Introduction to Syriac

Key to Exercises &
English-Syriac Vocabulary

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Introduction to Syriac

Key to Exercises
and

English-Syriac Vocabulary

by

Daniel M. Qurtner

1^

IB€X Publishers
Bethesdo, Maryland

Introduction to Syriac
kev to Fxercises and Knelish-Svriac Vocabulary
by

Daniel M. (iurtner

Copyright V 2006 Daniel M. (iurtner

All rights reserved. No part of this book may he reproduced or retransmitted in any
manner whatsoever, except in the form of a review, without written permission from the

publisher.

Manufactured in the United Slates of America

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ANSI Z39.48-I984

lhe\ Publishers
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Library of C ongress Cataloging in Publication Data

(iurtner. Daniel M.

Key to exercises for W heeler M. Thackston's introduction to Syriac and Unglish-Syriac
\ocabulary / by Daniel M. (iurtner.
p. cm.

Answers to exercises in Syriac and romanized Syriac: readings in romanized Sy riac with

l iiglish translations.
Contents: Key to exercises — Key to readings — Fnglish-Sy riac vocabulary —
Corrigenda and addenda to the grammar.
ISBN 1588140458 (alk. paper)
I . Syriac language — Grammar — Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title

P.I5423 T53 1999 Suppl.
492/.35— dc22
2006043690

Contents

Preface i

Key to Exercises

Lesson 1 1

Lesson 2 1

Lesson 3 3

Lesson 4 4

Lesson 5 5

Lesson 6 6

Lesson 7 7

Lesson 8 8

Lesson 9 10

Lesson 10 13

Lesson 11 14

Lesson 12 15

Lesson 13 17

Lesson 14 18

Lesson 15 21

Lesson 16 23

Lesson 17 24

Lesson 18 25

Lesson 19 27

Lesson 20 28

Key to Readings

From the Psitta 30

From Pseudo-Callisthenes' Legend of Alexander 32

The First Discovery of the True Cross 35

The Teaching of the Apostle Thaddeus 41

The Martyrdom of St. Barbara 49

From the Tale of Sinbad the Wise 53

From The Cave of Treasures 58

From Kalilag and Demnag 59

From a Metrical Sermon by Ephraem Syrus 60

From The Syriac Book of Medicines 62

A Flood in Edessa 64

From the Chronicon Syriacum of Barhebraeus,

The Taking of Babylon (Baghdad) by HulagU Khan 67

From the Reign of Baidu Khan 69

English-Syriac Vocabulary 71

Corrigenda and Addenda to the Grammar 1 14

Preface

As IS THE CASE with MOST STUDENTS OF Syriac, I learned this language
almost entirely on my own. Though I am far from a Syriacist, I produced this
key primarily for those also learning Syriac on their own or in small groups.
I have also included an English-Syriac glossary to assist students with the
English to Syriac translation exercises in Thackston's grammar. I have
chosen to keep with Thackston's decision to use Estrangela font for its
simplicity, and have retained that font even where Thackston's text uses
Nestorian and Jacohite.

I would like to thank Farhad Shirzad at Ibex Publishers for immediately
taking interest in the project and his patience in seeing it to fruition. I
especially thank Prof. Wheeler M. Thackston for encouraging the production
this project, and producing translations and transliterations of the extended
readings from the end of the grammar. I also wish to thank Dr. Joseph
Trafton and Mr. Jonathan A. Loopstra who kindly agreed to review drafts of
this work for their accuracy. Thanks also goes to participants in a Syriac
grammar class which I led at Tyndale House, Cambridge (UK), specifically
Charles Echols, Peter Head, Caryn Rccder, and especially Tze-Ming Quek,
Hilary Marlow, and Jane Heath. Each have helped ensure the accuracy of
this key, though errors remain my responsibility alone. Corrections,
suggestions, or comments can be sent direction to the author by email at
syriackey@ibexpub.com.

For continuous encouragement in this project and others, I owe a debt of
gratitude to Bill Barker, Jonathan Moo, Justin Hardin, and Charles Anderson.

This modest project is dedicated to Dr. Gary D. Pratico, who first
instilled in me a rigorous ethic of studying Semitic languages and a deep
appreciation for their beauty.

Daniel M. Gurtner
Bethel Seminary
St Paul, 2006

Daniel M. Gurtner (Ph.D., University of St Andrews) is Assistant Professor of
New Testament at Bethel Seminary in St Paul, MN.

i

Key to Exercises

Lesson One

(a) 1. slek men mditta. He went up from the city: 2. 'erqat l-tura She fled to the
mountain. 3. 'raq men mditta. They (in) fled from the city 4. sleqen l-tura. They
(f) went up to the mountain. 5. npal gabra. The man fell. 6. ketbat attta. The
woman wrote. 1. 'raq 'amma men harka. The people (in) fled from here} 8. kt_ab
malka I- amma. The king wrote to the people. 9. ' raqwi men tamman. They (m)
fled from there. 1 0. Sem'at inalkta. The queen heard. 1 1 . ''erqat attta men mditta.
The woman fled from the city. 12. 'raq gabra men malka. The man fled from the
king. 13. selqat attta men tamman. The woman went out from there. 14. npal
gabra men Jura. The man fell from the mountain. 15. la ' raq malka men mditta.
The king did not flee from the city. 16. la selqat attta men harka. The woman did
not go out from here. 1 7. la sma' 'amma. The people did not hear. 1 8. la ketbal I-
malka. She did not write to the king. 19. selkat malkta men 'amma. The queen
went out from the people. 20. la ' raq gabra l-tainman. The man did not flee to
there. 2 1 . selqat attta l-mditta. The woman went up to the city.

(b) 1 . rc'i n \^ rx^ft^MtX' kxii_v 'erqat attta men gabra

2. r^in^ npal.tura

3. iX , i > \"7iA K'in'^jiiu r<\ la ktab gabra l-malka

4. rxl^ix q s -7ix rdi la sma" amma

5. rd\c\\ ix'Ka-j^j rc'in^,n,\cn sleq gabra men mditta l-tura

6. rdiim nCn^ cld\^ c raq 'amma men harka

1. rrtft -\ \*7iAo nLi \ v 7iA r£nA_ cld^\3 kt_ab 'amma l-malka wa-l-malkt_a

8. < r Uil£D sleq men tamman

9. r<\~[ \ \ }s\_i kt_aben l-gabra

10. rdsJcnA kXjl_,:Oj i\A-aj neplat mditta l-malka

Lesson Two

(a) 1 . ebad gabra b-ar'a. The/a man perished in/on the land. 2. l-mana la netrat
l-namdsal Why did she/you (in) not keep the law'? 3. sleqnan b-sapra. We went
out in the morning. 4. nepqet_ w-ezzet l-nahra. I went forth and went to the river.

1 Here I take "the people" as a collective, thus taking the singular verb. In order for "the
people" to be the object ("He did not hear the people"), it would require the object marker
which is introduced in Chapter 2. See also #17.

1

Key to Exercises

5. 'bar 'al ndmdsd. They (m) transgressed against the law. 6. ktab la-ktdbd
malkd. The king wrote the book. 7. b-ramsd 'barn l-nahrd. In the evening we
crossed over the river. 8. mdnd enirat I -gabrd atttJP. What did the woman say to
the man? 9. ezzei men mdittd b-sajjiv. I went out from the city in the morning.
1 0. nuaqton men mdittd l-turd. Yon went forth from the city to the mountain. 1 1 .
' raq 'annua men qritd w-ezal la-mdittd. The people fled from the village and
went to the city. 12. gabrd qtal l-malkd. The man killed the king. 13. Id 'banian
'al ndmdsd. We did not transgress the law. 14. man ehad gabrd men qritd? What
did the man take from the village? 15. sleq l-turd w-tannndn ehad. They went to
the mountain and there they perished. 16. ma emrat I- annua? OR ma emart I-
' animal What did she/you (m) say to the people? 17. ebdat_ ba-qritd atttd. The
woman perished in the village. 18. l-mdnd Id qetlat_ l-malkd wa-l-malktd? OR I-
mdnd Id qtalt l-malkd wa-l-malktd? Why did she/you (m) not kill the king and the
queen ? 19. Id sem'et l-gabrd. I did not hear/listen to the man. 20. ehdet k[dbd w-
ezzet l-nahrd. I seized the book and I went to the river. 2 1 . La ' raqn men qritd b-
ramsd. We did not flee from the village in the evening. 22. Id qtal l-atttd. They
(in) did not kill the woman. 23. ktjibt l-inalka ktdbd. She/you (m) wrote the book
for the king. 24. 'erqet, men tanundn w-ezzlet l-hdrkd. I fled from there and 1
came here. 25. einret l-malkd 'al atttd. I spoke to the king about (concerning) the
woman. 26. Id emarnan l-'animd 'al malkd. We did not speak to the people about
the king. 27. l-mdnd la emarton l-malkd 'al ndmdsd? Why did you not speak to
the king about the law? 28. l-malkd wa-l-malktji qtaln. We killed the king and the
queen.

(b) I . ayka ehad cwzpr? rda ,r?

aykd ebadim ^_c\p^r^ r^i i K 1
ayka ehad xzpr? tV t iK*
aykdebaden ^_apnrf ^

2. l-mdnd Id ntart l-ndmdsd rctocOo > t<\ rCl^A

3. 'banian l-nahrd b-ramsd r£ i y>xn rCirrnA

4. einret l-atttd 'al qrittd K^T-D rf^^un^ ^i^icf

5. l-mdnd ezalton l-nidittd P^s\_l_i:0) ^_o^\A\r<' fCa5>\

b. qtal l-malkd h-qrittd rt)s^\sr3 rd^A^iA nA\_D

7. Malkd 'bar l-nahrd w-ehad l-mdittd

8. npiiqnan w-sleqnan l-turd b-saprd

2

Key to Exercises

9. ma emart l-gabra rCin \^ iftjCnrc' r£7)

10. emret l-'amma 'al namosa risocdis r£yi s \ )&\^nrZ

Lesson Three

(a) 1. man ezal 'ammkon. Who went with you (m. pi)? 2. nhet malka la-mditta
'am 'amma. The king went down to the city with the people. 3. nesbet l-kespa
mennak. I took money from you (m sg). 4. ekal 'amman. They (m) ate with us. 5.
nhetton 'adyamma. You (m. pi) went down as far as the sea. 6. 'erqe[ menneh. I
fled from him. 1. slah Iwat malka sliha. They (m.) sent a messenger to the king.
8. nsab gabra l-puqdana mennhon. The man received the commandment from
them (m). 9. ezaln 'ad qrita. We went as far as the village. 10. man 'bad l-
lalvna? Who made the bread? 1 1 . layt l-gabra kespa. The man has no money.
1 2. sleq Iwat gabra da-'raq men mditta d-layt bah mayya. They (m.) went out to
the man who fled from the city which had no water in it. 13. layt b-afa nbiya.
There is no prophet in the land. 14. layt Ian lahma b-bayta. We have no food in
the house. 1 5. la ntaman l-pitqdana da-nsab nbiya men Jura. We did not keep the
commandment which the prophet received from the mountain. 16. nehtet men
Jura w-ezzet ' ad yamma. I came down from the mountain and went as far as the
sea. 17. man slah lak lwa[an? Who sent you to us? 18. att[a d-'ebdat lafvna
ne/jqat w-selqat 'amm w- ammeh. The woman who made the bread went and
went up with me and with him. 19. it b-ar'a nahra d-it beh mayya. There is a
river in the land in which there is water. 20. it ba-mditta malka w-malkta. There
is in the city a king and a queen. 21. slah kespa la-mditta 'am sliha. They (m.)
sent money to the city with the messenger. 22. mana emarton la-sliha da- c raq
men tamman? What did you (m. pi) say to the messenger who fled from there?
23. layt lah bayta ba-qrit_a. She does not have a house in the village. 24. ezal
nbiya Iwat 'omnia w-emar Ihon l-mana la njarton l-namosa? The prophet went
in the presence of the people and he said to them. "Why have you (in. pi.) not
kept the law?" 25. ' raq gabra mean. The man fled from me. 26. eklet 'ammak
lahma. I ate the food with you (m.sg). 21. sleq men mayya. He went up from the
water. 28. npaq mention. They (f. pi) went from us. 29. man emar lak 'al kespa d-
ehad malka men 'amma? Who told you about the money which the king took
from the people? 30. nehtet la-mditta w-nesbel l-kespa men sliha. 1 went down to
the city and I took the money from the messenger.

(b) 1 . it b-bayta gabra r^i-i \^ ir'Xx .-i-i ^\_ ) rC'

2. man slah Iwatjwn la-sliha d-ezal la-mditta

3. nehtet l-nahra' ammah b-sapra rt\2i ^zd rx'imjA ift^irJ

3

Key to Exercises

4. layt Ian kespa rX^fm «^_^

5. nesbat l-inayyii men gabra (fin \^ rC^irA )s\.ncp\

6. emarnn li 'al la{una d-'ekalun «^_o\jlA.:\ (f^yiA Ix. >A .^OTJ^rC

7. l-gcibrd d-'bcir l-ndmdsa x<S£C£jii\ inv ^ (fin \\ n

8. H.rc/fo ;/Wv« l-ndmdsd 'aljura (f icA^ \ v rdCDCOuA (V in l n(p \
9Jaeklatl-l(i!nmld<fb(idii-~J$p^'* r^nwW i\A.a(f (f\

\{). it l-kon kespa b-baytd rf^v inn ffami ^\_i(f

Lesson Four

(a) 1. /Wf//) wia/Ay? /»*?£«/■ b'eldbdbeh. The king pursued his enemy. 2. sebqet I-
'abda d-haykld. I forgave the sen-ant of the temple. 3. Mr//i/> b-'eldbab \w-
' ruq la-mdittd. My enemy seized my gold and he fled to the city. 4. layt lidrkci
kespa d-dildk. There is no money here which belongs to you (m. sg.). 5. hi 'dar
Ian 'abdan. Our servant did not help us. 6. rdap gabra l-'abdeh. The man
persecuted his servant. 1. rhet 'abdd d-haykla bcitar gabra d-eliad l-dahbd d-
dileh. The seivant of the temple ran after the man who seized the gold which
belonged to him. 8. ezz.et_ la-qritd da-nbiyd. I went to the village of the prophet.
9. sbaq l-' abdeh gabra. The man forgave his servant. 10. Id ' dar li dahbdk . Your
gold did not help me. 1 1 . slab malkd la-sliheh Iwdtfik. The king sent his
messenger to you. 1 2. nsab gabra kespa mennhon. The man took the money from
them. 1 3. 'bad aykannd da-pqad Hum malkd da-mdittd. They did just as the king
of the city commanded them. 1 4. emret Idh aykannd d-emart li. I spoke to her
just as you spoke to me. 15. reljtet bdtarhon. I ran behind them (in.). OR / ran
after them (m.). 16. rdai> bdtreh b'eldbdbd 'ad yammd w-tammdn ebad. He
pursued after the enemy as far as the sea, and there he perished. 1 7. qtal la-
(Jeldbdbeh d-malkd. They (m.) killed the king's enemy. 18. npciq nbiyd men
bayteh b-sapid wa-sleq l-turd. The prophet went forth from his house in the
morning and he went up to the mountain. 19. redjiet la-Veldbdb ba-mdittd
kolldh. I pursued my enemy throughout the city. 20. 'dar Ian 'annua kollhon. All
of the people helped us. 21. emar li gabra kollmeddem d-emrat leh atUeh. The
man told me everything which his wife said to him. 22. sbaq kollmeddem d-ehad
men haykld wa-'raq. They left everything which they (in.) seized from the temple
and they (in.) fled. 23. ehdet kollmeddem d-dil w-ezzet l-bayt. I seized eveiything
which belonged to me and I went to my house. 24. rhetnan bcitar 'abdd d-gabrd
aykannd da-pcjad Ian. We ran after the man's slave just as he commanded us. 25.
ekalt kolleh lahma d-' ebdat_ lak atttfik? Did you eat all the food that your wife
made for you? 26. l-mdnd Id 'ebdat kollmeddem d-paqdet_ Idh? Why did she not

4

Key to Exercises

do everything which I commanded her? 27. l-mana sbaq I-baython d-ba-qrita w-
ezal la-mdittd? Why did they leave their house in the village and go to the city?

(b) I. sbaqn leh l-abdan ba-qrita rt'k-ii m ^in \

3. rdap_ malkd batar freldbdba d-'ammeh b-kollah or 1 a

rd^TK' fh\ -\ ~l m^lA..! rr'-i-n \ v -i \)&Z2 f <3 !O l ajn

4. ehad'abda l-dahbeh d-malkeh wa-'raq men ar'a

5. ehadt kollmeddem ddil ~p^nSj\ kvrujnc'

6. e/7aJ gabra kollmeddem da-bbayteh wa-nhet l-yamma

Lesson Five

(a) I . rdajz malke bdt_ar b'eldbabe 'ad mdhthon. The kings pursued the enemies
as far as their city. 2. la sbaqnan 'abde b-haykle. We did not leave the servants
in the temples. 3. l-dahban ehad gabre wa- raq la-mdinata. The men seized our
gold and they fled to the cities. 4. rdap_ l-'abde gabre. The men pursued the
servants. OR The men abused the slaves. 5. rhet 'abde batar gabre d-eliad l-
dahbhon dilhon. The servants ran after the men who seized their gold. 6. ezzet I-
qurya da-nbiye. I went to the villages of the prophets. 7. la sbaq l-'abde. They
did not forgive the seivants. 8. la 'dar lak dahbe. The gold did not help you. 9.
slab malke la-slihe Iwatjtn. The kings sent the messengers into our presence. 10.
nsab gabre l-kespe mennan. The men took the money from us. 1 1. 'bad 'abde
aykanna da-pqad Ihon malke. The sen-ants did just as the kings commanded
them. 12. emrat leh atttci aykanna d-emre lah nesse. The woman told him just as
the women told her. 13. rhet batarhen nesse. He ran after the women. 14. rdap_
batar b'eldbaba 'ad yammd w-tammdn li qtal. The enemy pursued me as far as
the sea. and there he killed me. 15. kad qtal l-gabrd selqat napseh la-smayya.
When they killed the man his soul went up to heaven. 1 6. ha malake d-aldha qreb
leh la-nbiya. Behold, the angels of God drew near to the prophet. 17. sbaq la-
mdittd wa-'mar ba-qrita. He left the city and lived in the village. 18. qreb I-
baytdh d-emmhon. They approached the house of their mother. 19. man qtal
b'eldbabhon d-malke? Who killed the enemy of the kings? 20. qerbat malkut_a
da-smayya. The kingdom of heaven drew near. 21. l-mana rdap. la-nbiye? Why
did they persecute the prophets? 22. kad nhet men Jure ngaq w-ezal l-bayteh.
When he went down from the mountains he went to his house. 23. qtal l-napseh.
He killed himself. 24. Id qtal l-napshon. They (m.) did not kill their soul (OR
themselves). 25. npaq nbiye men baytdh d-atttd. The prophets went forth from

5

Key to Exercises

the woman's house. 26. rdap_ 'aniind kollhon la-beldbdbeh d-malkd. All the
people persecuted the enemy of the king. 27. 'mar nesse b-quiya. The women
lived in the villages. 28. kad qreb Ifeldbdbd. 'raq kollhon gabre. When the
enemy drew near, all of the men fled. 29. l-ndmdsd d-aldhd ntar gabrd. The man
kept the law of God. 30. nhet malake men smayya. The angels descended from
the heavens. 3 1 . ehdet lahme kollhon men baytd w-selqet l-ttire 'am emm. I took
all the food from the house and I went to the mountains with my mother. 32.
hdkannd emar nbiyd kad nsab puqdane d-alaha. Thus spoke the prophet when he
took the commandments of God.

