- t*' £ p a- S" Sk fi 55' ri'.- h'.. E' E> SI. g e g- g g:: e= n CL — p a- n as- ?-• ?-• e- e- p;, r.. E- E- J= t-.. E- g- £:. g:. |r |. g; as f-:. f-:. e- e- E " n. r. E • E- pi, R. Ri Ri Ri E: E- E E- 1 p" p n - * ^ as 52 as< as> asi asi '-j .fa n» R» R» R» 5» •55 E: E- E- E- ?s n n Hi- S2 ^ ^ ^ - Ri n- E- as r^ E as- Q< ^ R» R-- as c as- a- E • E • R» R.. E- E- R|- Ri- as n as- c- E • e - Rl Rl Ei- E^ n- n>- as c •si 1 <3 o- g- JO" Ri O r *' fi" » » Qi Q' R.. R" E: E« h ^ E- R« Es 0- R E- Ri Ei n ■< s (X < H H as E' ., R - R 5' E as as- E' E' R - r! R-- as as as- as- as as- as- E' E E> E' E' E' Ei R" R - R-- R-- R.- R-. n - §:• r'- ft ft. ft., ft., ft.. E E - as £ g- - Ei R - E- E- E' E- E- E' R.- R» R S' S' S' S: E 1 n E.- g; g " : E E ., e; g ; g::2; ft p a n r^ n as- as- as- as- as Q- E' E' E' Ei E> E> R-- R- R-- R-- R-- R» Ei E' Ei Ei n : E- n R- n R^ R>- #T- as as E E' R- Ei n go 9 1 < PL, bo C CO r' r> r> r« f i — i— i— i— i— i— t~' ci< a- £i: a* a> \ a- bb r • r r— r- c a- a 53 co i— r- r- i— i— r-" C" »="* *="" J=" a- a- a- a- a- m #31 S' *=»■• »*» r— r— r- i— i — .r .i~ .r .r- .r- o- ci- a- ci- r-. r"f »-»»■ *5 N C CI" .3 *?• H PL, p Ph r 1 r- ci- r 1 I— Cli r— i r " ^-i r »— eS, ci H Ph r— r— a- r- a- i- r- r- i~ C. }-■• r— i— i— r-- 5! CI- CI: Cli Cli CI ' * w en X W 0. < »— i fa fa v: ►J ft. «< Ph ■4 Ph < W Ph > fa o bo c CO _3 X' 3Ci Xi %i JS. c:: c:: c - ' r— i— Cli Cl>- CI: CI i J> P 5 " Jr It X r' r' r 1 r> r< I-- r~" r— i— i — 5 o a a a a i— a- e bb G 1— r— CI- #■ i r" CI- «« tn *• n~ < CO i~" s s ^- • ». . r* 1 m r- r CI u. r— r- #*- 3 CI CI »* trr #>- #»- Q. ITT r- r- r- r- C" r- r-- r— r-- r: ci- ci- a- CI- £,. t i; ?► n S n *— i— r- - - E" * r " E" ci ci ci ci ci *=!: *!ii S' "!•• i- k E x 2. s: r- r- 5 ^ bo c 3 "ft. %> X" Xi %> S6> r ; f ; F f ; f • ci- a- ci- ci- Q- *-»• r~. r* fc ryt. «J »" C. f~- r- r- r— r- r— r~ i- ci a ci ^ #^ **~ mr- **■ Im #-». r. f-f. *-»•- CI ' ' x * 2. o Q Ph < Ph irH r 1 f-i r 1 r 1 *"' ^ j-.. r .. r .. r .. r- f_ a a a a a n , yV »S>- S: »Si JU in- ' n r' fc-H r • W ' 1— ^ r" - r ■ CI H a CI *** Ph tit. »ni- CI a s 1— r- 1 — i — H CI mr- CI CI a WW a wr- Ph *• *>: V *"»! 1 w 3 co S£i K< x> %< Jti r --- r- r r- r r"" r— r— r- r~ CI CI CI CI a #^- #»" rr rr 1^- rt- 5S as r- r- ci S " ^ F- j:: CI CO *- I * I 5.!. •■ I '1 '"" •"•• C. «"•■ r- *> a a ^ ■ I IT- ci ci *s«: «»i d 36i %' 3S> 36i Xi c ,— r - 1— r;: r" 5 9 r- r- f-- 9 9a ^ * * fe as ? S2 * sL 92 93 bo a J* < ►J a: CO «5 "3. "3. Q : Qr Qi g.. rt it - ; n I .n a a. "S- 5 i a d S 6 tS 1-^ • £ o en rt < o o e s M (4 <3 «3 .R XV %' 6 2* E- H ^ z b, w R St c "< R H W en •«<, «!• 9S> W 5 V) Q O W * as;- s o en rt £ E .4> * if ^-£-* : as as as* as- Q «S|. .*> <3 **» R R c> <*. •is R as- CO o ■*-* 3 3 k-i "o CO en C X> o rt u i_ rt S3 60 C CO rt -a a. E S: -0>- .J - ^ -Cr- r. c e* (L> O ■*-» *t—* P a *' ' JS * o en on C o ex E ►J < OS rt u V ►J Ph rt u> 3 Ph *- ^ w % 'o- Q: . as 3 < C: C: C: ti g *=!■ R CO as •£».. &.. a.. as: as: as: ^j\j. •J-^l- j\>- c as j Q. Qh It as Q: n '5: r: Q: 5 *• t 0- » S .n n j^ a C: C: C: C: C: C: c: c- £- g:. ft n: q* n IT n: a> 05 o C: C: | I' & Pi C: C: n: C: £ r £^ £<" £- rt it 2 . p C: C: n C: 3 ?S: g: S ~J^- -r\.. o e- e- 55 * rr CO '£».. •£».. •£».. -g,.. ^ : £ : ^ : 3S: g E' E> E E E - n as: as-. E- E- 1= n: 94 bo c .S -5 M CO E ^ "7v Tv "S» N a. 3 CO re 0k n- n- n- O n» n« n« c» c- e> & c- G' 5- C' 5'- 0£j ►J <: 1 Cw- r : n E E- r- n n- »-»►■ w w < rv n> ni > E- n Br 5 Cm E rii ni H E Ci c< c C" X E E- gr c ►J c- c- C <* E- E- C < rv ni n> ft. X ff 5' ft H #1" £ X ►J c- C* n> ■< »-»•• »■»•• #-*.. X Ci C" ci- o E £' c »-»►■ as n n si: E n n c> ni c *. • E- c " E- E* E- n n f.