(b) I . 'mar gabre b-qmyci d-malktita rrtvojA^in rdi'o nn K'lnJ^ oi^Lv

2. nhet malake men smayya rdl^ix rdA'r c'\> ) o^(\_ai_i

3. Layt mayyd b-nahre d-ar'a rd^-irfa rfim \-\ct 1*73

4. 'baren nes.se 'al ndmdse d-malke d-malkutd

rx^o -n \"7in rdilim rtkncCnj _\_^ re* ¥ \ ^,in\

5. rdapnan l-'abde da-b' eldbdbe men kollhon haykle d-ar' an

Lesson Six

(a) 1. man-i hade w-manit haw. Who is this (f) and who is that (m)? 2. me/idd
npaq men knustji w-e:.al l-baytdh d-enunhon. Immediately they departed from the
synagogue and they went up to their mother's house. 3. emar leh 'al attta d-hi
seljat ennon. They spoke to him about the woman who sent them. 4. l-mdnd la
email li att ' al hade kolldh. Why did yon not speak to me about all of this? 5.
atton-ennon mellid d-ar' a. You are the salt of the earth. 6. hade hi mdittd-y d-
malkd d-hdde ar'd. This is the city of the king of this land. 7. haw hit malkdh-u d-
mdittd. That (man) is king of the city. 8. maim d-dileh-i malkutd d-smayyd. To
whom does the kingdom of heaven belong ? 9. aykannd d-emar Ian dp_ end emret_
Hum. Just as they spoke to us. so also I spoke to them. 10. mehdd kad sem'et
hade nepqet w-qerbet l-nbiyd. Immediately when I heard this I went forth and
approached the prophet. 1 1. end sliheh-na d-alaha. I am God's messenger. 12.
nhet men smayya malakd d-hu sliheh d-aldhd wa-dbar l-nbiyd l-madbrd. The
angel that was God's messenger descended from heaven and led the prophet to
the wilderness. 13. hdddy emmd d-'ebdat lan lahmd hand. This is my mother,
who made this food for us. 14. l-mdnd ehdat_ emmdk kespd hand menndk. Why-
did your mother take this money from you? 15. dbaron-ennon la-smayyd malake.
The angels guided them to heaven. 16. b-ramsd sleqn w-ezaln la-knustd. In the
evening we left and went to the synagogue. 17. emar iso' msihd d-nahnan melhd-
nan d-ar'a. Jesus Christ said, "we are the salt of the earth. " 18. Manu gabrd
dalkon dbar Iwdt. Who is the man who led you unto me? 19. l-mdnd Id ekal I-

6

Key to Exercises

melha hay da-nsabn men mditta. Why did they not eat that salt which we took
from the city? 20. hade-i malktah d-ai*a hade. This is the queen of this land. 21.
aykanna da-sbaqat napsa l-pagra selqat ruha la-smayya. As the soul left the
body, the spirit went to heaven. 22. redpet la-tialdbab. l-medbra w-tamman
qetjet_ leh. 1 pursued my enemy to the wilderness and there I killed him. 23. kad
sma' la-nbiya mehda np_aq w-ezal batjeh. When they heard the prophet,
immediately they went after him. 24. hade attta emmhoni d-halen gabre. This
woman is the mother of these men. 25. hit demar lak kollah hade slihu d-malka
da-mditta. He that told you all this is the messenger of the king of the city. 26.
maim da-dbar-ennon l-madbra. Who is it that guided them to the wilderness? 27.
mami d-nesbat hanon puqdane menneh? Who is (the one) from whom you took
those commandments? 28. aykanna ebadb-madbra hanon? How did they perish
in the wilderness?

(b) 1 . Hade-y knusta d-kollhon 1 amine d-ar c a

rdvirt'.T n£5i^-^ «^_oml^:i p^svjlcuji ->m rCnm

2. Hanon gabre-ennon b-madbra nC'TJDrOia ^_Ojrf rt'j-\ \^ «^_ajm

3. It l-att l-gabra d-napseh qedat l-hi

,,m\ ^\\, n my <\ n K'i-i \\ h^\t<\ i\_.rf

4. Layt melfta b-baytan ^ •~<~> rdA^n ih_»A

5. Malake sleq l-smayya rdI^7ixA on.Vop rdi'pdV^)

6. Slihe halen dbarennon la-mdinata d-malke

rCxknn rc'kJi.-OiA w _ajrt'

7. Manu-w da-rdan batjeh la-tieldbaba l ad nahra

8. Gabra hana sbaq attteh ba-qrita

Lesson Seven

(a) I . hzayn l-'edta da-bnaw b-haw atra. We saw the church which they built in
that place. 2. la etet Iwatjum. I did not come to them. 3. b'a gabra la-nbiya b-
kollah mditta. The man searched for the prophet throughout the city. 4. l-mana
etayton l-harka. Why did you (m.p.) come here? 5. maim da-hzayt tamman. Who
did you (m. s.) see there? 6. batar hade sleq men 'edta kollhon da-hwaw bah.
A fter this all who were in the church went from it. 1. emar iso 1 da-b-koll-zban
meskene it Ikon 'ammkon li den la b-koll-zban it Ikon. Jesus said, "You always
have the poor with you, but you do not always have me with you. " 8. dabreh
Iwatjm. He guided him to us. 9. maim d-qatleh la-nbiya? Who is he who killed

1

Key to Exercises

the prophet? 10. bndtji d-ltaw gabra Id etay. The daughters of that man did not
come. 1 1 . hdkannd pqadtan malktd. In this way the queen commanded me. 1 2.
kad hzayn-ennon hdiyn h-hon. When we saw them we rejoiced in them (m.p. ). 1 3.
hdna-w 'abddk d-'adran. This is your servant who helped me. 14. l-mdnd Id
sma'kon. Why did he not listen to you (m.pl.)? 15. hit nqtreh l-piiqddnd elld hi Id
ntarteh. He kept the commandment but she did not keep it. 16. ekal l-lahnid
kolleh. They ate all of the bread. 17. sbaqn (or sabqan) 'am beldbdbd. We left
with the enemy. OR He abandoned us with the enemy. 18. rdapleh attta l-'abddh
men Iwatdh. The woman drove her servant from her presence. 19. salheh la-slihd
l-hdde mdittd malkd. The king sent the messenger to this city. 20. dahbd d-ehdeh
layt b-bayteh. The gold which he took is not in his house. 21 . kad hzaw 'edtd da-
bnd llion malkd da-mdittd hdi bah. When they saw the church which the king of
the city built for them they rejoiced in it. 22. hand gabra breh-wd d-aldhd. This
man was the son of God. 23. kad ramsd-wd ' barteh l-nahrd. When it was evening
I crossed the river. 24. end nsabjeh l-kespd inenneh. I took the money from him.
25. b-haw atjd bnaw 'edtd l-meskene. In that place they built a church for the
poor. 26. b-hdnon yawmdtd layt-wd Ian lahnid. In those days we had no bread.

(b) 1 . emar da-b-koll-zban it_ lan meskene 'amman

^^7lv rf \ K<x\l) k-.rC' ^jdvIajzh \5)t<

2. w-b-hanon yawmdtd hdi b-'edta da-bneh l-hon b-haw and

ocra ^nmi m_inn tf^-w -t c\_,:u> rx'k^cL. ^cucrao

3. Bnayyeh d-hdnd gabra qtal l-lfeldbdbd da-mdinatjwn

4. l-mdnd sabqdk ba-qrhd d-layt bah mayyd

vCdr> &a ^_iAn pc^v_jT m v^ni t pcLoiA

5. dbarteh inenneh madbrd l-baytdh d-barteh

6. Ebad 'aljurd ' ammeh kespd d-ehdeh mennhon meskene

7. hu w-bnayndsd da-qriteh tihet 'al malkd d-qajleh l-breh

mui 1-11 n C-v \"7 i oJswj m^-jixn h^t >"■ t-i pm

Lesson Eight

(a) 1. hddeyn-nan b-purqdnnan b-yadpdroqa. We are rejoicing in our salvation
through the savior. 2. Id-wd b-lahma ballidd haye barndsd. Man was not living

8

Key to Exercises

on bread alone. 3. end la saaleq-na men bayta. I myself am not going from the
house. 4. hadyd atttd ba-brdh d-la 'abar l-ndmdsd. The woman is rejoicing in
her son who is not transgressing the law. 5. eskhuh lead 'dmrd ba-qrit_d hay. They
found her (while) she was living in that village. 6. manu d-bd'e att leh. For
whom are you searching? 1. kad hwa ramsa 'dbrin l-nahrd. When it was
evening, they crossed the river. 8. end saleh-nd leh l-hdnd ktaba lwdt_-kon byad
hand slihd. I am sending this hook to you by means of this messenger. 9. hdzeyn
atton l-hon. You are seeing them. 10. eskhet li atrd d-bane-nd beh bayta. I found
for myself a place in which I am building a house. 1 1 . haw d-daber lak
b'edlbdbak-u. That man who is guiding you is your enemy. 12. end dmar-nd I-
kon d-haw d-qqtlu pdrdqan-u. I am telling you. "That one who they (m) killed is
our savior. " 13. hzaw lak kad ndp_eq men baytdk. They saw you when you were
going from your house. 14. b-saprd den dzlin-waw l-'edtd. But in the morning
they went to church. 15. qqtlin-nan l-hon kollhon. We will kill them all. 16. alalia
pares mrahhmdnuteh 'al ar'd kolldh. God is spreading his mercy over all the
earth. 17. 'abdeh den d-qentrdnd had qrib-wa la-mmdt. w-sma' 'al iso'. w-
saddar Iwdteh qassise da-yhuddye. hennon den kad etaw Iwat iso' ba'eyn-waw
menneh w-dmrin. rhem ger l-'amman. w-dp behknustd hu bnd lan. iso' den dzel-
wd 'ammhon. kad den la saggi rahhiq men baytd. saddar Iwdteh qentrond
rdhmaw. (But) the servant of a certain centurion was near death. And he heard
about Jesus. And he sent to him the elders of the Jews. But when they came to
Jesus, they sought from him and said, "Indeed, he loves our people. And so the
house of the assembly (synagogue) he built for us. (But) Jesus went with them
(m.). But when he was not very far from the house. The centurion sent to him his
friends.

(b) 1 . qentrond d- abdeh qarrib la-mmdt saddar Iwateh qassise da-yhuddye da-
sma' in-waw 'al iso'.

t "i t n mi\aA iu jOjTxi mini rx' \c\ \\ \ n

■A-O t . ooon . -w t i Kli.Tcim_j^

2. b-atrd hand bnd sliha l-' edtd l-gabre wa-l-nesse d- 'aamriin bah ba-mdittd

3. Sdleh la-sliha Iwat malka 'lawd-sma'

4. Sabqan 'am b'eldbaban \ -i J7i^ J^7 T

5. hdkanna d-malkd pqadw-ap'bad n~l \ SkK'ci ^ n °> n? -v \"m re' nm

6. bdtreh kollhon npaq den menndh mdittd l-ture

7. Hzaytondh l-atttd d-selqal b-saprd l-baytdh d-rdhemtdh?

9

Key to Exercises

8. Sem'ei ' al kdrdzut_d da-nbiya mennhon qassise

rCy \r n ^nnuii (< ,n n K^cnoTji )s\ \ "tlx

Lesson Nine

(a) I . gabra hakkimd. The wise man. 2. Nesse Jdbdtji d-seday. The good women
who cu e beside me. 3. nialkutd hadtd. The new kingdom. 4. bndtjeh saggidtd d-
dileh. His many daughters. 5. 'edja qaddistd. The holy church. 6. malke rawrbe.
The great kings. 7. yawmata sappire. The beautiful days. 8. bnaynasa 'attire. The
rich people. 9. melhd bista. The bad salt. 10. pagreh qaddisd. His holy body. 1 1.
ruha qaddisif . The holy spirit. 12. knusatd saggi' dtd. The many synagogues. 13.
'edatd rawrbdtd. The big churches. 14. madbrd rdbd. The great desert. 15. emm
hakkimtd. My wise mother. 1 6. malake qaddi.se. The holy angels. 1 7. h'eldbdbe
hise. The wicked enemies. 18. 'abdetdbe sedeh. The good seirants (are) beside
her. 19. bdtte saggi 'e. The many houses. 20. pnqddnhon rabbd. Their great
commandment. 21. Rdhmd hdattd da-hlapaw. The new friend which is for his
sake. OR The new friend instead of him. 22. ar' dk rabbtd. Your great land. 23.
qritd 'attirtd. The rich village. 24. qerydtd saggidtd. The many villages. 25.
lahmd saggi 'a .sedayk. (There is) much bread beside yon. OR There is much
bread near you. 26. mditk'i qaddist/i. The holy city. 27. rdhme 'attire. The rich
friends. 28. qassisd yiidayd. The Jewish elder. 29. mdindtd rahhiqat_d. The
distant cities. 30. baytd qarribd. The nearby house.

(b) I . ffi-D \^ am J\ ■ t ™ hakkim-u gabra. The man is wise.

2. _i^r^n r\L£_i .^^Jf*' Jdbdn-ennen nesse d-sed. The women
beside me are good.

3. n^ft n -\ \~7 i .m r?^(\:\_u hadtd-y malkutd. The kingdom is new.

4. ml^m CD^vIn «^_o_ir<' ,^r<_i_\£D saggi dn-ennen bnatjeh d-dileh.
Many are the daughters who belong to him. ( )R He has many daughters.

5. rfkvxv _ifn rdx_i^_n qaddisd-y 'edtd. The church is holy.

6. rdil^j OOtn ■-lin't rawrbin-waw malke. The kings were great.

1. vt)sCj)i\-i ncim ■ a I sappirin-waw yawmdtd. The days were

beautiful.

K t > " >-i nom rC'H-.iw 'attirin-waw bnaynasa. The people were
2 See Thaekston's grammar, p. 30 n. I.

10

Key to Exercises

rich.

9. rdiA^n _iO} rCr .-x bisd-y melha. The salt is bad.

\0. m\\^ oro ,t ii_p qaddis-u gagreh. His body is holy.

1 ! . rdwcn _jCO rti . ■ru qaddisa-y ruhci. The spirit is holy.

12. rC'^ULcLui vJK* ^__rr' , \cn saggt an-ennen kmtsata. The
synagogues are many.

13. rc^rL^. <rC .^.znoi rawrban-ennen 'edata. The churches are

big.

14. (X'TJDrOj cim ^dt rab-u madbra. The desert is great.

1 5 i^ft* _jfn rd^n..i s w Hakkimd-y emm. My mother is wise.

16. rciirK^n oorn ^JLr_in_D qaddisin-waw malake. The angels were
holy.

1 7. Pf'nni \ s n oom bisin-waw b'eldbabe. The enemies were
wicked.

18. ch_i:\r<V^ rC'^n \. oom ^Jjp^jdbin-ivaw'abde ,sedeh. The servants
beside her were good.

19. r?)&3 „ ^ \r? ■ saggtan-ennen batte. The houses are many.

20. «^_o<TLi:\_ocioi cim ni rabb-u pukdanhon. Their commandment is
great.

71 .mn<\\vO riiiijT orn )&Xu Hdet-u rahma da-hldgaw. The friend is
new for his sake.

22. is^Srf sen f<ai rabba-y ar'ak. Your land is great.

23. K^s\_»\-0 _jCT) rCT_ii(VA. ' attira-y qrita. The village is rich.

24. rf)s\-j\n ^_j_irt" «^j\l»^ri saggi 1 an-ennen qeryatji. The villages are
many.

25. i/y.nr<\- rt^7i»iA ocn ■ \fn saggi-u lahma sedayk. Much bread is
beside you.

26. rCKj-j^C" _.rn t i.T_d qaddisa-y mditta. The city is holy.

27. ri^un oom ^_,T_.i\A. 'attirin-waw rahine. The friends were rich.

1 1

Key to Exercises

28. (V t ■ t n Ofn_j^Ofn_» yuddy-ii qassisd. The elder is Jewish.

29. h^Xn '\ ,t ^ti ^ i ire* „ n iv>i' rahhiqdn-ennen mdinatd. The cities are

distant.

30. rt^ft i~i cim (<3_iT_ci qarrib-u bayta. The house is nearby.

(c) 1 . /»Knr /-/wii 'ft/fti /?«J^7 />-/»/ «fra. 77ipv built a new church far them in that
place. 2. iso' msibd pdroqa-w d-'edtd qaddistft. Jesus Christ is the savior of the
holy church. 3. 'attirdn-ennen hcilen nes.se. These women are rich. 4. hakkim-u
haw d-la 'ciber l-jniqddne d-aldhd. Wise is he who does not/will not transgress
the commandments of God. 5. kad bzd cidcim l-hawwcl hdi bah saggi. When Adam
saw Eve he rejoiced much in her. 6. bis-it d-la nqter l-puqddne d-aldhd d-ndsbin
bnayndsd men muse nbiya. Wicked is he who does not keep the commands of
God which the people received from Moses the prophet. 1. Id hakkimin aytayhon
bneyyeh d-atttd 'attirtji. The sons of the rich woman are not wise. 8. Jdbdn
mellayhon d-nabiye. The words of the prophets are good. 9. rab-wa malkd da-
mditte lumen. The king of those cities was great. 10. mditte d-malkd hand
rawrbdn-ennen. The cities of this king are great. 1 1. ndhtin-waw malke 'layhon
b'aldbabC'hon. The kings were descending upon their enemies. 1 2.jdb aytway-wd
lalvna d-eklan b-battehon. The bread which we ate in their houses was good. 1 3.
b-koll-:.ban den e[eyn sliheway d-aldhd Iwathon bnayndsd. But the apostles of
God always come to the people. 14. eta iso' msi/id lilapayn. Jesus Christ came
for our sake. 15. aytayhon bnayndsd ba-mdittd rabtd d-malknta. The people in
the city are the greatest of the kingdom. 16. bane Ian pdrdqa malkutd (idettd b-
smayye. The savior is building for us a new kingdom in heaven. 17. 'bad alalia
[Hirdisa l-kollhon bnayndsd qaddi.se. God made paradise for all the holy people.
1 8. kad qreb l-qrittd Id hzaw leh l-gabrd haw. When they drew near the village
they did not see that man. 19. l-mdnd qtalhaw l-nabbi. Why did they kill the
prophet? 20. dbarun l-madbrd. They guided us to the wilderness. 21. 'dor li
'abdeah. Her servants helped me. 22. fizaw Idk kad qd[el-att Idh l-attteh. They
saw you when you were killing his wife.