« E- E- r-.. 95 E- n- E n .S -; 'en "5. a. n» n» 5 £•• E- P . « ^ > S u^ S t en "a. *N n o 6 CO en d 4—1 E r : n E- c- n- E- n ■ E n r— r-- £r.: n Qr n Ct:- n Q. r ni E- n Hi n- E- n E- ni E- n E- n- as: Q- Qi fe: r E- n E n n C « « •4-t >*^*s ^™*v O n< n> Q- O- Q- s S: ^^ Qi _/s\.. ni oo c E -^v. rr eOl 4> V fM — W C' c> o- Q> Q- N n- n- n> n~ n- E- E>- n- E- n- n<- c n #*■ E E- n n ^' E- c C' a.. c ■a- c n* c* c o c E- *- 1 E- E 9- I n E- O E- n 0> E & & 8- g- & & g | n c 96 u^ rt i*j 4J Ph 1_ o a, £ H- 1 a. S c c 1— 1 O S-i P* u. E S c C i— i Ph a. d Ph . ij ►j w < X 9 Pi 0- n» n- E' n fi- fi- n>- n- •< SG Hi Hi n» E- n Ei Ei Q- Qi fl- Ei e- n- E: E- n- n- n» n- n» TZ> n ri Ei n n E = E: E- n» E- n» n n ri E E- n n n' r— i »-!•• *• • m J? »-«>• Ei Q' CI Cli ex- 13- ffli CI: »«•■ M- s. (3. r\. f\_ 13. .y>.». J\ u *^ 1 — ' E »— 1 < fc— 1 tz < asr r as;: Q: 35- n It < « CI as r F' as r r *fl: n- E W H > w *2 O CI e- E- e *5 W * n n cs CQ < *- n C/3 H w H a r 1 1="' 1-' e "F 1 it E 'P 1 - Q ►J Pt s* E O n *• • n- as Q- m- n» n> *- •• E' fl- * as 32 n- as as SA: as as IT as ft' I3J- 13. a 3S: e;- a a 13i SM ^ ; tP Ei 13. E- Ei Q- Q. ~r>. fe Ei r-: r-i- E Hi P": 13- r-: 13- APPENDIX ON THE NUMERALS 1 by J. A. EMERTON Introduction When the late Dr. W. B. Stevenson compiled this grammar, he apparently accepted Dalman's views about the Aramaic dialects of Palestine. Dalman believed that the best evidence for the Aramaic spoken in Palestine in the early centuries of our era was to be found in the Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan, and in the Palestinian Talmud and Midrashim. He thought that the Jerusalem Targums were later in date and of much less value. Dalman's views have been challenged in more recent years, notably by P. E. Kahle. 8 Largely as a result of his work on fragments of the Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan with Baby- lonian pointing, and on fragments of the Palestinian Targum, he argues that the former Targums were produced in Babylonia in an artificial literary Aramaic, and that they are not good evidence for the language spoken in Palestine. On the other hand, he believes that the Jerusalem Targums contain material derived from the older Palestinian Targum. This Palestinian Targum (which is not to be regarded as a single, uniform trans- lation) reflects the spoken Palestinian language. Since Kahle published fragments of this version, A. Diez Macho has dis- covered the Palestinian Targum to the whole Pentateuch in a Vatican manuscript. 3 Kahle's conclusions have not been universally accepted. 1 I am indebted to Professor G. R. Driver, Professor D. Winton Thomas, and the Rev. A. E. Goodman for their kindness in reading the first draft of the first few pages of this appendix. 2 The Cairo Geniza (2nd edn., Oxford, 1959), pp. 191-208. * Cf. Congress Volume, Oxford J959 (Supplements to Vetus Testamen- tum, vii) (Leiden, i960), pp. 222 ff. 876G G 9 8 APPENDIX ON THE NUMERALS E. Y. Kutscher, for example, has recently 1 maintained that the Targum of Onkelos has an ultimately Palestinian origin, even though it does not reflect ordinary spoken usage. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that Dalman's views are now out of date. The Palestinian Targum ought now to be used in the preparation of a grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic, and it is, at least, questionable whether the language of the Targums of Onkelos and Jonathan should be included. If, therefore, Stevenson were preparing this Grammar of Palestinian Jewish Aramaic today, it is likely that he would make a different selection of dialects. Nevertheless, although its contents no longer adequately represent modern knowledge of Palestinian Aramaic, his work retains its usefulness as a descrip- tion of the dialects with which it deals. This appendix describes the numerals in OJ and PTM, so as to add to the usefulness of the book without altering its scope. Similarly, I have adopted Stevenson's policy of transliterating supralinear punctuation into the more familiar sublinear system. 2 This policy is sometimes unsatisfactory, but it seems desirable that the appendix should be uniform with the rest of the book. I have also brought the spelling of some words into line with Stevenson's methods of orthography. Consonantal waw and yodh, for example, are shown by single, not double, letters. 3 This procedure is justified by the fact that this book is intended primarily for fairly elementary students. For the same reason, I have simplified other matters. For instance, some fairly rare forms have been omitted, and no attempt has been made to record all the varieties of punctuation or of the consonantal text which are found in the manuscripts and editions. 4 It will be obvious to many readers that this treatment of the 1 C. Rabin and Y. Yadin, Scripta Hierosolymitana, iv (Jerusalem, 1958), pp. 9 f. * Cf. pp. 3, 11 ff. 3 Cf. p. n. 4 I have usually been guided by Sperber's edition of the Targum and by Dalman's Aram&isch-neuhebraisches Handwdrterbuch zu Targum, Talmud, und Midrasch (Gdttingen, 1938 edn.), as well as by Dalman's grammar. APPENDIX ON THE NUMERALS 99 numerals is greatly indebted to G. Dalman's Grammatik des judisch-palastinischen Aramaisch (2nd edn., Leipzig, 1905) and draws on the material which he has collected. I have also been able to use several works which have appeared since Stevenson wrote, including H. Odeberg's The Aramaic Portions of B ere shit Rabba with Grammar of Galilaean Aramaic (Lund, 1939) and J. F. Stenning's The Targum of Isaiah (Oxford, 1949). In 1959 Alexander Sperber published the first two volumes of The Bible in Aramaic (Leiden), containing the Targums of Onkelos on the Pentateuch and of Jonathan on the Former Prophets. A future volume will contain the text of the Latter Prophets, and the final volume will give a full introduction to the edition. Until this last volume is published, it will not be possible fully to evaluate Sperber's work, but there can be no doubt of the importance and usefulness of an edition based on so many manuscripts and printed texts. I have made extensive use of the first two volumes in the preparation of this appendix. For Old Testament Aramaic, I have used Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramdischen (Halle, 1927) by H. Bauer and P. Leander. The references to the Aramaic of Daniel and Ezra are taken from the text in the third edition of Rudolf Kittel's Biblia Hebraica (Stuttgart, 1937). THE