(cl) 1 . Bis -aw b'aldbaban ^nu\\ ~i rcVim t .-i

2. rawrbdn hwaw' eddtji hdittd d-bnaw Ihayn

3. Saggi' in hwaw bnayyeh en , \~i oocn . s^ro

4. Hditin ennon batthon b-mdittd

5. Yehbetldh la-ktdbe d-yabt li _iA ^V3(n_in rdfi^^A rhA XuDfn_.

6. Rabb b-malkutd hwaw bnayyi >_iJL3 ocicn l^inni \*7in

12

Key to Exercises

7. Rba-ay hwa mditta hadta men haw dhyayn bah

<to ^uii 6m rf^v.Xii rf^A-j^ 6m )m ndai

Lesson Ten

(a) 1. atton-ennon nuhra d-'alma. You (nip) are the light of the world. 2. kad
nhar-wa sapra dmek. They slept while the morning was bright. 3. 'raq 'abda
bissa w-la idd mareh d-ayka-u. The wicked servant fled and his lord did not
know where he was. 4. hade-y mellta sarrirta da-nbiye. This was the true word
of the prophets. 5. batar hade hpak kahna l-haykla 'am talmidu. After this, the
priest returned to the temple with his disciples. 6. eskahn kad yateb 'am rabbay-
kahne. They found him as he was sitting with the chief priests. 1. kad hapket l-
bayta yatbet. When I returned to the house, I sat down. 8. sarrira'h la idayn-
nan. Truly we did not know. 9. dmek 'abday nialka b-haykla. The sen-ants of the
king went to sleep in the palace. 10. kad hapket hzet_ nuhra d-naher b-ideh d-
mare bayta. When I returned, I saw a light which was shining in the hand of the
master of the house. 1 1 . l-mana rdaptan men Iwatjik. Why did you drive me from
your presence? 12. saggi bcfeyn-wayn ella la eskahnay l-maran. Many of us
were searching but we did not find our master. 13. meskena had ayt d-yateb-wa
Iwat tar' eh d-haw 'attira. There is a poor man who was sitting before the gate of
the rich (man).. 14. b-rasit ayt-aw hwa mellta. w-haw melha ayt-aw-wa Iwat
alalia, w-alaha it-aw-wa haw mellta. liana it-aw-wa b-rasit Iwat alalia, koll b-
ideh-wa... In the beginning was the word. And the word was with God. And God
was the word. This (one) was with God in the beginning. All (things) were
(made) by his hand...

(b) 1 . Hzayt li nahet_-na la-qrita z'dra qarrib-ah l-mditta

2. Uebn 'am talmidan karribeh atra

t<\)br< mZl_.T_D ^JUiiliV JT71A_ __JD^S\_.

3. Rabb-wat_malkut_an b-yawmeh d-malka

4. Rdaptiw menni

■ \~7) _ima_.^\_&:n

5. yedet d-hakkimin-waw bnaynasa la b-koll-zban

»^=m\ n r<\ r > I \i oom .^"n ■ i un

6. Eskahneh leh b-haykla

nclLimz) mA m \ * -\ t rg*

7. Kad res-abahata yat_eb-wa 'amhon talmideh w-rahmeh sarrireh iqed ''edta

13

Key to Exercises
m^LuTO ^(n5n r^ono p^rrorC' _ri

Lesson Eleven

(a) 1. end-nd rdydj_dbd. rat a, [aba miQseh so' am hldj) 'aneh. 1 am the good
shepherd. The good .shepherd puts dow n his said for the sake of his sheep. 2.
haw den iso' (jam qddm hegindnd wa-sleh hegmond w-emar leh. att-u malkd da-
yhuddye. emar leh iso' att email. But then Jesus rose in front of the governor
and the governor asked him and said to him, Are you the king of the Jews? Jesus
said to him: "yon said (so)." 3. qdymin-waw den rabbay-kdyne w- azzizazd' it
dklin-waw. But the chief priests were rising and they were strongly slandering
him. 4. Qam men slotjh w-etd twal talmiday w-eskah-enuon kaddemkin. He rose
from his prayer and he came unto his disciples and he found them as they were
sleeping. 5. w-'al iso' l-dreslem l-haykld w-hzd kollmedem. And Jesus entered
Jerusalem to the temple and he saw everything. 6. b-yawme herodes malkd etjiw
mguse men madnhd l-dreslem w-dmrin. aykd malkd da-yhuddye... hzen ger
kawkbeh b-madnhd. In the days of Herod the king magi came from the east to
Jerusalem and they said, "where is the king of the Jews, " indeed we saw his star
in the east... 7. Hdnon den kad sma' men malkd ezal w-hd qddmayhon 'dammd.
d-eta qam Pel men aykd d-ayt-awjalyd. But when they heard, they went out from
the king and lo, it rose before them until it came above from where the child was.

8. Manu d-sdm l-kawkbe ba-smayyd. Who is he who put the stars in the heavens?

9. Kad hzd hegmond talyeh w-sd'el d-mdn d-'dder leh. When the governor saw
his child, he rose and asked, "who is helping to him?" 10. Hzaw rctawwdtfi d-
mitt 'dndhon kollhdh d-dilhon. The shepherds saw all their sheep which died
which belonged to them. 1 1 . Qam nbiyd qddm-aw w-dmar d-'d'el-na l-baytdh d-
atjdk. The prophet rose before the king and said. "1 am entering the house of
your wife. " 12. Kad hz.aw kdhne nuhrd da-bmadnhd ida 'd-qd'em pdrdqa d-hu
nuhrd d-'dlmd. When the priests saw the light which is in the east they knew of
the rising of the savior who is the light of the world.

(b) \.QdnH'tqddnHm 'danundd-itebz3h-jX r£j)\i igxCnax] &Oi£)

2. 'aln bayteh d-gabrd bd'dn-nan b'eldbdban

3. Ida' mellt_eh-waw da-nbiyd sarririn

4. Eskah ydtjib b-madbrd 'ammhon rff'awwata

14

Key to Exercises

5. Sarrirffitla yedet_ayka hwa rCocn i<i ■ix' Ik^j rd\ i(\_.r<'T_.T_r.

6. Bate/ - haw hpak hegmona l-'edteh l ammhon talmideh

7. Eton' mguse bet in l-talya kawkbeh hzaw b-smayya

8. Yatba-wayn 'al l-tttra I' el men l-mdittd

9. AvA:« mditta d-malka d-ar'a hade

10. Radpet_ batar l-b'eldbabi lwat_ madbra. w-ayka qqtlet hennon

^_n_im n -\ ■ft' rx'iax^) fr\a\ .n-nW'-A ^iv°i:n

Lesson Twelve

(a) l. mellta da-ktibd. The word which was written. 2. Puqdane da-pqidin I-
abaw. The commandments which were commanded to his father. 3. Lahma d-
akil. The bread which was eaten. 4. malaka d-slih l-alahd. The angel which was
sent to God. 5. dahba d-ahid men haykla. The gold which was seized from the
temple. 6. Attta d-qtild l-ahi. The woman who killed my brother. 7. Melle d-
smi'dn-way. The words which were heard. 8. talya da-ylid. The child who was
born. 9. ktdbe d-simin Iwcit abuk. The books which were put in the presence of
your father. 10. Bayta da-bne-wa l-aho. The house which was built for his
brothers. 1 1 . kawkbe da-hzin b-smayye. The stars which were seen in the
heavens. 1 2. 'and d-ba'ya l-ra'ya. The sheep which were sought by the shepherd.
13. mrahhmanula da-prisd 'al bnaynasa. The mercy which was spread over the
people. 14. bnayyd da-rhimin l-abiihon. The sons who loved their fathers.

(b) 1 . w-ehad ayti'u l-bayteh d-rab kahneh. w-senton eta-wa batreh men rnhqa.
w-sdm den intra mesa't darta. wa-ytabin-wu hdarah. wa-yateb-wa ap haw
sent' on baynathon. w-liezatjh 'laymta hda d-yateb Iwat intra, w-herat beh w-
amra. Ap hanna 'ameh-wa. Hit den kpar wemar. attta la ydde'-nd leh. ap att
mennhon att. kepa den emar la hwet_ w-batar sa'a hda hrena emar srira'it ap
hand 1 ameh-wa ap glildyd-u get: dinar kepa, gabra la yade-nd manna d-emar
att.

And they seized him and brought him to the house of the high priests. And
Simon was going behind him from a distance. Then they put afire in the midst of
the courtyard. And they were sitting around it. And Simon was also sitting
among them. And a certain maiden saw him who was sitting beside the fire. And
she paid heed to him (noticed him) and (she) said, This (man) was also with him.
But he denied it and said. "Woman, I do not know him" You are also from them.

15

Key to Exercises

But Peter said. I am not. And after he said ( that), another said, "Truly this ( man )
was also with him. for he also is a Galilean. Peter said. "Man I do not know
what you are talking about. "

2. Emar leh pildtos. malka att. amar leh iso'. att emart d-malkd end. end l-hdde
Hid end. ira • I -hade etyet l-'almd.

Pilate said to him. "Yon are a king. " (or. "Are you a king?"). Jesus said to
him. "You (yourself) said that I am a king. For this I was horn. And for this I
came into the world.

3. saggain -ennon awwdne bayt abi. Many are the lodgings (in) the house of my
father.

(c) I. Kadqdmeleskahetdkdmididnukin

• -iluI^iAiu & \n t ft 1 isOiX)

2. ezal l-aykd da-ylidjalyd d-kawkbeh d-hz.a b-madnhd

rdvi-i.-Oizi t<\M^ maicun ,\\ , r< -\ ,t<\ oA\rC

3. Hzdk ahdk ydtebin ba-msa ' at_ d-ddrtd 'ameh

4. Kad emar hegmdnd leh melkd da-yhuddye? Emar. ' Id emret d-malkd-nd.

Emart att

kjK' Jiv^CnrC' t<jr< rd^Alnn ^^rf

5. AykdHdyc' da-ylidin tammdn ^2r>)& , A ^ rt'iW^ r?-\ .r<

6. 'laymd liar l-' laymtd d-ra'yd l-'dneh d-abeh

&i^3t< m-LsL'n ,s in r^Q] .\ \ \ i^j r£jr ,\\
1. Emar Iso'. dmeskene hwaw 'ammaykon b-koll-zban

^i >\ -v-i ri -\ ,>iv OOfT) rc' \ riWn _^QJ ■ Tj^rf

8. Kad hzd l-' edtd hadtd d-bne malka l-hon, hdi ralf it 'am-aw

9. Hdkannd malka naqdan ^j\J3J2> r?-\ \> \-\m

10. l-mdnd Id etayton lwat_->)bcA w _o^v J ^\r<' r<\ rC£n\

16

Key to Exercises

Lesson Thirteen

(a) 1. l-mdnd sdbe att l-mektal ennon. Why do you want to kill them? 2. slama
sdbeq end Ikon slama dil ydheb end. Id-wd aykannd d-ydheb 'alma end ydheb
end l-kon. Peace 1 am leaving with you. My peace I am giving to you. Not as the
world gives am I giving to you. 3. Id meskah-nd l-metd lawtdk. I am not able to
come with you. 4. sabin ennon l-mekal lehmdh. They are wanting to eat bread. 5.
Id meskah aytaw l-memar srdrd. He is not able to speak the truth. 6. eten l-
mesldk'al hade. They are coming to ask you about this. 7. sbd-nd la-mehzakon. I
want to see you. 8. w-laykd d-ezal end yadin-ton. w-urhd yadin atton. emar leh
tomd. mdran Id yadin-nan l-ayka ezal att. w-aykannd meskahin-nan urhd
Imeddd. emar leh iso' ennd-nd urhd w-srdra w-hayye. Id nas eta Iwat ab ella bi.
ellu yadin-wayton ap_ l-abi yad in-wayton. w-men hdsd yadin atton leh. w-
hziyton-ay. And you know to where I am going. And you know the way. Thomas
said to him. Lord, we do not know where you are going. And how are we to find
the way to know? Jesus said to him. "/ am the way and the truth and the life. No
one comes to my father except through me. If you knew me you would also know
my father. And from now you (are) knowing him. And you saw him. 9. b-had-
bsabba den et_at_ maryam magdldy b-sapja l-bet-qburd w-hzdt_ l-kepd d-sqild men
qabrd. w-rehtat_ etat_ Iwat sem'dn kepd. w-emard l-hon d-saklaw l-mdrdn men
haw be[-qburd. w-npaq sem'dn w-haw talmidd hrena. w-etjn-waw l-bet_-qbnrd w-
rehtin-waw tartehon akhdd. haw den talmidd rhet qadmeh l-sem'on w-etd
qadmayd l-bet qburd. But on Sunday Mary Magdelene went up in the morning to
the sepulcher and she saw the stone which was lifted from the tomb. And she ran
up to Simon Peter. And telling them that our lord was lifted from that sepulcher.
And Simon went forth and that other disciple. And they were coming to the
sepulcher and the two were running together. But that disciple ran before Simon
and he came the first to the sepulcher. 10. kad slem yawmdtd hpak l-hon. is'd
den talya pas leh b-yerusalem w-ydsep, w-emeh la idd . w-la eskah-aw w-hpak l-
hon l-oreslem. w-men btar tldtd yawmin eskah-aw b-haykld kad ydt_eb msdtd
mallpdne w-semd mennhon. When the days were over they returned (to them).
But the child Jesus remained in Jerusalem but Joseph and his mother did not
know. But they did not find him and they returned to Jerusalem. But after three
days they found him in the temple sitting in the middle ( of) teachers and listening
to them.

(b) 1 . bt_ar tldtd yawmin, b-had-bsabbd. ezlat l-bet-qburd w-esakhat l-kepd sqal-

3. 'laymta hrat_ l-gabrd d-ezal b-mes'at_-hon w-yedat_ d-hwa talmidd d-iso'

wa

17

Key to Exercises

K'^Oi .\ \ t ,:\

4. Ltiyt Ihon l-nieskene awwanci b-niadbrci

5. Biitar z' dr kad ezal akhda inesqcd l-kepa men a trail

cfn^K' .^n rc^rdi \ n t rC'rutart' n\\r? tclv \ \h^3

6. En hzet lak itbet lak. tabk-i t/\^ fcv'uj ^jt"

Lesson Fourteen

(a) I . impf 3 m. pi ("they will go up") nezlon ^_cA\rCA

2. impf 3 f. sg/2 m. sg ("you will go forlh") teppoq jDCLaift

3. impv m. sg ehod (Xiiff "seize") ncuiif

4. impf 3 C. pi nelulydn LjXvi "they will rejoice") ^Jx>l1

5. impf 3 m. sg nedmak "he will return") i/s^Xi

6. impf 2 f. pi te'hdan (rtns "you will make") .^jv^ s ^

7. impf I com pi nehhon (ituui "we will go down")«^_cui_i

8. Impf 2 f. sg tepleyn (r<Y°k "you will turn") «^_A°>^\

9. impf 2 m. sg/3 f. pi tehhat (^»i_l "you will go down") Js\o»)^

10. impf 3 m. pi mrl\tun (i\rrn "they will run") ^a^mia

1 1. impf 3 f. pi nebddn (ruDrC "they will serve") .^juiiKLA

12. impf 2 f. pi teslhan (.vi\.t "you will send")

13. impf I com pi new (rCiftrC' "we will go up") K^s\r<j

14. impf 1 com sg ejjir (^^-i "I will keep") T^rt"

15. impf 2 m. pi tetjmn (js_3^\ "you will seek") .^an^

16. impf 3 f. sg/2 m. sg taqad (:un_« "she will burn") n-nrf^

18

Key to Exercises

17. impf I com sg eha (r? . vi "I will see") rdyjK'

18. impf 2 f. sg tektbin ("you will write") ^-p^^ft

1 9. impf 1 com pi nehpok ("we will turn") i/\^ctam_i

20. impf 2 m. pi tepros (CDT^ "you will spread") C0OT_a^\

21. impf 3 f. pi tied' an Cvn_i "they will know")

22. impf 2 m. pi tetjin (r<'^\rc' "you will come up") ^o^rt'^

23. impf 2 m./3 f. sg tebne (rclia "you will build") relink

24. impf 1 com pi neliwa (K'nm "we will be") rc'omj

25. impf 3 f. pi nenhran (Sens "they will shine") ^Jimjj

26. impf 2 m. pi te'dntn (t:ya. "you will help") ^__oixx^\

27. impf 2 m./3 f. sg tesboq (jm t "you will leave")_DO~i t ^

28. impf 2 f. pi tefr/a/i (\\ n "you will kill") \\ rik\

29. impf 2 m./3 f. sg femartT^rC "you will say") i^n^

30. impf 2 f. sg tedin "you will know") n^i\

3 1 . impf 1 com sg etab U "I will seek") n^K*

32. impf 3 m. sg ne'roq (jo^lx. "he will flee") pen ^ >

33. impf 2 m. pi te'liui (\W "you will go in, enter") ^oi_^^\

34. impf 2 m./3 f. sg ^»/// Opaxi "you will rise") "pCLO^

35. impf 3 m. sg neiiunot ()s^iln "he will die") iftcOLj

36. impf 2 f. pi tesiwan 0)n_i£D "you will put") 2 n liflp jft

37. impf 2 m. or f. sg tehor (t_m "he will gaze" ) tcuj^

38. impf 3 m. pi nelion (n r*v -i "they will seek") n v -i t

39. impf 2 f. sg tesalin (\rCx. "you will ask") «^_aA(xlx^\

40. impf 3 m. sg tesaq (rdnCD "he will sack") XLCoift

41 . impf 3 m. sg nehze (rt'U) "he will see") nC'uiJ

19

Key to Exercises

42. impl" 3 m. sg nerdog (ani "he will persue") acni-i

43. impv m. sg akol OmPC' "cat!")

44. impl" 3 in. sg nerham Op-wi "he will love") "71*1 \-J

45. impt'2 f. pi tesm'an ( \ -n t "you will hear") 4 _£'*t i t )t\

46. impl" 3 m. pi neskhun ( vi a J "he will find") .^cut \ t \

47. impi"2 I", sg tedbrin (im "you will say") «^_An:ifc\

48. impt'3 I*, pi nekpran "they will deny") ^JLa-xJ

49. impt'2 in. pi teqrhun (jId "you will draw near") ^_CU3TJD^\

50. impl" 1 com sg e'ol (rt\r? "I will raise up")Acti^r<'

51. impv m. pi taw (rt^ff "go up"*) a)b

52. impl" 1 com sg ettel cA^-» "I will give")Ak\rf

53. impl' 3 m. pi negwsun (Jt_& "(hey will stay, remain") ^oxoSlJ

54. impf'2 m./3 f. sg timit (^Ui^n "you will die") ^cOj^v

55. impl" I com sg elize (rfui "I will see*') ix'lvjiX'

56. impt'3 m. pi ned mi (rfxj "they will know") ^__cu^.i_i

57. impt' I com sg ehdel "I will fear") l^nK*

(b) I . Three months tldta yarfie rtLv»T_. K^isv

2. Ten years' esrei snayyarC^Ax i^imv

3. eight days tmdnya yawme rC^icLi rC ■ >Ti)ft

4. three hours tlatascf e r<\ i' r^ivA^

5. seven men tnianya gabre rfin \^ ■

6. nine women tsa' nesse rCxA -Si—x'ift

7. the second month trayyanci yarfia rCjji-j rdi-iiift

8. the fourth house rbf ayci bayta rC^iV -~i i s .~h

20

Key to Exercises

9. the fifth teacher hmisdyd mallgana r< v°\\"n rC .t i"tuj

1 0. the first good word qadmdyd melltd tabd rt'iftA^ rdi^noxi

(c) 1. sdbe-wd l-mesak. He wanted to go up. 2. la meskah ena l-mpds. He was
not able to stay. 3. Sdbin-aw l-mhar bah. They wanted to delay in in her. 4.
meskah-we[ I- mehzyeh. He is able to see him. 5. sabe bayta l-mabnd. Wanting to
build a house. 6. la meskah-wa l-mditta l-mezal. He was not able to go to the
city. 1. la sabe l-mebad. Not wanting to perish. 8. sbi att namosd l-metar. You
(are) desiring to observe the law. 9. la sba li l-metleh. Not wanting me to give
him. 1 0. la sba end le-mlektlek. I am not wanting to kill you.