NUMERALS Note. There are many variations in spelling in the manuscripts and printed editions. In particular, most forms which are shown below as ending in K or H also appear with H or R respectively as the final letter. Similarly, ' ten ' and related numbers frequently have fr instead of 0. § 39. CARDINAL NUMBERS OJ. 1. Cardinal numbers 1-19 With masculine nouns With feminine nouns 1 io *qq IOO § 39. CARDINAL NUMBERS With feminine nouns § 39- CARDINAL NUMBERS 1 01 n*»tf my Kjpp ,-a^ ,to ytfri ^n ,s#n "105? "y «in ,n?y *nq Jf/M masculine nouns 3 npfti 4 (construct n¥318) ny?18 5 (construct Dtt^q 1 ) fl^ipn 6 (construct nptf) n©# 7 (construct n¥3#) T\yitf 8 icjan 9 ' (construct ri5?^#) nytfn 10 rn^s 11 155? in 12 'j? nri ,15s? pfl '? "PIP ,'y n?1P ,-ipv ^PIP 13 !55?nWi '"spyri 1 ?^ 14 "»0»n'^8 r TO»3*}8 15 155? ntf'&q 1 "IPS «h?q 16 155? nptf npy rrtf 17 !55?ri5?3tf a npV^ 18 155? nipn 'y xjjpp /v K299 ,T?y W 1 9 155? nytfp 'y »tf»ri ,np# ytfp Such forms as the following are also found with masculine nouns: 155? KP^P, '5? "??1*, '5? Wft?0, '5? B^q, '5? IVtf. PTM. 2 PTM use the same forms as OJ for the units, with the addition of the following variants : With masculine nouns With feminine nouns 2 "ifl ,n? 'PIP >'P1P 6 np#8 ,nptf$ 7 ' rwaw 8 8 iciain 3 1 Sometimes vocalized R^ipq. ' I can find no example of this form in OJ, but this is presumably what it should be. ' Note the tendency for the vowel to become u before the labials beth and mem. PTM. 3 PTM differ from OJ in the numerals 10-19 m the following ways: (a) mtW? is frequently used instead of "HOB. (b) Sometimes, worn-away forms (cf. the Babylonian Talmud and the Jerusalem Targums) are used, in which the » of 10X7 has been lost, e.g. 1 1 (with masculine noun) 1510 1 2 (with feminine noun) , '"1P' , 1P 16 (with masculine noun) 1PT1 rVffX (c) There are minor differences, e.g. (with masculine noun) OJ and PTM. 4. Tens 20 hp» 30 rflV* 40 i:v?ik 50 ptfppo 60 pptf 70 pyatf 80 rw,wi 90 rv?p PTM also have pp#8, ?&#$ for 60, psaw 1 for 70, and paw for 80. OJ and PTM. 5. Hundreds The word for ' hundred ' is n$& ? OJ use the following forms: 200 ]pS ,]pKp 300 n$» n!?p 400 nKjpvsig 500 nqtjpBfrpq 600 n^jp n^ 700 n$» sa^ 800 n$» -"jon 900 n$ip sytfp PTM sometimes use the same forms, but also have |?pK» for 200, and, for 300-900, more frequently have ]1K& (the absolute plural of n$&) preceded by the short form of the numeral, e.g. nVft pK», )1KJ3 »31K, pKID HOT (also ]1K» P»1M1). 1 Note the tendency for the vowel to become u before the labials beth and mem. 102 § 39- CARDINAL NUMBERS OJ and PTM. 6. Thousands In both OJ and PTM, the word for 'thousand' is l*?^ em- phatic state KD'fg; plural: absolute , pp l ?N, emphatic K*? 1 ?*?. OJ and PTM use the plural of ^Vk, preceded by the form of the numeral appropriate to a masculine noun, e.g. 2,000 pD 1 ?** pTifl; 3,000 pro 1 ?* m?^ ; 14,000 fD^K nos? nss-ix. OJ and PTM. 7. Myriads Tens of thousands can be expressed as in note 6 above, e.g. 20,000 pD 1 ?** p9»; 200,000 ppVx IpiXQ. Sometimes, however, the word for 'myriad' is used: absolute state i3"l, emphatic Npi3"l; plural: absolute ft?"!, emphatic KplSn or Npl3*"j, construct ril3"V As the noun is feminine, any other numerals preceding it take the form appropriate to this gender, e.g. 1 Kings 8. 63 iSI nptf Krnri ... 131 pJTJB. OJ and PTM. 8. Compound numerals The higher numbers come first, and the lower numbers are joined by 1, e.g. Gen. 5. 26 )"# pEHpl roflW n$)p »31^ 782 years. Num. 26. 22 n$ip ah?qi pp 1 ?*? n$t*ft py3# 76,500. PTM. 9 The numerals 3-10 and 20-90 also have a determinate form ending in te, e.g. ^fl 'the three ' ; '•flyS'lK ' the four ' ; ''Etf&q ' the five'; ••JlpW 'the eight'; "©"Jttf iVftl 'the thirteen'; ^fl'?© 'the thirty'. OJ and PTM. 10. Special forms for the days of the week or month In PTM, special forms (ending in a or ta) are used for the days of the week : Monday X^fl ; Tuesday KpVn ; Wednesday KriyanX ; Thursday NFltfpt]. § 39. CARDINAL NUMBERS 103 In OJ, the numbers 10-19, when referring to a day of the month, have the emphatic form N*}03?, e.g. Ixod. 12. 3 Nrn!V *Hp»3 'on the tenth of the month'. Josh. 5. 10 KrniV K^' inoy nV31Na 'on the fourteenth day of the month'. OJ and PTM. 11. Suffixes In PTM, suffixes can be attached to the numerals 2-9, though examples of some of the possible forms are lacking. 2 ps^, "prrns, lirrriri; feminine jirrn*}© 3 prrnSn 8 pnman, prrornan 1 Similar forms appear in OJ, e.g. pD*'r»^»ip, pnnrf3tf. Before suffixes, the form corresponding to p*"JJ"l is T)5>> e.g. prTViri. OTA. 12 The following forms are found in OTA : With masculine nouns With feminine nouns 1 ™ rnn ,x-T T q 2 ■prnri 3 rmVn .xxhvs rhr\ 4 n»a^8 sn'-jx 6 ntf ,n# 7 (construct n»3#) n»3# 10 n"jtpy nfm 12 Ifcjpifl 20 pifrv 30 ptf?9 60 pn# 100 n«9 200 pnxio 4 oo nxjp »s-ik 1000 "]^, construct *f?8, emphatic KB^K; plural: absolute PpV**, 2 emphatic K^g. 10,000 construct singular 13*1; absolute plural p31 (Knhibh; Q e re 133")). 1 Dalman emends this form to pn*Wtt3JV ■ The reading D^D^K in Dan. 7. 10 is probably a mistake. 104 § 39. CARDINAL NUMBERS With a suffix jinflVfl. In the only two examples of compound numerals, the lower number follows the higher and is linked to it by 1 : Dan. 6. i ptrjOl f^ 62 - Dan. 6. 2 pfe$rj HNO 120. §40. ORDINAL NUMBERS OJandPTM. 1. 'First' The word for 'first' is VIp. (or WT£ ; cf. p. 28), emphatic state n 9?"!P-; P lural : absolute T^yL, emphatic ^»"]i? ; feminine singu- lar emphatic NrP&'Jj?, plural emphatic Kn»Q*fj?. "^Ip. is attached to the F class of nouns (cf. pp. 28-37), and variations in form occur, similar to those of "H3y, e.g. masculine singular emphatic K$"Tp>, masculine plural absolute pi?"Tj?. PTM also have a form in which the daleth has coalesced with the mem, which is doubled in compensation: "*&?_, &c. (also JCttlp). OJ and PTM. 2. 'Second' The word for 'second' is \$Fi, emphatic K£3T); P mra l absolute r?T?$; feminine singular absolute NrP^n, &c. OJandPTM. 3. « Third'-'tenth ' The following forms, declined like F nouns, are used: 3rd tv^ 4 th -y»?T 5 th ^)?q 6th wny 7th T?^ 8th Tpfl 9 th Trtffl 10th Tpjf The feminine singular emphatic is KrPJVVi?, NAT?"}, &c. OJandPTM. 4 The cardinal numerals serve as ordinals for higher numbers. OTA. 5 OTA has the following forms 1 ' First ' : masculine plural emphatic R!0*Jp> feminine singular emphatic KrM?*Tj?, plural emphatic *0W § 40. ORDINAL NUMBERS 105 ' Second ' : feminine singular absolute H£$fl 'Third': feminine singular absolute nwfifi (Q e re; Knhibh icrv , ?n) 'Fourth': masculine singular emphatic n^^H (Q e re; Knhibh KVm) feminine singular absolute nHSr?*} (Q e re; K e thibh mrai and mr»3-i) feminine singular emphatic Xrpy3"l The forms KTlVri and ''fiVri in Dan. 5. 