(d) 1. ettol 2. nedhlun ^cAm\a. 3. tedmok t^a>nk 4. tebne
r<Lm)&. 5. neppol nezldn ^\\r<Cs neytan 7. tedeyn
^A.nrC'^. 8. nehhot i\cui_l. 9. atten ^-ikvjft'. 10. tesloq-ncAcoh. 11. tqum
■pOD^v. 12. nsumun ^_cCnc\m \. 13. ete rCk\rC. 14. tehdeyn 15.
ehze rt'v^jrc'. 16. eti _ii\rc'. 17. Id nmitun ^_£»^\_a27i_i rd\. 18. tpasin

19. tseldm ^\rCx.)b. 20. tVe r<\ 21. nehwon ^acinu. 22.
thor TCL»ji\. 23. tekol\cLir<)b.

Lesson Fifteen

(a) 1. neUew. they will build him. 2. tehodeh. you will seize her. 3. epqodkon. I
will visit you. 4. nepraseh. they will spread her. 5. tesbakondn. you will leave me.
6. teslhek. you will send you. 1. etr'ew. I will keep him. 8. nemreh. they will tell
her. 9. neldew. they will beget him. 10. ed ek. I will know you. 1 1. teklonew. you
will eat it. 12. nedbran. they led me. 13. tebraynyew. you crossed it. 14.
nerhmekon. they love you. 15. nesimnew. she will put him. 16. eUwe. 1 will seek
him. 17. nehzunan. he will see me. 18. tebneh. she will build it. 19. ehzek. I will
see you. 20. neprsundy. he will spread it. 21. tesboqin. you will leave us. 22.
netf inek. they will seek you. 23. nerdpundy. they will pursue him. 24. tektbeh.
she will write her. 25. tekolew. you will eat it. 26. ektlak. I will kill you. 21.
tesbqney. you will stop him. 28. neqtlan. they will kill us. 29. tesm'ew. she will
hear him. 30. e' bdeh. I will serve him.

(b) 1. w-emar l-hon matjd hand, manu mennkon gabra leh ma 'erbin. w-en
nebad had mennhon. Id sbeq tefin w-tfd b-dabrd. w-azal bete l-haw d-ebad
'edmd d-neskahwe. w-md d-eskheh hade, w-sdkel leh 'al katpdteh. w-dte I-

21

Key to Exercises

buyteh. w-qdre l-rhemdw w-lsdbew. w-dniar l-lum. had 'am d-eskahet 'erab d-
abid. uinar enna I -Icon, d-hdkannd hehwe luidntd b-smayyd c al had handset d-
tif eb aw 'al tes'in. w-tefd zaddiqin d id metlxfyd l-lum tyabuta.

And he told them this parable. There is a certain man among yon who had
many sheep. And if one from among them perished, will he not leave behind 99
in the wilderness And he will go seeking that which perished until he found him?
And he who found him will rejoice. And he put him upon his shoulders. And went
np to his house. And he called his friends and his neighbors. And he said to
them. Rejoice with me because I found my sheep with was lost. I am saying to
them. Of thus there will be more gladness in heaven upon one sinner who
repents than upon the ninety and nine righteous for whom repentance is not
necessary.

2. b-haw den zabnd. eto nesin emar leh 'al glildyd Italian d-pilgos filet d-mhon
'am debhon. w-'end iso' w-emar l-hon. sabrin atton d-hennon glildye ftaliayn-
waw yattir men kollhon glildye. d-hdkannd hwd-ennon Id. amar-nd l-kon den.
dap kollkon en Id ttiibnn. hdkannd tebbdiin. aw hdnon tmdnta'sar d-npal 'alhon
inagdld b-sildftd iv-qtal eniion. sbarin niton d-ftattin-wd yattir men kollhon
bnayndsd d-emrin b-oreslein. Id. Amar-nd d-an la ttubwt kollkon akwdthon
tabdnn.

But in that time. The people went tip land) they spoke to him concerning
those Galileans whose blood Pilate mingled with their sacrifices. And Jesns
replied and said to them. "Yon (were) thinking that these Galileans were sinner
more than all of the Galileans. Because this happened to them? However. I am
saying to yon. That also all of yon if yon are not good. Tims yon will perish. Or
those eighteen on whom the tower in Siloam fell and killed them. Yon were
thinking that they were sinners more than all the people which are living in
Jerusalem. No. I say to yon. that if yon do not repent, all of yon like them will
perish.

(c) 1 . Hand yarhd nesloni bdtar yawme hanunse

2. Hpokayn l-dreslem w-b'oyn l-talyd d-pds tamman

^__^^\ t °o ■\\ v \ ^___^oj^an J^lxTCinc^ ^__^a°im

3. La yedat_ aykd msdm l-'erbd d-seqlat 'al katpdtd

rb^vsi^ _A_v iiilnTJ n^ni-^A rC^t< Ij^.v. rt\

4. La metba'yd li d-e'ne V? \\ -A fX" » \

5. Aykannd ide'n l-nrhd b-d-tezol

6. Ep_ns hCirkd I-estd yarfie ndwl-. rCit\_i. rtl\ rdaim CDO.&K'

7. Elln tehfondn teskohi b-bayteh d-abj

22

Key to Exercises

8. £///( fr'ayf teskahi b-bayteh ahi

y±ir<! m)s\ inn m t rcOn , \ ~t oArc'

9. La yahbet l-ak kollmeddem d-sabe

(d) 1. ktebteh mk±ii(\_i. ektobeh fn=)akjirf. 2. pqadti ->)b\xi°i. tepqodi
.-\c \ n Qy X\ 3. prasnhon «^_£Hn_lCDT-^. neproshon nmrnn^ <\ t 4. qetlateh

m^\\, n. teqtoleh <rAo\ n)s\. 5. rdapah rb&:n. nedropah rhaonij. 6.

sbaqtna \ ■ ni t . tesbaqna imrift, 7. nsabnek . -\ t ~~>0n I. nensbunek
■ t \~i(T) t \. 8. eskahnak Ui ^ t rf. neskahnak v/^>vn t ndj. 9. seltoni

_jja^\Ardi. /5e/»/»*_tjaix5(\. 10. iitarnanakis^-l^^. nentiorak v^\c\ r i.

II. ekaltah fbift-Lirc'. tekolah m^oK'Jft. 12. Zwefp/) rn& ■ *~> e/we/i mnK*.

13. tfaytan ^^\_irdi_3. tefc'e// ^jVn n^iv. 14. hzakv\\M. telizaky\Ys>)b. 15.

samtonah chjo^OiXD. tsumunah rh_iCO)OXD^\. 16. fcayri _j^_..Uj. tehzeyni

_i_l_jU)i\.

Lesson Sixteen

(a) 1. kannes ennan. He gathered them. 2. sarrit l-mallapu. I began to teach. 3.
esalla. I pray. 4. mallep-wa. He was teaching. 5. nmallun. "they will speak". 6.
msarriyen. "beginning". 7. msalleyn. "praying" 8. mkannasu. "to assemble". 9.
£a///f ' fl/flvr. / prayed for them. 1 0. sa/'W l-mqassayeh l-lahma. He began to break
the bread. 11. sarryat Imeshak. It began to get dark. 12. naggedeh. "he beat
him". 13. nebarrek Isameh. They blessed his name. 14. nallplitni. "they teach
me". 15. 5(7/77 mnaggdin l-hon. They began beating them. 16. snr/vf lammallaln.
I began to speak. 17. /a barrekt att. She did not bless you. 18. /<5 tnaggdin. Do
not beat.

(b) 1. fltf (/<?/( ewar d-msalle att. l ol Itawwanek. w-ehod tar'ek. w-salla l-abok d-
b-kesya. W-abok d-haze b-kesya nparrek b-gelya.

You. however, when you pray, go into your inner room and shut your door.
And pray to your father privately, and your father, who sees in secret, will
reward you openly.

23

Key to Exercises

2. w-hwd d-kadhu insalle b-dukkta hdi. Kadslem. Emarleh. Had men talmidew:
Imu ran allepayn l-in.sallayu aykanna d-ap, Ydhanndn allep l-talmidew. dinar I-
hon iso'. Emart. d-insallin atton hcikannci hwayton ami in abon db-smayyd.
Netqaddas* smak. Tattd malkutak nhawwa sebydnak aykanna. d-b-smayye ap_ li-
ar' a.

And while he w as praying in a place he rejoiced. When he finished, he said to
him. One from his disciples (said). "Master, teach its to pray just as also. John
taught his disciples. Jesus says to them, "Yon say. When yon are praying, yon
are in this way saying. "Our father which (is) in heaven. May your name be
blessed. May your kingdom come, you will be done just as. In heaven also in
earth.

3. Sqal iso 1 lahmd. W-barrek w-qsa. W-yab l-talmiddew. w-emar sob ekol hcino
pcigra

And Jesus took the bread. And he blessed and he broke (it) for his disciples.
And he said: Take. eat. This is my body.

4. mettul hand ha end msaddar end lwat_kon nbiye iv-hakkime w-sdpie. mennhon
kattlin atton wzqappin atton wmennhon mnaggdin atton. b-kannustkon. W-
terdpun ennon men mdind la-mdind

For this, behold. I sent unto you prophets and wise men and scribes, from
them killing yon and crucifying you and from them beating yon. in their
synagogues. And you pursued them from city to city.

5. tub den sarri-wd mallep 'dl yadyaimnd. Etkannas Iwatjelt kense. saggid. Ak d-
nass ntjib leh b-spittd b-yammd w-kolleh kensd qd'em. -wd 'al ar'd 'al yad
yammd

Again, however, he was beginning teaching beside the sea. And many
multitudes were gathered to him. So much so that they pressed him (to) retreat
into a boat on the sea. And all his assembly rose on the earth beside the sea.

Lesson Seventeen

(a) I. aslini meddem. You lent me something. 2. adrekdh hessokd. He overtook
darkness. 3. Ahhebayk. he loved you. 4. tahhebni. you loved us. 5. lahhebinni.
you loved us. 6. adrekaw. he overtook him. 7. Sarri l-mahhru. He began to
bother me. 8. ehbeteh. I loved her. 9. nehhtaw. lie will send me down. 10.
nehhikon. he will give them life.

(b) I . w-emar l-hon inanu mennkon d-ayt rahmd w-nazzel Iwatjh. b-pelgut-lelyd
w-nammer leh rahmd aselin tlat. (Jnsen. Mettul d-rahmd etd hmt men urha rc-

1 Netqaddas "may be blessed", the pattern of this verb and of etkannas below
will be introduced in §19.1.

24

Key to Exercises

layt. meddem d-asim leh w-haiv rahmeh men l-gaww if anna w-nemar. Le. La
tahharni d-ha tar' a ahid-w w-benni 'anmti. b-arsa. La end d-equm w-ettel lak

And he said to them. Who from among them which there is to him a friend he
went up to him. in the middle of the night. And he will say to him. My friend my
lending three, loaves of bread. Because of a friend he came to me from a road,
and I do not have, anything which I can give him and that his friend to the inside
will answer and he will say. To him. Do not bother me. (For) lo. there he was
seizing and my sons with me. in bed. 1 am not able to rise and give (it) to him.

2. hdkanna ger alaha I- alma aykanna d-l-breh ihidayd nettel. D-kollman d-m-
haymen beh la nebad ella nehivon leh hayye d-l-'dlma. La tier saddar alaha I-
bareh I' alma, d-nedoniaw I- alma. Ella b-ideh.

For God so loved the world. As he gave his only son. That the one believing
in him will not perish but there will be to him eternal life. But God did not send
his son to the world, to judge the world. But he did not give life to the world
through him.

3. emar l-hon iso'. Qallil ahrin zabnd nuhra 'emkon. hlkw ' ed it l-kon nuhra-wa.
D-ld hessokd nedrakkon. W-men d-mahlek b-hessoka. La ydle l-ayka kad it l-kon
nuhra. Haymen b-ntthra d-benaw d-nuhra tahwun. halen mallei iso' w-ezal
mennhon.

Jesns said to them, "after a while the light was with you. Walk as though (you
have) light. That your vow (is) darkness. And from which you are walking in
darkness. Not knowing to where he is going until there is no light to them. They
believe in the light. You who are my sons will be light. These (things) Jesus
spoke and he went up from them.

4. man d-sema' mailt w-lo natar l-hon. ena la dan ena leh. La ger. art d-edon I-
l alma. Ella d-ehha I- alma.

And whoever shall hear my words, and not obsene them. I do not judge him.
For I did not come to judge the world, but to bring life to the world. (John 1 2:47)

Lesson Eighteen

(a) I . Atttd d-metaqna maryam. The woman who is called Miriam. 2. meddem
d-met_qre mesha. Whatever is called oil. 3. Haw d-etemer li. That which was
spoken to me. 4. malkuta d-smayya d-metdmya l-' sar btulen. The kingdom of the
heaven which is like ten virgins. 5. metb'aw d-la netemar hana. It was necessary
that he not say this. 6. mane d-mezdbenen. Vessels which were bought. 7. mle
metamran. Words which are being said. 8. gabre d-metqarin kenen. Men who
were called just. 9. T ina d-la metpteh. A door which was not opened. 10. gabra
d-ezdqep. a man who was crucified.

(b) 1 . dp_ end dinar end l-kon. sel w-netiheb l-kon. b'aw w-teskhun. q w-netpteh l-
kon. koll ger d-sa'el ndseb. w-d-b'a meskah. w-dbdkes metpleh.

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Key to Exercises

So also I am saying to you: They asked and to you. They sought and you
found. Knock and it will he opened to you. For all those asking (are) receiving.
And the one seeking is able. And the one knocking it will he opened to him.

2. tub sina' ton d-etemer d-rhem l-kribek. w-sni I-IJaldbdbak. end den dinar end
l-kon. ahheb l-b'aldbdbkon. w-barrek l-inenn d-ldt l-kon. w-'ebad d-sappir d-
sana l-kon. w-sall 'al aynin d-dabbarin l-kon b-qtira w-radpin l-kon. aykannd d-
tehwon b-noe d-abokon d-blsmayye haw d-mednah semseh 'al tabe w-'al bise. w-
mltcit metreh 'al kene w-'al 'awwdle.

And again you heard that it was said. "Lore your neighbor. And hate your
enemy. " But I am saying to you. Love your enemies, and bless those from the
ones who are cursing yon. And do what is good ( unto) those which hate you. And
pray for any which are leading you by force and persecuting you. That you may
be children of your father who is in heaven, who causes his sun to rise upon the
good and upon the wicked, and sends his rain upon the just people and upon the
unjust. (Matlhew 5:43-45)

3. harden etdme malkutd d-smayye l-'sar btulen. hennen d-nsab lampedeyn I-
npaq l-ur'd luitnd w-kalltd. hanunes den menhayn hakkimen-way. w-hammes
saklen. w-hennen sakkaltd nsdb lampedeyn. w-ld nsdb 'aniheyn meshd. hennen
den hakkimtd nsdb b-mdne 'am lampedeyn. kad awhar den hatnd nam kollheyn
w-dmek w-pelgeh d-lelyd dhwdt q'dtd. ha l.iatnd ata. puqaw l-iu'eh. harden qdm
kolhen btulte hdlen. w-taqqen lampedeyn. emarn den lumen sakkaltd l-ljakkinttd.
habern Ian men meshakin deh adek Ihon lampedeyn. enney hdnnen hakkimtd w-
emarn. l-nid Id nespeq nespaq Ian w-laken. elld zallen Iwat aylen d-mezblan w-
zebnen taken, w-kad ezal l-mezban. Eta hatjid. w-aylen d-metayyelm-ay 'al
'ameh l-bayt Ijldla. ettljed tur'd. b-hartd den ayti ap_ hdnnen btjdtd Iwanrdta w-
eniren mi an mrdn. pteli Ian. hu den ' nd w-amar l-hen. amen amar ennd l-ken. d-
Id rad ne I ken.

Then the kingdom of heaven is like ten virgins. They who took their lamps
and went out to meet the bridegroom and the bride. But five from among them
were wise. And five foolish. And the foolish ones took their lamps. And they did
not take oil with them. But the wise ones took (some) in vessels with their tamps.
But when the bridegroom delayed. All of them slumbered and they slept and in
the middle of the night there was an outcry. Lo. the bridegroom comes, go out to
meet him. Then all of these virgins stood up. And they got their lamps ready. But
those foolish ones were saying to the wise ones. Sell to us from your oil. for
behold, our lamps went out. those wise ones answered and were saying. Lest
there is not sufficient for us and for you. But go unto those who sell, and buy for
yourselves And when he went up to buy, the bridegroom came. And those who
were ready went with him into the house of marriage. And he closed the door. In
the end. however, also those other virgins came saying. "Lord, lord!" Open for
us! But he answered and said to them. Truly 1 am saying to you. That I don 't
know yon. (Matlhew 25:1-2)

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Key to Exercises

Lesson Nineteen

(a) 1 . Kense sagge d-metkannsin. The great crowds which were being gathered
together. 2. Iximpedayhen d-btulata skalta mettaqqanin-waw. Their lamps which
the foolish virgins were not being constituted. 3. Kolhneddem menayyeb-wa.
Everything was ready. 4. Etjmllag mayya l-muse. The waters were divided for
Moses. 5. La ezsahhreL I was not aware. 6. ettassi bnaynasa battehon. The men
hid themselves in their houses. 7. Metb'i-i halen d-nestallmun. Having sought
these which were completed. 8. Gabra d-la mezdahhar. The man which was not
being aware. 9. La meskah d-netmalla hand. He did not find this which we filled.
10. Nesse d-mettassin b-gaww batihen. Women which were hiding inside their
houses.

(b) 1. Istf den hz.ah lemmeh w-l-talmida haw d-rhem-wa d-qam. w-emar l-
emmeh attta. ha brek. w-emar l-kihnida haw. ha emmak. w-men hay sa'ta
dbarah talmida haw Iwateh. batjir halen idd iso' d-koll medem estallam. w-
dnetmalla ktaba. emar /she enna.

But Jesus saw his mother and the disciple whom he loved, standing by. And
he said to his mother, "Woman." Behold your son. And he said to that disciple.
Behold your mother. And from that hour that disciple led her unto him. After
these Jesus knew that everything was completed. And that the scripture was
fulfilled. He said "lam thirsty". (John 19:26-28)

2. w-kad etkannas rebbota d-kense saggai aykanna d-ndayysun had l-had sarri I-
memar l-talmidey. luqdam ezdahhar b-npeskon fvnira d-prise. d-aytaw nsab b-
appe. layt den meddem d-kma d-la neggli. w-la d-mettseh d-la netiddd. Koll ger
d-b-hessoka emarton b-nahhira n. w-nteddem d-b-tawwane b-edne lahfreston. 'al
eggare netkrez. amar enna Ikon den Irehmeh. la tedhlun men aylen d-qattlin
pagra. w-men batarken layt l-hon meddem yattir l-me'bed.

And when the great many multitude was gathered together as they trampled
one to another, Jesus began to speak to his disciples. First of all beware for
yourselves of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy. For there is
nothing which hidden, as will not be revealed. And there is nothing hidden that
will not be made known. For all which they say in darkness in light and
whatever you whisper in the closets in the ears it will be broadcast upon
rooftops. And to you, my friends, I say Do not fear from those who kill the body.
And aftenvards there is nothing more for them to do. (Luke 1 2: 1 -4)

3. w-kad mepu seda. d-etaw harsa. hwa d-kad haw seda. Mallei haw harsa. w-
etjiammar kense. nasa den menhon emar. b-b^elzbob resa d-daywa mepii liana
daywa. ehrena den mensin kad mensin leh ata men smayya sa c el-waw. iso 1 den
d-yade' -wa mahsbathon. emar l-hon. koll malku d-tetpallag nepsah tehrak. w-
bayta d-'al w-nameh metpalleg. npal. W-en satana 'al nepseh etpallag. aykanna
makluteh.

And when he was casting out a demon that was mute, it happened that when
the demon had gone, the mute (person) spoke. And the crowds were astonished.
But people from among them said. "By Beelzebub, the head of demons, this

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Key to Exercises

(man) drives out evil spirits. And others, to tempt him, asked him for a sign from
heaven. But Jesus knew their thoughts. He said to them. Every kingdom which is
divided upon itself will he destroyed. And a house which upon itself is divided
will fall. And if Satan is divided against himself, how will his kingdom stand?

Lesson Twenty

1 . w-seleh had men resdne wemar leh. mallpiinil jtaba. mdnd e'abbed hayye
dafalam. dinar leh iso'. mana qara att li .tabu, layt tdbd ellcl en had ahllul.
puqddiw ydde' att. Id tektol. w-ld tgur. w-ld te&nob w-ld tashed sdhdutd d-surqd.
yaqqar l-abok w-lemmak. dinar leh. hdlen kollhen ne£ret ennen men talyuti. kad
sma' den iso'. emar leh. hassird Idk. zabben kollmedem d-ayt Idk. l-meskene. w-
tjehwd Idk simtd b-smayye. w-td battari. hit den kad sma' hdlen. krayt leh. 'attir-
wd ger tab. w-kad hzd iso 1 d-keryet leh. Emar. aykannd 'add l-aylen d-ayt l-hon
nekse. d-ne"lon l-malkuteh d-aldhd. dlild-y l-gamld d-b-hr d-b-hrdrd d-mhattd
ne' ol. aw'attird l-malkuteh d-aldhd. dmrin leh aylen d-smaw. w- meskah l-mhd.
iso' den emar. aylen d-lwat bnayndsd Id meskahn. lwat_ alalia meskalm l-mehaw.

And one from the noblemen asked him he said to him. Good teacher. What
must I do to inherit eternal life? Jesus said to him, "Why are you calling me
good? No one is good except one. God. You know the commandments. You shall
not kill. And you shall not commit adultery. You shall not steal and you shall not
bear false witness. Honor your father and your mother. He said to him. All of
these I have kept from my childhood. But when Jesus heard these (words). He
said to him. You are still lacking one thing. Sell everything which there is to you.
And give to the poor. And you will have treasure in heaven. And follow after me.
But when he heard these. He was sad. For he was very rich. And when Jesus saw
his sadness. He said. How difficult is it for those who have riches to enter the
kingdom of God! It is easier for a camel to enter the eye of a needle than a rich
person the kingdom of God. Those who heard (him) said to him, "Who (then)
finds life?" Jesus said, "Those (things) which b\ people cannot be, with God can
be." (Luke 18:18-27)

2. Beh b-haw yawmd qrabaw ndsd men prise, w-emren leh. puq zal Idk mekkd.
mettul d-herddes sdbe l-meqtldk. dinar l-hon iso'.zlaw emr-aw l-tatld hanne. d-
hd mpaq end sede dswdtd' bad end yawmdnd w-mhdr. w-l-yawmd mestamld end.
brain w-ld li d-yawmdnd w-mhdr es'or w-l-yawmd hrena ez.al. mettul d-ld
meskahd d-nbiyd nebad l-bar men oreslein. qetlat nbey w-regmat l-ayle d-slihen
Iwat-dh. kind z.abnin sbit l-mekinas bnayk ak tarndgultd d-kdnesd parrugdh thet
geppedh. w-ld sbiton. ha mestbeq l-kon baytkon harbd. dinar end l-kon ger. d-ld
tehzon-ni 'dammd d-tamrun. brayk-u d-etd b-smeh d-mdryd.

In that day the people came some of Pharisees and said to him. Go from
here, because of Herod wants to kill you. Jesus said to them. "Go say to that fox.
"Behold, I cast out demons and perform healings, today and tomorrow, and on
the third day I shall be consummated. However, I must labor today and
tomorrow, and on the following day I will depart, for it cannot be that a prophet
should perish away from Jerusalem. She killed the prophets and she stoned those
who were sent to her. How many times I would have gathered her children like a

28

Key to Exercises

hen which gathers her chicks below her wings, but you were not willing? Behold
your house is left to you desolate. For I say to yon. That you will not see me until
you will say. Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord. (Luke 1 3:3 1 -35)

3. (26:36) Harden eta 'amhon iso' l-ditkkta gedsmen. w-emar l-talmidew. tab
harka. 'ad ezal esla. (26:37) w-dkar l-kepa w-letrayhon bnay zebday, w-sre I-
metkmaru w-l-mett awu. (26:38) w-emar l-hon. kria-i lah l-nepsi 'damma l-
mawta. Waw li harka w-sahraw 'ami. (26:39). W-pdaw w-lil. w-npal 'al appaw.
w-msalle-wa w-amar. Abi. en meskha. n'abrneh ksa hana. bram la lak d-ena
sabe ena la ak att. (26:40). w-ete Iwat talmidew. w-eskah ennon kad demmakin
w-emar l-kepa. hakanna la eskahton hda sat d-tesrom 'ami (26:41) ett'ir w-sall.
d-ld ta'lon l-nesyonci. riiha mettiba. pegra den krih. (26:42) tub ezal d-tarten
zabnen. sal w-emar. Abi. en la meskah hand ksal d-na'bar la en esteteh. 'inayhon
ger yawren-way. (26:44) w-sbaw ennon w-ezal tub sli d-alt zabnen. w-lah l-
mellta emar. (26:45) hayden eta Iwat talmed-aw. w-emar l-hon. dmek mekkel
ettnih. ha metet sa'ta. w-breh d-ensa mestlem b-yadhon d-hatteya. (26:46) w-
wmaw nezal. ha meta haw d-meslam li.

(26:36) At that time Jesus went up with them to the place of Gethsemane. And
he said to his disciples. Sit here, while I go and pray. (26:37) And he took
Cephas and the two sons of Zebedee. and began to be dejected and sorrowful
(26:38). And he said to them. There is anguish in my soul, even unto death. Wait
for me here, and watch with me. (26:39). And retiring a little, he fell on his face,
and he prayed and said. My father. If it can be so, let this cup pass from me. Yet
not as I choose, but as you. (26:40). And he came to his disciples, and found
them asleep. And he said to Cephas. So, could you not watch with me one hour?
(26:41) Wake up and pray. Lest you fall into temptation. The spirit is willing, but
the body is weak. (26:42). Again he went away a second time. And he said. My
father, if it cannot be that this cup pass, except that I drink it, your will be done.
(26:44) And he left them, and went again and prayed a third time, and used the
same words. (26:45) At that time he came to his disciples. And he said to them.
Sleep henceforth and rest. Behold the hour has come. And the son of man will be
handed over into the hands of sinners. (26:46) Arise, let us go. Behold, he that
betrays me has come. (Matthew 26:36-42, 44-46)

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Key to Readings

From the PsittS: KOrozuta d-matjay
The Gospel of Matthew 11:28-30

Taw Iwat kollkon layyd w-sqili mawbld. w-ena enihkon. skolaw niri 'alikon. w-
yalpaw meni. d-nih ena w-makkik b-labi. w-meskahin atton nydhd l-nepsetkon.
niri ger bassim-aw. w-mawbli qlild-y.

Come to me all of yon (who are) weary, and my burden load. And I will calm
yon. Take my yoke upon yon. And learn from me. Because I am calm and I am
humble in my heart. And you (will) find rest for your soul. But my yoke is
pleasant. And my burden is tight.

From the Psitta: Kiirozutji d-mattay
The Gospel of Matthew 7:24-27

Koll lulkel d-sme" mle hdlen w- 'ebad l-hayn. netdammd l-gabrd hakima haw da-
bml bnd bayteh 'al so' a. w-nhet metrd. W-etaw nahrawwdtd. wa-nsab ruhe w-
ctjarraw bell b-baytci haw. w-lci npcd. sat_esew ger 'al sd'a si man — way. w-koll
men da-sm 'e mle hallen w-la 'abed lhayn. netdammd l-gabra sakld d-bnd bayteh
'al hold, w-nhet metrd w-etaw nahrawwdtd. w-nsab ruhe. w-etjarraw b-baytd
haw. wa-ii(Hil. W-hwdt_ mapjmlteh rabbd.

Thus everyone fully hearing these and does them. He is like a wise man who
builds his house upon the rock. The rain came down and the rivers rose. And the
winds came up and beat against that house. And it did not fall. For his
foundation was upon a rock. And everyone who has fully heard these (things)
and is not doing them. He is like a foolish man who builds his house upon sand.
And the rain came down and the rivers rose. And the winds came up. And they
beat against that house. And it fell. And there was a great collapse.

From the Psitta: Kiirozutji d-mattay k:a-yw
Gospel of Matthew 20:1-16

Damyd ger malkutd d-smayyd l-gabra mdrd baytd da-npaq b-sapjd. d-nagor
pd'le l-karmeh. qas den 'am b-yawmd pji'le men dendrd. w-saddar ennon I-
karmeh. w-npaq ha-tldt sayyem. w-hza hrdne d-qimeyn bsuqd wa-btileyn. w-
emar l-hon. zlaw ap etton l-karind. w-meddem d-wdle yaheb end l-kon. hcnnon
den ezlaw. w-npaq tub b-set wa-btsa' sd'en. wa-'bad hdkwdt. w-lapjxiy hda'sre
sd'en. np_aq w-eskah hrdne d-qimeyn wa-btileyn. w-emar l-hon. mand qimeyn
atton yawmd kolleh w-battlin. amren leh. d-ld nds egarn. amar l-hon. zlaw op
atton l-kannd. w-meddem d-wdle nesheyn atton. kad hwd den ramsd. emar
marrd karma l-rab bayteh. qri pa'le yab l-hon agrahon. w-srd men [trend w-
'dammd l-qadniey. w-ekiw hdnon d-hda'sre sa in, nsab dinar dinar, w-kad sqal.
'al marrd baytd wemrin. hdlen hrdyd hdd sd'd. w-esawh ennon 'amman d-saqln
yuqreh d-yawlund w-hummeh. hit den 'end w-emar l-had mention, habri Id
me'wal bdk. Id-wa b-d'tnar qset 'ami. sabdilak wzal. sdbd end den d-l-hdnd hrid
ettel ak d-ldk. aw Id slit li meddem d-sdbd end a 'bed b-dili. aw 'ayndk bisd d-end

30

Key to Readings

tab end. hdkannd nehwon hreya qadmeyd. w-qadmeya hreya. sgiayn ennon ger
qreyd w-z 'oren gabeyd.

(1) But the kingdom of heaven is like a master (man) who went forth in the
morning. To hire laborers to his vineyard. (2) And he contracted with the
laborers for dinar per day. And he sent them to his vineyard. (3) And he went
forth in three hours. And he saw others standing in the market and being idle.
And he said to them. You also go to the vineyard. And what is necessary I will
give you. And they went. And again he went forth in sixth and in the ninth hour.
And he did likewise. And around about the eleventh hour. He went forth and
found others standing around and doing nothing. And he said to them. Why are
you standing around all day and doing nothing? (7) (They) say to him. (because)
nobody has hired us. (He) says to them. You also go to the vineyard. And
whatever is necessary will he given you. (8) And when it was evening. The
master of the vineyard said to his steward. Call the laborers, give them their
wages. And commence from the last unto the first. (9) And those of the eleventh
hour came. They took each a dinar.(W) And when they received (it). They
complained to the master of the house, ( 1 2) and said. These last worked one
hour. And you have made them equal with us. who have borne the burden of the
day and its heat. He then answered and said to one from among them. My friend,
I do not do ill to you. Was it not for a dinar that you contracted with me? (14)
Take your property and go. For I am wanting to give to this last as to you. ( 1 5)
Or do I not have the authority (to do) whatever I want with my property? Or (is)
your eye wicked, because I (am) good?(\b) Thus the last will be first. And the
first last. For many of them have been called, but few of them have been chosen.

From the PSitta: men karoztita d-luqti b:a-k
From the gospel of Luke 2:1-20

Hwd den b-yawmtd hdnon w-npaq puqdannd men agustus qesar d-netktob kolleh
'amma d-uhddnd. (b) hade maktbdnutd qadmitd hwat b-hegmdnutd d-qewrinos
b-sitryd. (g) w-ezal-wa kollnas d-netktab b-inditteh. (d) sleq-wa den ap yosep
men ndsrat mditta d-glildyd l-ihud. l-mditteh d-dawid d-metqriya baytlhem.
mettitl d-awtwi-wa men bayteh -men sarbeteh d-dawid. (h) 'am maryam mkirteh
kad batna d-tammdn netkteb. (w) w-hwa d-kad tamman ennon. Etmlyaw
yawmtah d-taled. (z) w-yaldet brah bnkrd. W- b-'azmre b-oiyd. mettitl d-layt-wa
l-hon dukkta ayka d-srayn —waw. (h) ra'awwata den ayt-wa l-hon dukkta aykci d-
sarin-wa tamman. w-nettrin mattarta d-lelya 'al mar'yathon. (t) w-ha mldka d-
ettd Iwathon. w-tesbohteh d-mdrya anhret elihon. w-dhel dehltd rabta. (y) w-
emar l-hon malakd. Id tadhlon. Ha ger mesbar end l-kon hdotd rabtd dethwd l-
kolleh 'almd. (yd) ettled l-kon ger yawmna parukd.d-it-aw mdryd msihd. b-
mditteh d-dawid. (yb) w-hdde l-kon dtd.b-skahin atton 'welld d-karrek 'old b-
'azrure w-sim b-oryd. (yg) w-men sel ethzaw. 'am mldkd saggiyd haylawwdtd cl-
smayyd kad meshhin l-aldhd w-emrin. (yd) tesbohtd l-alahd b-mromd. w- 'al ar'd
salmd. w-sabrd tba l-bnayndsd. (yh). W-hwd d-kad ezal men Iwathon mlake. mlal
r'otd had 'am had w-emren. nerde dammd l-baytlhem. w-nahzd l-melltd hade d-
hwat. ayk d-mdiyd awda' Ian. (yw) w-etaw msarhbd'it w-eskah l-maryim w-l-

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Key to Readings

yosep. w-l-'awwala d-sim b-dryd. (yz) »'-kail hzdw. l-melltd d-etniallet 'amlum
'alaw falyii. (ylj) w-kollhon d-sma'. etdammar 'al aylen d-etnilal r'ote. (yt)
Minim den ne.trci-wat kollhen mle hallen. wmephmd belbah.(k) w-hpak r'ote
hdnon kad mesbaljin w-mahllin. l-allahd 'al koll d-haz w-sma ' aykannd d-etmhd
'amhon.

(I) For it was in those days a decree went forth from Caesar Augustus that even-
person register in his jurisdiction. (2) This was the first census in the
governorship of Quirinious in Syria. (3) And everyone went to enroll in his town.
(4) Indeed Joseph also went up from Nazareth, (a) city of Galilee to Judea. To
the city of David which is called Bethlehem. Because he was from the house and
from the lineage of David. (5) With Mary his betrothed, then pregnant, to be
enrolled. (6) And it happened when they were there, that her days to give birth
were completed. (7) And she gave birth to her first-born son. And she wrapped
in swaddling clothes. And she placed him in a manger. For there was no place
where they could lodge. (8) Then there were shepherds in the place where they
were stopping, (who) kept watch at night over their flocks. (9) and behold, an
angel of the Lord came to them. And the glory of the Lord shone upon them. And
they feared a great fear. (10) And the angel said to them. Do not be afraid. For
behold, I bring to you great gladness which will be for all people. (II) For a
savior has been bom to you today, who is the Lord Messiah. In the city of David.
( 12) And this is a sign to you. You will find a baby wrapped in swaddling clothes
and being set in a manger. (13) And at once they saw. With the angel a great
host of heaven, as (they were) glorifying God and saying. (14) Gloiy to God in
the highest, and on earth peace. And good tidings to men. ( 15) and it was that
when the angels went from among them to heaven. They spoke tending flocks one
with another and saying. Let us go down to Bethlehem. And let us see this event
which has happened. As the Lord made known to us. ( 16) And they went hastily.
And they found Mary and to Joseph. And the baby setting in a manger. (17) And
when they saw. They made known the thing which was spoken unto them
concerning the child. (18) And all that they heard. They were astonished
concerning what they were told them by those keeping flocks. ( 1 9) Then Man-
kept laid up all these things, and stored them in her heart. (20) And the
shepherds returned as (they were) glorifying God and saying. To God
concerning all that they saw and heard, as it was told them.