7, 16, 29 are used of an important office in the Babylonian kingdom. They seem to be loan-words from Akkadian, and are not to be regarded as Ara- maic numerals. Cf. J. A. Montgomery, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Book of Daniel (Edinburgh, 1927), pp. 256 f. § 41. OTHER NUMERALS Note. Some of these forms are very rare. For convenience, OJ and PTM are usually grouped together in this section, but this does not mean that all the forms mentioned are found in both dialects. 1. Distributives These are expressed by repetition of the cardinal numeral, e.g. Num. 3. 47 yV*?*? ^SD 8^5>p 'five shekels each'. Sometimes, the numbered object is also repeated, e.g. Isa. 6. 2 "TO 1 ? r?l KJ?# rW NJ?# 'each one had six wings'. 2. Ordinal adverbs These are expressed by the masculine ordinal numeral in the absolute statej by the feminine ordinal numeral in the emphatic state with the preposition 3, and, in the case of certain numbers, by a form ending in i(tfi), e.g. 'First' -5-tj?, Kri-O'fp.a, Krwa-TP. (isa. 60. 9 KrjyVp? a^f ktk KTP??f£3 'Which spreads out its sails first ?') 'Second' KJTJflS; 'third' "O'Vfl, K$ , p ,,, ?fl3, &c. io6 § 41. , OTHER NUMERALS §41. OTHER NUMERALS 107 The same forms are used to express the meaning ' the first time ', 'the second time', &c. Note the form WJTl, rortfl 1 'the second time'. It is also possible to use a cardinal numeral with p| (cf. note 3 (a) below). 3. Multiplicatives (a) The question ' How often ? ' is answered by the cardinal numeral with p}, KpT, or ppf (treated sometimes as masculine and sometimes as feminine), e.g. K"jq KpT (or p} in) 'once'; ppf »3^ 'seven times'; fpj nsfn 'nine times'. Sometimes, N*tfj is used alone, e.g. X$flfy K*jq 'once a year'. In OTA (Dan. 6. n, 14) the numeral follows ppl: n^fl ppf 'three times'. Multiplication is expressed in PTM by the use of cardinal numerals, often with ppt and the preposition p, e.g. "pftpD n^Jp p ppj 50 X 100. When a number is squared, the preposi- tion bv may be used, e.g. JlpTpn, bv )^^n 50 X 50. (b) The meaning 'threefold', 'fourfold', &c, is expressed by the phrase TO *?¥ followed by the appropriate numeral, e.g. Gen. 26. 12 7\$Q in *?¥ ifnn K$tf? n|^ 'and he found an hundredfold in that year'. 2 Sam. 12. 6 KySHX in *?» ,,, ?tf? 'he shall repay fourfold'. In OTA, a slightly different construction is used in Dan. 3. 19 a^pV Hjq ^ bv ny^^-nn Rpn&V WSV 'to heat the furnace seven times hotter than it was usual to heat it '. 4. Fractions There are two ways of expressing fractions : (a) By the use of cardinal numerals and the preposition V or p, e.g. X99 p -m 1/6; tqpy p no i/io; *ws?V Kin i/io. (#) By the use of special forms : (i) 'A half: J>B or J" 1 ??; 2 emphatic state X^e or KJ^, 1 Found also in OTA (Dan. 2. 7). 2 OTA hasj^ (construct — Dan. 7. 25); y^?p resembles the Syriac 1< STo> Other variants are also found in the manuscripts. In addition to this form, which belongs to the A class of nouns, there is a form belonging to the G class: U 1 ?©, construct IVti^B, &c, e.g. Exod. 37. 6 V$?W ppK ps-jri ' 2 £ cubits'. Num. 34. 15 KV?# n^V?^ P?# H? ' tne two trib?s and the half tribe'. (ii) Other forms : 1/3 mnVri, also x^ri, wfo$, k^ 1/4 5"?i, emphatic Ky?"1 and Hy?l; construct nw?1 and ny^T; plural py^, &c. i/s tfitfn, w?>pn 1/6 ron# 1/7 57310, xy;n£ 1/8 Kpp^l, xj^)i i/iq HOV; K"79¥» 'tithe'; K}i"IOV ' 1/10 of an ephah' 1 Cf. Odeberg's note on the vocalization of these two forms.