From Pseudo-Callisthenes' Legend of Alexander
men Tas'ltji d-Aleksandros bar PjtTpos
From the Story of Alexander son of Philip

Hayden Aleksandros men tamman asqel wa-l-Maqedonyd ezal. w-etd la-tjnimd
d-Pdres. wa-srd 'al nahra Deqlat. w-Aleksandros b-izgaddfitd Iwdt Daryus ezal.
'dammci d-'al l-Bdbel. w-etaw Parsaye w-awda'(w) l-Daiyus malkd. w-kad
emar(w): w-Daryus kad l-Aleksandros hza. etjken w-l-Aleksandros sged. mettul
d-scibar (h)wa da-mhTr alalia haw d-ettahti. wa-l-'udrana d-Parsdye eta. mettul
d-cskemeh l-eskemci d-aldhe msabbah (h)wd. mettul da-klild da-b-reseh astr

32

Key to Readings

(h)wa l-zalltqe msabbah. wa-lbflsd da-lbjs hwa b-dahba sntnd zqir (h)wd. w-
barzanqe d-ba-drd'aw b-settta tdbd 'bjdjn (h)waw. w-ntsdnaw d-dahba. wa-
qmareh men margdnydta wa-zmargde 'bid (h)wd. w-Daryus qa'em (h)wd w-b-
eskenteh metbaqqe (h)wd. w-'esrd alpln parrase nqtray-hasseh Iwdteh qdymtn
(h)waw. d-nqtore dilelt 'bjdjn (h)waw. harden l-Aleksandros sa'el (h)wd. d-att
man att. Aleksandros emar. izgaddd-nd d-Aleksandros. d-men Aleksandros
slThfita aytet lak. w-hakannd emar: d-estawhart li qrdbd l-me'bad. w-
Maqedonaye amvln: d-mettul d-lebbeh d-Daryits spel ba-qraba. 'al hade mhJr
la-qraba l-metd. hasa hakel att la tqawwe. ella sloh li d-emat sabe att [p. 155] /-
[aktosa l-met_a. hayden Daryus emar leh. da-lma att qnomak Aleksandros att w-
la hwayt izgadda. mettul d-melle saggi Ibjba'it mmallel (h)wa Aleksandros. w-la
mmallel (h)wa niha'U ak gabra izgadda. dinar leh Daryus: end men mellayk la
metjahhab-na. att hasa ak 'ycldd d-izgadde saiiita qdam(y) I 'as. mettul d-dg
Aleksandros h-izgadde dil(y) hakan 'bad. hayden Ddiyus b-'arseh agges (h)wa.
w-heraw w-rawrbanaw qdamaw estmek(w). wa-1-qubleh d -Daryus Aleksandros
d-hawe izgadda. wa-bnaynasd kollhon tammihTn (h)waw belt. da-b-Qagreh z'or
(h)wa. w-mellaw harridan (h)way. w-kad l'as(w). hamrd b'aw. w-Aleksandros
koll mdna d-dahbd d-awsej(w) leh. hamrd 'al ar'd esad(h)wa. w-mdne b-hanneh
sa'em (h)wa. hayden kad hzaw d-mana 'abed. l-Daryiis awda' (h)waw. w-
Daiyus kad sma'. men 'arseh qdm. wa-lwdt Aleksandros eta w-emar leh. d-d
'abed neshdne. mettul mdna d-ak hdlen 'abed att. d-kollhon mane d-mastyd b-
hannak sdmt. Aleksandros emar. mettul d-kad mar(y) Aleksandros emat_ d-sarutd
l-heraw 'abed (h)wa. kollhon manay mastyd d-dahba l-hon yaheb (h)wa. <5g end
sabbret d-df) beh ba-zna 'abed att. ella hasa en layt lak d-ak hand 'yadd. ha
manay mastyd qdamayk. pqod w-dahbdk m'atteg-nd lak. hayden Datyus emar.
an end peqdet d-dahbdk hvdtjik narmdndy. w-Pdrsdye kolhon b-Aleksandros
hayrln (h)waw. w-kad tammihTn (h)waw mettul d-mellaw hayltdnydn (h)way w-
malydn ida'tj. kad hakel men mdra\v\vdt_d had. d-itaw (h)\\d Pusdq smeh: d-men
qdem b-izgaddiit_d men Daryus l-Maqedonyd estaddar (h)\\ d lwdt_ Pilipos abu d-
Aleksandros: w-kad b-Aleksandros [p. 156] hattltd'h etbaqqi yad'eh (h)wd. wa-
b-lessdnd pdrsdyd l-Daiyus emar (h)wd. d 'abed ldbd[a Datyus malka. pqod da-
l-hdna izgadda b-nqtordtd zhird'it nnqttrun. mettul d-huyu qnomeh d-
Aleksandros. w-men hz.dteh ydda'-nd leh w-ntestakkal-nd. hayden kad Daryus w-
heraw w-rawrbdttaw sma'(w). sarri(w) had 'am had la-mmalldlu w-b-
Aleksandros metbaqqeyn (h)waw. hayden Aleksandros ida'. w-men bet mestiita
qdm. wa-l-tar'd d-malkd swat: 'am hanon kollhon manay dahba da-b-hanneh
ahid(h)wd. w- 'al tar'd d-bet malka gabrd had nqtord eskah. kad b-ideh qaysd d-
arza had kad dleq ahJd (It)wd. w-qqtlelt w-itasbelt menneh. w-'al susdyeh rkeb.
wa-b-'eqbeh ba'teh. w-haw qaysd kad nurd metnabrsa (h)wdt qddm 'aynaw d-
siisdyd Ibjk (lt)wd w-susayd beh b-zahrd d-nurd b-urhd msarhba'it rhet <h)wd.
w-la-spar nahrd had eta. hayden izgadde batreh npaq(w) qallila'it. w-mettul
hasokd d-lelyd sugahon b-gaww gumdse wa-b-neq'e npal(w). Aleksandros den
b-hayld d-aldhe l-nahra haw 'bar. w-kad l-haw gabba d-nahrd 'bar. w-reglaw
qadmdydtd d-susayd l-yabsa smek. mayyd hanon da-mq^jdjn (h)waw mehdd
psar (h)waw. w-reglaw hrdydtd d-susdyd b-gaww nahrd nhet (It)way. w-
Aleksandros men sftsayd l-yabs_d swar. w-si4sdyd b-nahrd tba'. hayden kad
izgadde la-spar nahrd etjtw. wa-hzaw d-Aleksandros l-nahra haw 'bar. w-

33

Key to Readings

heniion d-ne'brfin batreh Id eskah(w). harden tmah(w) w-had l-had dmiTn
(h)waw. d-rablm gaddeh d-Aleksandros da-l-nahra d-hdkan rabb ma'bartd yob
leli. w-eskali l-me'breh. w-kad pnaw. Iwdt Daryus etaw. w-awda'(w) l-Daryus
'al puldteh w-ma'barteh d-Aleksandros da-l-nahra. Daryus b-'dqtd rabbtd
<h)wd. w-men selya ata ethazyat_ leh. salnieh ger d-Kusraw malkd. haw [p. 157]
d-Daryus whew (h)wa leh. b-bet_ wastya 'al esta.sTr (h)wd. w-men sel(y) etc/net
(h)wd men estd. wa-l-'aynaw d-Daryus 'al ar'a npal. Aleksandros den men da-l-
nahra 'bar. men rahteh w-men 'amleh ettnlh. w-qdm b-reglaw mhallek (h)wd.
wa-b-gaww haw heskd d-lelya l-Amoros res guddd balhodaw lizd. w-kad b-'aqta
rabbja mejjul Aleksandros qd'em (h)wa w-biike. hayden Aleksandros kollhen
melle da- 'bar 'law l-Amoros emar(h)wa.

Then Alexander set forth from there and went to Macedonia, and he came to the
border of Persia and camped by the river Tigris, and Alexander set out on an
embassy to Darius until he entered Babylon. The Persians came and informed
Darius the king, and when they told him and when Darius saw Alexander he
bowed down and prostrated himself before Alexander because he thought that he
was a skilled god who had been sent down and was come to the aid of the
Persians because his appearance was made to resemble the appearance of the
gods, for the crown that was fastened to his head was made to resemble rays, the
clothing he was wearing was formed of pure gold, the armor on his arms was
made of beautiful silver, his sandals were of gold, and his belt was made of
pearls and emeralds. And Darius was standing, scrutinizing his appearance, and
ten thousand horsemen of his bodyguard, were standing in his presence, for they
had been made his guards. Then he asked Alexander, "Who are you?"
Alexander said, "I am Alexander's envoy who have brought you a message from
Alexander, and thus he said: 'You have hesitated to do battle with me, and the
Macedonians say that Darius' heart is cowardly in battle. For this reason he
delays to come to battle. Now do not wait thus, but send me la message, saying]
when you desire to come [p. 155] to the battlefield. ' " Then Darius said to him.
"Are you not yourself Alexander? You are no envoy. " For Alexander was
speaking very bold words and not speaking calmly like an envoy. Darius said to
him. "I am not frightened by your words. Now. according to the custom of
ambassadors, partake of a banquet in my presence, because so also did
Alexander do for my ambassadors. " Then Darius reclined on his couch, and his
noblemen and grandees reclined before him. and opposite Darius was
Alexander, who was /pretending to be] an ambassador. All the people were
astonished by him. for in body he was small, but his words were severe. When
they had partaken I of the food J. they called for wine. Every vessel of gold they
set before him, Alexander poured the wine on the ground and placed the vessel
in his lap. When they saw what he was doing, they informed Darius, and when
Darius heard, he arose from his couch and went to Alexander and said to him.
"O doer of adventures, why are yon doing this, putting all the vessels of the
banquet in your lap?" Alexander said. "Because when my lord Alexander made
a banquet for his nobles, he gave them all the banquet vessels of gold. I thought
that so also in a like manner you would do too. but now, if you have no such
custom, here are the banquet vessels before you. Command, and I will return

34

Key to Readings

your gold to you. " Then Darius said. "I too order that they lay down the gold
before you. " All the Persians were looking at Alexander, and they were
astonished because his words were powerful and filled with knowledge. Then
one of the lords, whose name was Pusaq, who had previously been sent by
Darius to Macedonia to Philip, Alexander's father, when he scrutinized
Alexander accurately, [p. 156] he recognized him, and in the Persian language
he said to Darius, "O doer of good deeds. King Darius, command that they keep
this ambassador under watch securely, because he is himself Alexander, and
from the sight of him 1 recognize him and understand. " Then, when Darius and
his nobles and grandees heard, they began to speak with each other, scrutinizing
Alexander. Then Alexander realized, and he arose from the banquet hall and
leapt to the king 's gate along with all the golden vessels he was holding in his
lap. At the gate of the king's palace he found a guard holding a branch of cedar
in his hand as a torch. He killed him. took it (the torch) from him, mounted his
horse, and spurred it with his heel. He held the branch with the fire burning
before the horse 's eyes, and the horse ran speedily down the road by the light of
the fire. He came to the bank of a river. Then envoys set out after him swiftly, but
because of the darkness of the night many of them fell into pits and holes. Then
Alexander, with the power of the gods, crossed the river, and when he crossed to
the other side of the river and the front legs of the horse rested against the diy
land, the water, which was frozen, suddenly melted, and the hind legs of the
horse sank into the river. Alexander jumped from the horse onto the dty land,
and the horse sank into the river. Then, when the envoys came to the river bank
and saw that Alexander had crossed the river, they were unable to crossed after
him, so they were perplexed and said to each other, "Alexander's fortune is
great that found a crossing of such a large river and was able to cross. " When
they returned and came to Darius and informed Darius of Alexander's escape
and crossing of the river, Darius was in great sadness. Suddenly a vision was
seen by him, as the image of King Chosroes. [p. 157] whom Darius loved, which
was depicted on the wall in the banquet hall, suddenly became detached from the
wall and fell to the ground before Darius' eyes. Alexander then rested from
having crossed the river, from his running and his labor, and he rose and walked
on foot. In the midst of the darkness of the night he saw Amoros. the head of his
band, standing alone and weeping in great grief over Alexander. Then Alexander
told Amoros all the things that had happened to him.

The First Discovery of the True Cross
TaS'Ita da-Skahteh d-MHr(y) $l1bil QaddTsd: d-aykan estkah qadmS'n b-yad
PrSJdnTqS attteh da-Qlawdiyds Qesar. Maran, 'darayn(y) b-raftmayk, amen.
The Story of the Discovery of My Lord the Holy Cross: How It Was First

Found by Protonice, the Wife of Claudius Caesar. My Lord, help me with

your mercies. Amen.
Men batar messaqteh d-Maran lso' d-la-smayya: beh b-zabna haw kad ezal

(h)wa Sem'dn Kega l-R(h)6me: w-akrez tamman mellta d-alaha: sem'at (h)wat_

Protdniqe attteh da-Qlawdiyds Qesar: haw d-'abdeh TTberyds trayyana b-

35

Key to Readings

malkfiteh: kad dzel (h)wa d-naqreb 'am bnay Espdnyd da-mrad (h)waw 'law: hi
den hade atnCi: kad Ttaw (h)wd Sent 'on b-R{h)ome: hdzyd (h)wdt_tedmid[d w-
hayle tammlhe d-sd'ar (h)wa ba-snteh d-Mciran Mslhd. w-keprat b-hanputd d-
abdheh d-qdymd (h)wdl bah: wa-b-salme d-hanputd d-sdgdd (h)wclt l-hon. w-ba-
Mslhd Maran mhaymnd (h)wcit w-sdsdd (h)wdt leh: 'am kollhon aylen da-nqlpln
(h)waw leh l-Seni'on: w-dhdd (h)wat leh b-tqdrd rabbd. [p. 158]

w-men bcitar hdkannd sbcit (h)wCrtd-ap_ l-Oreslem tehze: w-dukkydtji aylen da-
b-hen est'ar(w) hayle tammlhe w-tahhlre d-Mdran Tsd' Mslhd. w-qdniat (h)wdt
hpltd'ltj w-nehtat Idh men R( h IdmeJ-Oreslem: hi wa-t_rayn bneh 'ammdh wa-
hdd bartdh btjiltd. w-kad mtdt (h)wat da-te"6l l-Oreslem: sem'at w-nepqat
kolldh mdlttd l-t'ir'dh: w-qabbliih (h)waw b-lqdrd rabbd: ak da-l-malktd nidrteh
d-atrd d-bC>t-R{h)dmdye. b-zabnd den haw: Ya'qdb 'bid (h)wd mdabbrdnd w-
pdqddd da-mdlttd: b-'edtd d-banyd (h)wdt Ian tamman b-Oreslent.

w-kad sma' d-mettulmdnd et_dt_ (h)wdt_ l-tamman: qdm (h)wd mehdd w-ezal
sedeh. w-'al Iwatiih aykd d-sdryd (h)wdt: b-dpadnd rabbd d-malke d-bet_-
Herddes. w-kad hzdteh (h)wdtj qabbldteh (h)wc'it b-hadutd rabbtd: dp leh ak da-
l-Sem'dn Kepd. w-hawwydh hayle d-asyutii: dp In! ak Sem'dn. w-emrat leh:
hawwd IT Gagiiltji: hay d-ezdqep bah Maran Mslhd: wa-qaysd da-sllbfiteh d-etjll
<h)wd beh men y(h)uddye: wa-qabrd haw d-beh ettslm. hoyden dinar Idh Inl
Ya'qdb: hdlen tldtayhon d-sdbxd malkutjk d-tehze: the[ Ida ennon da-y(h)uddye:
w-hdndn dhdln l-hon. w-ld sdbqln Ian d-nezal wa-nsalle tamman qddm Gagflhd
w-qabrd: w-dp-ld qaysd da-sllbeh sdbeyn d-nettlundy Ian. w-ld (h)wii hade
ballidd: elld dp merdap rddpln Ian: d-ld nakrez w-nsabbar ba-smeh da-Mslhd:
w-zabnata tub saggT'ata dp bet-asTre lidbsln Ian.

w-kad sem'at hdlen hi PiqtdnTqe malktd: bah b-sd'td peqdat_ w-aytl(w) la-
qddmeh l-Hunyd bar Hanndn kdhnd: w-la-Gdalyd bar Qaypd: wa-l-Y(h)udd bar
Sdldm: resd da-y(h)uddye. w-emrat l-hon malktfi: aslem(w) Gagilbd w-qabrd w-
qaysd da-sllbd l-Ya'qdb w-l-aylen d-sdlmln leh: Id nets nekle ennon men da-
nsammsun tamman ak 'yddd d-tesmsathon. w-kad [p. 159] hdkannd peqdat_
(h)wdt l-kdhne: qamat (h)wcit d-tjzal w-tehze ennen l-diikkyatd hdlen: w-dp d-
tjtslem atjd haw l-Ya'qdb w-l-aylen d-'ammeh. w-bdtjirken 'allot l-qabreh d-
Mdran: w-eskhat (h)wdt_ b-gawweh d-qabrd tlatd zqlpe: had d-Mdran: w-tren d-
hdnon gayydse da-zqipjn (h)waw ammeh: had men yammlneh w-had men
semmdleh. w-beh b-'edddnd d-'ellat (h)wdt l-qabrd hi malktd w-bneh 'ammdh:
bah b-sd'td neplat_ {h)wdt_ bartdh btjdt_d w-nutat d-ld kebd wa-d-ld kurhdnd wa-d-
Id 'el ha meddem. w-kad hzdt (h)wdt_ Protonlqe d-mitat Idh bartdh men selyd:
berkat (h)wfit ba-slota ba-bkdtd: wa-msallyd (h)wat b-gawweh d-qabrd w-dmrd
(h)wdt_ hdkannd: Msihd d-y(h)ab napseh l-mawtd hldp kollhon bnayndsd: w-
ezdqep b-atjd hand: w-ettsim b-qabrd hand: ak alalia mahhe-koll qdm: w-aqim
'ammeh l-saggi'e: la nesm'un y(h)uddye zdqdpe w-hanpe ta'ye: hdnon d-kepret
b-salmayhon w-ba-glipayhon wa-b-dehlathon d-banprnd: w-nehdon li kad
malililln In w-nemrun: d-kolldh da-ltwdt Idh hade: 'al d-keprat_ b-alldhe d-sdgdd
(h)wat l-hon: w-awdyat ba-Msiha d-ld ydd'd (h)wdt leh: w-ezlat (ezzatj da-
txaqqar dukktji d-qabreh wa-slibuteh. w-en end Id sdwyd-nd d-estma': 'al d-
segdet l-beryata hldpayk: has att metttil smdk sgidd: d-ld tub netgaddap b-atjd
hand: ak da-gaddep(w) 'layk ba-slibutdk.

36

Key to Readings

w-kad halen ba-sldtdh antra (h)wdt: qdam aylen d-it (h)waw tamman: qreb
Iwdtdh brah qassisd w-amar lah: Sma'(y) meddem d-amar-na qdam malkutek.
end hdkannd sdbar-nd b-re'ydn(y) wa-b-mehsbatjy): d-hand mania d-hdde
hatjy) d-mensel(y): la (h)wd sriqa'lt hwa: el la sit' rand (h)u hand tammiha: d-
aldhd mestabbah beh: w-ld (h)wd resmeh netgaddap beh: ak da-sbar(w) aylen
da-sma'(w) hade: ha 'dllin l-qabrd hand da-Msiha w-eskahnan tldt_d zqipe: w-ld
ydd'inan aynd (h)u mennhon zqipd hit d-ettli beh Msiha. hdsd den b-mawtah d-
hade hatjy) [p. 160] meskhTnan d-nehze w-nelaj): d-aynu zqiQ_eh da-Msiha: la
ger mahme men aylen da-mhaymnin beh. malkt_d den Protoniqe: kad.tab marrira
(h)wat_ nagsah b-'eddand haw: hdat (h)wdt_ b-re'ydnah ak heknitah: d-kena'it
wa-trisd'h emar brah halen. w-qerbat mehda w-seqlat_ (h)wdt hi b-ideh had men
halen zqige: w-sanueh 'al sladdah d-bartah d-ramyd (h)wat qddmeh: w-emrat
(h)wd[ ba-sldtdh: Msiha d-hawwi hayle tammihe b-atja hand: ak d-sma'nan w-
haymennan. en dilak (h)u Mdr(y) hand zqigd: wa-b-haw ettalyat nasfttak men
mandhe: hawwa hayld 'azzizd wa-t_qiQ_a d-alldlnWk d-'am ndsiitak hda (h)wdt_.
w-tahfte hade bartjyj wa-tqttm: w-nestabbah bah smak: kad panyd nagseh I-
gaww pa&rdh: w-nebhtjtn zdqdjyayk: w-nehdon sdgpdayk. w-qawwyat_ (h)wdt_
'edddna saggi'd: men bdtar d-emrat halen. w-batarken sqaUeh <h)wat_ la-zqipd
haw men sladdah d-bartah: w-samat_ (h)wd[ haw hrena. w-emrat tub ba-sldtdh:
alalia haw da-b-ramzeh qdymin 'dime w-beryat_d: w-sdbe b-hayye d-kollhon
bnayndsd d-metpnen Iwdteh: w-ld mahme men bd'iitd d-aylen d-bd'en leh. en
dilak (h)u Mdiiy) hand zqipd: hawwd hayld d-neshdnayk ak da-m'ddatt: w-
tahhe hade bart(y) wa-tqtim. w-nebhtjm hanpe sdgday l-berydtd hldpayk: w-
nawddn mhaymne sarrire: d-metpt_ah pumhon l-tesbhdt_ak qdam aylen d-kdrn-'tn
bdk. w-aggrai (h)wdt_ tub.tawrd saggi'd: w-hayden sqaUeh (h)wdt la-zqipa haw
da-tren men bartdh: w-sdmat haw da-tldta 'al baifdh. w-kad bd'yd (h)wdt da-
tjlm 'ayneh la-smayya: w-tegtafr pumdh ba-slota: bah b-sd'td w-beh b- 'edddna:
ak metrap_ temrd d-'aynd: da-qreb (h)wd zqipd haw la-sladdd d-bartdh: liydt
(h)wdt bartdh men selyd w-qdmat. wa-msabbhd (h)wdt la-Msihd: d-ahhydh ba-
zqipeh.

malkt_d den Protoniqe: kad hzat_ (h)wdt d-aykannd hydt bartdh: ettzi'at w-
etrahhbatjab: w-msabbha (h)wdt la-Msihd d-haymnat beh: [p. 161] d-breh (h)u
d-aldhd hayye. dinar lah brdh: hzayt mdrt(y): d-elln hade Id hwdt_ yawmdnd:
gadsa d-sdbqin (h)wayn zqipd hand da-Msiha da-hydt beh hatjy): w-dhdin
(h)wayn wa-myaqqrin (h)wayn d-had men hanon gayydse qqtdle. ella hasd ha
hdzen w-hddeynan b-hdde. w-alaha d-sa 'rah l-hdde: yattird 'it estabbah bah. w-
sqalteh malktd Protoniqe la-zqipeh da-Msiha: w-y(h)abjeh (h)wdt l-Ya'qdb: ak
d-netntar b-iqdrd rabbd. w-peqdat (h)wdl_ d-nethne benydnd rabba wa-sbihd 'al
Gdgulta vi - 'al qabrd: ak d-netyaqqrdn dukkydtd halen da-zqipd wa-d-qabrd: w-
nehwe tamman bet-wa'da la-knustd d-tesmestd. malkd den kad hzdt (h)wat_: d-
kensat ndsfita kollhon da-mdittd l-hzatd d-su'rdnd hand: peqdat da-d-ld tahpitd
d-iqdrd d-malkata tezal (h)wat bartdh 'ammah galyd'H l-apadna d-malka haw d-
sdn-d (h)wat_ beh: ak d-nehze kollnds wa-nsabbah l-aldhd. 'ammd den da-
y(h)ttddye wa-d-hanpe: hennon da-hdi(w) (h)waw b-surdydh d-hade: etkmar
(h)waw b-siildmdh d-hade. Jab ger mndhin (h)waw elln la hwdt hade: d-hdzen
(h)waw d-saggi'e mennhon haymen (h)waw beh ba-Msiha. yattird'it den d-
hdzeyn (h)waw d-saggi'an (h)way dtwdtd w-tedmrdtd d-hd\\ydn (h)way men

37

Key to Readings

lunar suldqeh: yattir men hdnen d-hdwydn (It)way men qdam suldqeh. w-dp I-
ahmnmtci rahhiqe ezal {h)wa Jebbelt d-su'rana hand: w-djj la-slihe kolllum
aylen da-msabbrin (h)waw la-Msiba. w-hwci (h)wci selyci b-'edtd d-Oreslem: w-
ba-mdindtd da-hddreh. w-aylen d-lci hzaw dtp hade: 'am aylen da-hzaw: dp
hennon msabbhin (h)waw l-aldha.

w-kad selqat malktii Pmtoniqe men Oreslem l-R(h)dme mdittdh: koll mdittd
aydci d-'dlld (h)wdt_ Idh: la-hzfrtci d-baildh htibsin (h)waw ndsd d-nehzdn. w-kad
'allat_ l-R(h)dme: esta"yat qdam Qlawdiyos Qesar [p. 162] koll hen hdlen d-
est'ar (h)\\ay sedeh: d-aykan initat bailah w-batarken hyut. w-kad sma' (h)wci
Qesar hdlen: pqad (h)wd d-neppqun kolllum y(h)uddye men R(h)dme w-men
atrd d-ltalyd. kad b-kolleh atr_d haw sn'rana hand metjnallal (h)wd men
saggi'e: wa-qddm Sent' on Kepd esta"yat_ (h)wdt_ hi Pmtoniqe tedmurtd hade: w-
koll meddem d-s'ar (h)waw slihe habraw. w-qddm kollnds makrzin (h)waw: d-
nesm'un an aylen d-ld sma'(w) w-ida'(w): w-nedd'un aylen da-b-idan s'ar w-
sa'ar Mdran galyd'itj d-nestabbah swell d-Mdran wen kollnds l-'dlaw 'dlwTn:
amen.

hdlen hdkel da-tnayt ennon qddmaykon: d-tedd'un w-tetbayynitn da-kmd
rabbd haymmtU'h da-Msihd: l-aylen da-nqimn leh sarrira'it. d[) Ya'qdb den
mdabbrdnd d-'edtd d-Oreslem: haw d-hu b-'aynaw hzd l-su'rcina hand: hu an
katbeh w-saddreh la-slihe habraw: la-wdittd d-it (h)way b-atrawwdriwn. w-dn
hennon slihe ktabjw) w-awda'(w) l-Ya'qdb kollmeddem da-'bad Msihd b-
idayhon: w-metqrexn (h)waw qdam kolleh kensd d-'edta wa-qddm kolleh
'ammd. sldmd.

After the ascension of Our Lord Jesus into heaven, at the time when Simon
Peter went to Rome and preached there the word of God, he was heard by
Protonice, the wife of Claudius Caesar, the one whom Tiberius made second in
his kingdom when he went to fight with the Spaniards who had revolted against
him. This woman, then, while Simon was in Rome, saw the miracles of amazing
powers that he did in the name of Our Lord Christ. She renounced the paganism
of her fathers which she practiced and the idols of paganism which she
worshiped, and she believed in Christ Our Lord and worshiped him along with
all those who followed Simon, and she held hint in great honor, [p. 158]

A fter this she wanted to see Jerusalem and those places in which the amazing
and marvelous powers of Our Lord Jesus Christ had been done. She arose
earnestly and went down from Rome to Jerusalem, she and two sons with her
and one virgin daughter. When she was about to enter Jerusalem, all the city
heard (of her approach] and went out to greet her, and they received her with
great honor, as for the queen, the lady of the land belonging to the Empire of the
Rowans. At that time Jacob had been made the leader and cow wander of the city
in the church that had been built for us there in Jerusalem.

When he heard why she had come there, he arose at once and went to her. He
came to her where she was staying, in the great palace of the kings of the House
of Herod. When she saw him, she received him with great gladness, as she had
I received] Simon Peter. He too. like Simon, showed her powers of healing. She
said to hint. "Show we Golgotha, where Our Lord Christ was crucified, and the

38

Key to Readings

wood of the cross on which he was raised by the Jews, and the tomb in which he
was placed. " Then Jacob said to her, "These three which Your Majesty wants to
see are under the control of the Jews, and they have seized them. They do not let
us go and pray there before Golgotha and the tomb. Neither do they want to give
us the wood of the cross. Not only this, but also they persecute us so that we not
preach or spread the word in the name of Christ, and very many times they
imprison us in prison.

When Protonice heard these things, she immediately gave a command, and
they brought before her Huniah son of Hannan the priest, Gedaliah son of
Caiaphas, and Judah son of Shalom, the chief of the Jews. To them she said,
"Hand over Golgotha, the tomb, and the wood of the cross to Jacob and to those
who follow him. Let no one prevent them from serving there in accordance with
the customs of their service. " When [p. 159] she had commanded thus to the
priests, she arose and went to see those places and to hand over that place to
Jacob and those who were with him. Afterwards she entered the tomb of Our
Lord, and she found inside the tomb three crosses: one of Our Lord and two of
those thieves who were crucified with him, one on his right and one on his left.
As soon as the queen and her sons entered the tomb, her virgin daughter
immediately fell down and died without disease, sickness, or malady of any kind.
When Protonice saw that her daughter had died suddenly, she knelt down in
prayer and weeping, and she prayed inside the tomb and spoke thus: "The
Messiah who gave himself to death for all people and was crucified in this place
and was placed in this tomb arose like God. the giver of life to all, and caused
many to arise with him. Let not the crucifying Jews and lost pagans hear — those
whose idols, carvings, and pagan fear I have renounced — and let them not
rejoice in me and mock me and say that all this that has happened was because
she renounced the gods she had worshiped and confessed a Messiah she knew
not and went to honor the place of his tomb and crucifixion. If I am not worthy to
be heard because 1 have worshiped creatures instead of You, have pity for the
sake of your worshiped name lest they revile this place as they reviled you by
crucifying you. "

And as she was saying these things in prayer, her elder son approached her
and said to her, "Hear what I say to Your Majesty. I think in my mind and
thought that the sudden death of this my sister is not in vain, but this is a
mairelous deed by which God is praised and not something by which he is
reviled, as those who heard of this thought. Here we have come into this tomb of
Christ, and we have found three crosses. We do not know which of them is the
cross on which Christ was raised. Now, by the death of this my sister [p. 160] we
are able to see and learn which is the cross of Christ. He does not neglect those
who believe in him. " Queen Protonice. whose soul was very bitter at that time,
rejoiced in her mind and in her wisdom because her son had spoken these things
in truth and righteousness. Suddenly she approached and picked one of the
crosses up in her hands and placed it on the body of her daughter, which was
lying before her. In prayer she said, "O Messiah who showed amazing powers in
this place, as we have heard and believe, if this cross is yours. Lord, and upon
this one was raised your humanity by the arrogant, show the great and
increasing power of your divinity, which is one with your humanity, and bring

39

Key to Readings

this my daughter to life that she may arise and we may glorify your name
through her w hen her soul returns to her body and so that your crucifiers may he
confounded. " She w aited a long time after saying these things, and then she
removed the cross from her daughter's body and placed another. Again she said
in prayer. "O God, at whose sign worlds and creatures exist and who desires life
for all people who turn to him, and who does not neglect the entreaty of those
who entreat him, if this cross is yours. Lord, show the power of your victories as
you are accustomed to do and bring to life this my daughter. Let her arise, let
the pagans who worship creatures instead of you he confounded, and let the true
believers confess as they open their mouths to praise you before those who
disbelieve in you. " And again she waited a long time, and then she removed the
second cross from her daughter and placed on her the third. As she was about to
raise her eyes to heaven and open her mouth in prayer, immediately and at once,
in the twinkling of an eye. as soon as this cross came near her daughter's body,
she came to life at once and stood up, praising Christ, who had brought her to
life through his cross.

When Queen Protonice saw how her daughter had come to life, she was very
terrified and frightened, but she praised the Messiah in whom she believed, [p.
161] who is the son of the living God. Her son said to her, "Did you see. my
lady, that if this had not happened today, perhaps we would have left this the
Messiah 's cross, by w hich my sister has come to life, and taken and honored one
of those thieving murderers. But now we see and rejoice in this one, and God,
who has done this thing, is even more glorified thereby. " Queen Protonice
picked up Christ's cross and gave it to Jacob so that it could be kept in great
honor, and she ordered that a great and glorious building be built over
Golgotha and the tomb, that these places of the cross and tomb be honored and
that there be there an assembly hall for the congregation of service. Then, when
the queen saw that all the people of the city had gathered to see this thing, she
commanded that her daughter go out with her openly without the veil of honor of
queens to the palace of the king where she was staying, so that everyone could
see and praise God. The Jews and pagans who had rejoiced at the beginning of
this affair were saddened by the end of the affair. They would have been very
happy had this not happened, for they saw many of them believing in the
Messiah. Many were the signs and miracles that happened after his ascension —
more than those that had happened before his ascension. The renown of this
event went to far-away places and to all the apostles who were spreading the
word of the Messiah. And there was peace in the church in Jerusalem and in the
cities around it. Those who had not seen this sign praised God together with
those who had seen it.

And when Queen Protonice departed from Jerusalem for her city, Rome, I in I
even- city she entered people gathered to see her daughter. When she entered
Rome she related to Claudius Caesar [p. 162] all those things that had been
done in her sight: how her daughter had died and then came to life. When
Caesar heard these things, he ordered that all the Jews leave Rome and Italy.
Since in every place this event was spoken of by many, and Protonice related this
miracle to Simon Peter and everything that the apostles his friends had done,
and they preached before everyone in order that those who had not heard or

40

Key to Readings

known might hear and know those things that Our Lord has done and does
openly through our hands in order that the name of Our Lord may be praised by
all people for ever and ever. Amen.

These things that I have related to you are that you may know and reflect how
great faith in the Messiah is for those who believe in him truly. Jacob, the leader
of the church in Jerusalem, who saw this event with his own eyes, also wrote it
and sent it to his friends the apostles in the cities in which they were. The
apostles too wrote and made known to Jacob everything that the Messiah had
done through their hands, and they were read out before eveiy congregation of
the church and before all the people. Peace.

The Teaching of the Apostle Thaddeus
Malle/lnHtil d-Adday Slipff

B-satta tlatma w-arb'in wa-tlat_ t-malkilta d-Yawnaye wa-b-malkuteh d-Maran
Tiben os Qesar d-R(h)omaye wa-b-malkirieh d-Abgar malkci bar Ma 'nit malka b-
irah tesri qdem b-yawm tre'sar: saddar (h)wa Abgar Okama l-Manab w-la-
Smesgram: resane wa-myaqqre d-malkuteh: wa-l-Hanndn Tabbulara sarrira
'amhon: [p. 163] la-mditta ayda d-metqaiya Elewterapolis w-arma'it den Bet
Gubrin: Iwat myaqqra Sebinds bar Ewstargis Apitrapa d-maran Qesar: haw d-
hu sift (h)wa 'al Suiya w-'al Puniqe w-'al Palestine w-'al atra kolleh d-Bet
Nahrin. w-awbel(w) (h)waw leh eggrata meUul sebwata d-malkuta: w-kad
ezal(w) (h)waw Iwateh qabbel (h)wa ennon b-hezwat_a w-b-iqara. wa-hwaw
Iwateh yawmata 'esrin w-hamsa. wa-ktab (h)wa l-hon pelima d-eggrata w-
saddar (h)wa ennon Iwat Abgar. malka. w-kad tt2aq(w) (h)waw men Iwateh.
hzaq(w) (h)waw w-etjiw b-iirha l-qubal Oreslem. wa-hzaw (h)waw nasa saggi'a
d-ateyn (h)waw men ruhqa: d-nehzon la-Msiha: mettul da-npaq (h)watebba d-
tedmrata d-neshanaw b-atrawwatji mab'de. w-kad hzaw l-nasa hdnon Maryab
wa-Smesgram w-Hannan Tabbulara: etaw (h)waw ap hanon 'amhon l-Oreslem.
w-kad 'al(w) (h)waw l-Oreslem: hza'fi (h)waw la-Msiha wa-hdi(w) 'am kense d-
laweyn (h)waw leh. w-hzaw (h)waw ap_ l-y(h)itdaye: d-qaymin (h)waw kensin
kensin: w-methassbin (h)waw d-mana ne'bdun leh. m'aqin (h)waw ger: d-
hazeyn (h)waw d-suga d-nasitta d-mennhon mawdeyn (h)waw beh. wa-hwaw
tamman b-Oreslem yawmata 'esre. w-ktab (h)wa Hannan Tabbulara
kollmeddem d-haze (h)wa d-'asar (h)wa Msiha: ap sarka d-meddem da-'bid
(h)wa leh tamman: (h)waw qdam d-nezlun l-tamman: wa-hzaq(w) (h)waw w-
etaw (h)waw l-Urhay. w-'al(w) (h).waw qdam Abgar malka marhon d-saddar
(h)wa ennon. w-yabjw) (h)waw leh pehma d-eggraha d-awbel(w) (h)waw
'amhon. w-men batar d-etqri (h)way eggrata: sarri(w) (h)waw d-nesta"6n qdam
malka koll meddem da-hzaw: w-koll meddem da-'bad (h)wa Msiha b-Oreslem.
wa-qrct (h)wa Hannan Tabbulara qdamaw koll meddem da-ktab (h)wa w-ayti
'ammeh. w-kad sma' (h)wa Abgar malka: tmah (h)wa w-etdammar: ap_
rawrbanaw d-qaymin (h)waw qdamaw. w-emar l-hon Abgar. halen hayle la
hwaw da-bnay nasa: mettul d-layt d-nahhe mite ella d-alaha balhod. sabe (h)wa
den Abgar: d im qnomeh ne'bar (h)wa w-nezal l-Palestine w-nehze (h)wci b-
'aynaw koll meddem da-'bad (h)wa Msiha. w-mettul d-la eskah d-ne'bar l-atra

41

Key to Readings

d-R(h)omdye cl-liin dileh (h)wd: da-hnd [p. 164] 'elha hade teqre (h)wdt la-
b'eldbdhfita snitd: ktab (h)wd eggartd w-saddar {h)wd la-Msihd b-ideh d-
Hanndn Tabbuldrd. wa-ngaq (h)wd men Urhdy b-arba'sre b-Adar. w-'al (h)wd
l-Oreslem b-tarta'sre b-nisdn b-arb'a b-sabba. w-eskheh (h)wd la-Msihd bet
Gamaliel rabba da-y(h)uddye. w-etqanat (h)wat eggartfi qddmaw aydd da-ktiba
(h)uar hdkannd. Abgar Okdmd l-lso' dsydtdbd d-etjizi b-atrd d-Oreslem. mdiiy)
slam, selmet 'layk w-'al dsyfrtdk d-ld (h)wa b-sammdne wa-b-'eqqdre masse att:
elld b-melhdk in 'awwre mnattah att. wa-la-hgire mhallek att. ua-l-garbe mdakke
att. wa-l -liaise msamma' att. wa-l-ruhe wa-l-bareggdre mappeq att wa-msannqe
bah b-melltdk masse att. an mhe mqim att. w-kad hdlen tammihdtd rawrbatd
sem'et d-'dbed att: sdmet b-re'ydn(y): d-aw aldhd att da-nbett men smayyd wa-
'badt hdlen: aw breh att d-aldhd: d-hdlen kolhen 'abed att. mettid hand ketbet
b'C'l menndk: d-tete Iwatfy) kad sdged-nd Idk. w-keba meddem d-it li tasse ak d-
haynmet bdk. dp_ hade tub sem'eL da-y(h)nddye rdtnin 'layk w-rd dp in Idk: w-dp_
d-nezqpundk bd'eyn: wa-l-mesrah bdk hdyrin. mdittd hdd z'ortd ahid-nd: w-la-
tjen sdp_qd I -me 'mar bah b-selyd. w-kad qabbldh (h)wd Iso' l-eggaitd bet kdhne
da-y(h)nddye: emar leh l-Hanndn Tabbitlard: zel w-emar I eh l-mdrdk d-saddrdk
sed(y):Jiibayk d-kad Id hzaytan hayment hi. ktjb ger 'lay: d-aylen d-hdzeyn li Id
nhaymnun hi. w-da-kktbt li d-ete Iwdtdk: haw meddem d-estaddre[ 'law l-hdrkd
mekkel eyallaq leh. w-sdleq-nd li Iwdt dbfy) d-saddran: w-md d-selqet ludteh:
msaddar-nd Idk l-ltad men talmiday: d-kebd meddem d-it Idk nasse w-nalilem.
wa-l-koll man d-i[ Iwatjik, nanne ennon l-fuiyye da-l-'dlam. w-karkdk nehwe
brik. wa-b'eldbdbd tub Id nestallej belt l-'alam. kad den (izd (h)wci Ijanndn
Tabbuldrd: d-hakannd emar <h)wd leh Iso'. wa-b-yad d-.sayydrd (h)wd d-malkd.
sqal (h)wd w-sdr salmeh d-lso' b-seimndne gbayyd. w-ayti (h)wd Hanndn [p.
165] Tabbuldrd 'ammeh I- Abgar malkd mdreh. w-kad (izay (h)wd Abgar malkd
l-salind haw qabbleh (h)wd b-hez.wdtd rabbtd: w-sdmeh (h)wd b-iqdrd rabba: b-
had men bdtte d-dpadnd dileh. w-esta"i (h)wd leh kollmeddem da-sma' (h)wd
men Iso': kad 'biddn (h)way leh mellow ba-ktdbe. w-men bdtar d-estallaq (h)wd
Msihd la-smayyd: saddar (h)wd Y(h)udd tdmd lwdt_ Abgar l-Adday slihd: haw d-
it_aw (h)wd men Sab' in wa-tren slihin. w-kad eta Adday l-karkd d-Urhdy. sri
(h)wd bet T"byd bar Tobyd y(h)uddyd: haw d-iniw (h)wd men Palestine, w-
estma' (h)wd 'law b-kolleh karkd. w-'al <h)wd had men he raw dileh d-Abgar w-
emar (h)wd 'law d-Adday: hu do-smeh (h)wd 'Abdu bar 'Abdu: men resdne d-
ydtbay-wa'dd dileh d-Abgar. d-hd et_d izgaddd wa-srd hdrkd: haw da-slah (h)wd
Idk 'law Iso': da-msaddar-nd Iwdtdk had men talmiday. w-kad sma' (h)wd
Abgar hennen hdlen w-gabrawwdt_d rawrbatd d-'dbed (h)wd Adday w-dswdtd
tammihdtd d-masse (h)wd: sum (h)wd b-re'ydneh w-emar: d-sarrird'h haw hu
da-slah (h)wd leh Iso': d-iitci d-selqet la-smayyd: esaddar Idk l-had men
talmiday: w-kebdk nasse. w-saddar (h)wd den Abgar wa-qray l-Tobyd w-emar
(hiwd leh: sem'et d-gabrd had hayltdnd eta wa-srd b-baytdk. assqeh lwdt(y).Jdk
nestkah li sabrd sappird d-hulmdna men Iwdtdk. w-qaddem (h)wd Tobya I-
yawmd hrend w-dabreh <h)wd l-Adday slihd w-assqeh Iwdt Abgar: kad ydda'
(h)wd hu Adday: da-b-hayld d-aldhd msaddar (h)wd lwdt_eh. w-kad sleq (h)wd
Adday w-'al (hiwd Iwdt Abgar: kad qdymin heraw Iwdteh: belt b-ma'ldnd da-
Iwdtjeh hezwd tammihd etjizi <h)wd leh l-Abgar men parsopeh d-Adday. w-bdh b-
sd'tfi da-hzd (h)wd Abgar hezwd haw: n\ml (h)wd wa-sged (h)wd l-Adday. w-

42

Key to Readings

tentha rabba ehad (h)wa l-kollhon hanon d-qaymin (h)waw qdamaw. hennon ger
l_a hzaw l-hezwa haw d-ethzi (h)wa leh l-Abgar. hayden emar leh Abgar l-
Adday: d-sarrira'it talmideh att d-lso' haw gabbar hayla breh d-alaha: haw da-
slah (h)wa li da-msaddar-na lak l-had men talmiday l-asyfita wa-l-hayye. emar
leh Adday. mettul d-men qdjm hayment (h)wayt b-man [p. 166] d-saddran
Iwatak: mettul (h)n haw estlaht sidayk: w-kad tub thaymen beh: koll meddem
da-thaymen beh nehwe lak. emar leh Abgar. hakanna haymnet beh: d-la-
y(h)udaye hanon d-zaqpity (h)waw: b'et (h)wit d-edabbar li hayla: w-ezal ehrob
ennon. w-mettul malkuta hay d-R(h)6maye etnakkget ba-qyama d-sayna da-
mqam li 'am maran Qesar Tiberyos ak abahay qadmaye. emar leh Adday.
maran sebyana (h)u d-abfl samli. w-kad slem sebyana d-yalndeh: ettrim Iwat
abu: w-iteb 'amineh ba-smayya: haw d-itaw (h)wa beh men 'alam. emar leh
Abgar ap_ end mhaymen-na beh w-b-abp. emar leh Adday. mettul d-hakanna
hayment: sa'em-na idjy) 'layk ba-smeh d-haw d -hayment beh. w-bah b-sa_'t_a d-
sam (h)wa ideh 'law: e[assi men nekyana d-keba d-it (h)wa leh nugra. vv-tmah
(h)wa Abgar w-et_dammar d-aykanna da-smi' (h)wa leh 'al Iso': d-'abed (h)wa
w-masse: hakanna w-aQ hu Adday d-la samma meddem masse (h)wa ba-smeh d-
Iso'. w-ap_ l-'Abdu bar 'Abdu petgara /£ (h)wa leh b-reglaw. w-an hu qarreb
(h)wa leh reglaw. w-sam (h)wa ideh 'layhen w-assyeh (h)wa. w-tub la hwat leh
petgara w-ap. ba-mditta kollah aswata rawrbata masse (h)wa. w-hayle tammihe
mhawwe (h)wa bah. emar leh Abgar. hasa d-yada' koll nas: da-b-hayleh d-lso'
Msilta halen tedmrata 'abed att: w-ha tammihm hnan ba-'badayk. ba'e-na hakel
mennak: d-testa"e lan 'al metyateh da-Msiha d-aykanna hwat: w-'al hayleh
sbilia w-'al tedmrata aylen da-smi' <h)wa li d-'abed (h)wa. aylen d-ena (izet
ennen 'am sarka d-habrayk. emar leh Adday. men hade la sateq-na d-akrez. d-
me.ttul hade (h)u ger estaddret l-hatka d-emar w-ellep. l-koll man d-sabe da-
nhaymen akwatak. la-mhar kannes li kollah mditta w-ezro' bah mellta d-hayye
b-karoziita d-makrez-na qdamaykon. w-batar yawma haw pqad (h)wa Abgar l-
'Abdu bar 'Abdu haw d-etassi <h)wa men keba marrira d-reglaw da-nsaddar
(h)wa karoza: w-neqre <h)wa b-kollah mditta: w-[etkannas (h)wat nasuta kollah
gabre w-nesse l-dukkta hay d-metqana Be[ Tbara: fp. 167] l-atra rawwiha d-
Bet 'wida: d-nesm'un (h)waw mallpanuteh d-Adday sliha. w-kad etkannsat
kollah mditta gabre w-nesse allep_ l-hon Adday sliha 'al haymnuta d-Maran Iso'
Msiha w-emar l-hon: aylen d-qabbel(w) mellteh da-Msiha nqawwon sedayn: w-
ap aylen d-sabeyn d-nestawtpun 'amman ba-slot_a: w-ken niton l-battayhon. w-
hdi <h)wa b-hada (h)u Adday sliha: da-hza (h)wa d-sug'a d-nasttta da-mditta
pasat lah Iwateh. w-dallile (h)waw aylen d-la qawwi(w) (h)waw b-haw 'eddana:
kad ap hennon halen dallile bat_ar yqwmata qallil qabbel(w) (h)waw l-mellaw w-
haymen(w) (h)waw ba-sbarta d-kaidz.ut_eh da-Msiha. w-kad hza (h)wa Abgar
malka: d-kollah mditta hedyat (h)wai b-mallpqnuteh. emar leh ap hu Abgar
malka l-Adday sliha: mekkel koll ayka d-sahe att. bni 'edta bet-sawba d-aylen d-
haymen(w) wa-mhaymnJn b-mellayk w-ak ma da-pqid lak men maran. hwayt
msammes att b-'eddane tkila'it. w-aylen d-haweyn 'amman mat I pane ba-sbarta
hade: resane rawrbe mtayyeb-na d-ettel l-hon. d-meddem 'am tesmesta la nehwe
l-hon 'bada hrena. w-koll meddem d-metb'e lak l-nepqateh d-bayta ena yaheb
lak d-la husban. kad hawya melltak slita wa-mamlka b-karka hand, wa-d-la nas
hrena hwayt 'a' el att Iwatjy) msalltd'it l-apadna d-iqareh d-malkutjy). w-kad

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Key to Readings

nhet (h)wd Abgar malka. l-dpadnd d-malktrteh hade (hhvd hit w-rawrbdnaw
'ammeh wa-b-hadfita d-lebbhon msabbhin (h)waw dp beimon l-alaha: d-apni
(hhvd re'ydnhon Iwdteh: kad kaprJn (hhvaw b-hanputd d-qdymln (h)waw bah:
w-mawdeyn (hhvaw ba-sbarteh da-Msihd. w-kad bna (hhvd Adday 'edjd:
mqarrbjn (hhvaw bah nedre w-qurbdne: hennon w-ndsfitd da-mditta. w-tjvwnan
msammsln (h)waw koll yawmay hayyayhon. Swidd den wa-'Bednebbd rese d-
knmre d-karkd hand: kad hzaw (h)waw atyvata d-'cibed (h)wd Adday: rhet(u)
(h)waw wa-'qaiiw) (hhvaw 'alawwata: da-'layhen indabblun (hhvaw qddm
Nebbo w-Bel allahayhon l-bar men 'lata rabbta d-nies'at karka. w-qd'eyn
(h)waw w-ainrin. d-sanira'it hand d-haw rabba mhird wa-sbihd. da-sina'n
(hhvayn koll rabbta d-'dbed (h)wd b-atra d-Palestine. w-koll aylen talmide da-
nihayinnln (h)waw ba-Msihd: [p. 168] mqabbel (h)wa l-hon Adday aylen w-
ma'bed (h)wd l-hon b-sem aba wa-brd w-iTiha d-qudsd. dp. y(h)udaye yad'ay I-
Mfise wa-nbjye aylen d-rakkike mzabbnin (h)waw: dp hennon etjpis(w) (h)waw
w-ettalmadfw) w-awdi(w) (h)waw ba-Msihd da-breh (h)it d-aldhd hayyd. Id den
Abgar malka w-ld Adday slihd 'use (hhvd l-nds da-qtiid'it (by force) nhaynien
(hhva belt ba-Msihd. Aggay den 'abed seraye w-hewwdre d-malka w-PallQt w-
'Abslanta w-Bar Seniyd 'ant sarkd d-hrdne habrayhon naqpu (hhvaw I- Adday
slihd. w-qabbel (h)wa ennon w-sawtep ennon 'ammeh b-tesmestd: kad qareyn
(h)waw b-diyateqe 'attiqtji wa-hdatta w-ba-nbiye wa-b-sn'rdnayhon da-slihe
kollyawnt b-hon metjiaggeyn (h)waw.

w-nien bdtar snayya da-bnd (hhvd Adday slihd 'edtd b-Urhay w-atqnah (h)wd
b-koll meddein d-zddeq (hhvd lah: w-tabned (h)wd l-sug'd d-ndsfit_d da-mditta
w-dp b-quryd Ijranydta d-rahhiqan wa-d-qarribdn bna (hhvd 'edatd w-kallel w-
sabbet wa-msammsane w-qassise aqim (hhvd b-hen. wa-d-qdreyn (h)waw ktjibe
allep (h)wd b-hen. w-takse d-tesmestd l-gaww wa-l-bar allep (hhvd. bdtar hdlen
kollhen etkreh (hhvd knrhdnd d-ndpeq (h)wd beh men 'alma hand, wa-qrd (hhvd
l-Aggay qddm kolleh kensd d-'edtd w-qarreb (hhvd wa-'abdeh (hhva qassisd.
wa-l-'Absldmd d-sdprd (hhvd. 'abdeh (hhvd msammsdnd. w-men bdtjir data
yawmin hrdnin da-sma' (hhva w-qabbel sahdfltd d-mallpdnutji d-kdrdzutjeh men
bnay tesmesteh qddm here kollhon npaq (h)wd leh men 'alma hand, w-itaw
(hhvd yawmd hamsd b-sabbd. b-arb'esre b-ayydr yarhd. w-b-ebld rabba wa-b-
hassd marrird hwdt 'law kolldh mdittd. Id (hhvd den kristyane balhod m'dqin
(hhvaw 'law: ellci dpy(h)nddye w-hanpe d-it_(h)wd beh b-karkd hand. Abgar den
malka yattir men koll nds m'aq (hhva 'law. hu w-rawrbdne d-malkftteh. wa-b-
ktiryiita d-re'ydneh sat (h)wd wa-sabqeh l-iqdrd d-malkfiteh b-haw yawmd. wa-
b-dem'e hnigdtd bake (hhvd leh 'am koll nds. w-'ammd kolleh da-mditta d-hdze
[p. 169] (h)wd leh: metdammar (hhvd beh da-kmd hd'es (hhvd 'law. w-b-iqdrd
rabba wa-myattrd zayyah (hhvd w-qabreh ak had men rawrbdne ma d-md'e[
(hhva w-sdmeh (hhvd b-qabrd rabba da-glape d-sebte haw aynd d-sJmTn (hhvaw
beh d-bet Anil abdhdt/i d-abii d-Abgar malkd. tamman sameh (hhvd hassisd'U
b-karyutd wa-b-'dqtd rabbta. w-'ammd kolleh d-'edld ezal (hhva men 'edddnd I-
'edddnd wa-msalle (h)wd tamman hpi.td'it w-dukrdnd d- 'uhddneh 'dbdin ( hhvaw
men sua la-snd ak pnqddnd w-ynlpdnd da-mqabbel (h)wd l-hon men Adday slihd
w-ak mellteh d-Aggay: d-lm hwd mdabbrdnd w-pdqddd w-ydrtd d-knrsyeh men
bdtjvh b-idd d-kdhnutd d-qabbel (hhvd menneh qddm koll nds.

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Key to Readings

//( the year 343 of the kingdom of the Greeks, in the reign of Our Lord Tiberius
Caesar of the Romans, and in the reign of King Abgar, son of King Ma'nu, in the
month of October on the thirteenth day, Abgar the Black sent Maiyab and
Shmeshgram, chiefs and honored men of his kingdom, and the trusted Hannan
Tabularius with them [p. 163] to the city which is called Heliopolis. or in
Aramaic Beth Gubrin. to the honored Sevinus, son of Eustargis, the procurator
of our lord Caesar who was governing over Syria. Phoenicia, and Palestine, and
over all the land of Mesopotamia. They took to him letters conceiving affairs of
the kingdom, and when they came to him he received them with joy and honor.
They were with him for twenty-five days. He wrote for them answers to the
letters and sent them to King Abgar. When they departed from him, they set forth
and came on the road to opposite Jerusalem. They saw many people coming
from afar in order to see the Messiah because the fame of his victories had gone
forth to far-away places. When Maryab. Shmeshgram. and Hannan Tabularius
saw the people, they too went with them to Jerusalem. When they entered
Jerusalem, they saw the Messiah, and they rejoiced with the crowds that
followed him. They also saw the Jews who were standing in multitudes and
plotting what they would do to him. for they were seeing that many people from
among them were confessing him. And they were there in Jerusalem for ten days.
Hannan Tabularius wrote down everything he saw the Messiah doing and also
the rest of what had been done by him before they arrived there. They departed
and came to Edessa, and they entered before King Abgar, their lord who had
sent them. They gave him the replies to the letters they had brought with them.
After the replies were read they began to relate before the king everything they
had seen and everything the Messiah had done in Jerusalem. Hanna Tabularius
read before him everything he had written and brought with him. When King
Abgar heard, he was amazed and man eled. and so also his grandees who were
standing before him. Abgar said to them, "These powers were not of humans
because there is no one who can bring the dead to life other than God alone. "
Abgar then desired to go himself and descend to Palestine and see with his own
eyes everything the Messiah had done, but because he was not able to cross into
the territory of the Romans, which did not belong to him. lest [p. 164] this be
considered a cause for odious enmity, he wrote a letter and sent it to the Messiah
by the hand of Hannan Tabularius. He departed from Edessa on the fourteenth
of March and entered Jerusalem on the twelfth of April on a Wednesday. He
found the Messiah at the house of Gamaliel, the chief of the Jews. The letter was
read out before him. as it was written thus: "Abgar the Black to Jesus, the good
healer who has been seen in the place of Jerusalem. My lord, greetings. I have
become a follower of yours and of your healing, for you do not heal through
drugs or herbs, but by your word you cause to be opened I the eyes of] those who
have been blinded, you cause the lame to walk, you make lepers whole, and you
make the deaf hear, you cast out spirits and demons, and you heal with your
word those who are in pain. You also raise the dead. Since I have heard of these
great mangels that you are doing. I put it in my mind that either you are God
come down from heaven and doing these things or your are the son of God that
you you do all these things. For this reason I have written and summoned you
that you come to me, for I worship you, and you will heal for me any sickness

45

Key to Readings

that I have because I have believed in you. Also this have I heard that the Jews
are muttering against yon and persecuting you, and they are seeking to crucify
you and looking to do you harm. I hold this little city, and it is sufficient for two
to live in it in tranquility. " When Jesus received the letter in the house of the
priests of the Jews, he said to Hannan Tabularius. "Go and tell your lord who
sent you to me: Blessed are you that without seeing me yon believed in me. for it
is written: 'They who see me will not believe in me. ' that you have written to me
to come to you. the thing for which I was sent will be accomplished here
henceforth, and I will ascend to my father who sent me. As soon as I ascend to
him. I will send you one of my disciples to heal and cure whatever sickness you
have. All those who are with yon he will lead to life eternal. May your town be
blessed, and may no enemy gain dominion over it ever. " When Hannan
Tabularius saw that Jesus spoke thus to him. and inasmuch as he was the king 's
portraitist, he took down and drew a picture of Jesus in choice pigments.
Hannan brought I the picture] [p. 165] with him to his lord King Abgar. When
King Abgar saw that portrait, he received it with great joy and set it in great
honor in one of the rooms of liis palace. And he (Hannan) related to him
everything that he had heard of Jesus, as his words had been made into books.
After the Messiah was taken up into heaven. Judas Thomas sent the apostle to
Abgar Thaddeus. he who was one of the seventy-two apostles. When Thaddeus
came to the town of Edessa. he took up residence in the house of Tobias son of
Tobias the Jew, who was from Palestine. His reputation was heard of in the
whole city, and one of Abgar 's nobles, he whose name was Abdu son of Abdu
and who was one of the chiefs of Abgar' s pages, entered and said about
Thaddeus, "Here an envoy has come and has taken up residence here. He is the
one about whom Jesus sent (word) to you, (saying) 7 will send to you one of my
disciples. ' " When Abgar heard these words and the great deeds that Thaddeus
was doing and the marvelous cures that he was effecting, he put it in his mind
and said. "Truly this is he whom Jesus sent (when he said.) 'As soon as 1 ascend
to heaven I will sent to you one of my disciples, and he will cure your
sickness. ' " Abgar then sent and summoned Tobias and said to him. "I have
heard that a powerful man has come and taken up residence in your house. Have
him come to me. Perhaps good patience will be found for me for health from
you. " The next day Tobias led Thaddeus the apostle to Abgar. Since Thaddeus
knew that he had been sent to him by the power of God. and when he went and
entered into Abgar' s presence, with his companions standing around him. at his
entrance unto him an astonishing vision was seen by Abgar from Thaddeus'
countenance, and immediately Abgar saw that vision he fell down and worshiped
Thaddeus. and great astonishment seized all those who were standing before
him. for they did not see the vision that was seen by Abgar. Then Abgar said to
Thaddeus. "Truly you are the disciple of Jesus, that mighty man of power, son of
God, he who sent word to me (saying.) 7 will send to you one of my disciples for
healing and for life. ' " Thaddeus said to him. "Because you believed long ago in
him [p. 166] who sent me to you. because of this was I sent to you. Since you
believe in him. everything that you believe in will be yours. " Abgar said to him,
"Thus have I believed in him that I have sought to lead out a force and go to
destroy the Jews who crucified him. but on account of the kingdom of the

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Key to Readings

Rowans I am ashamed of the peace treaty that has been concluded by me with
our lord Caesar Tiberius as (did) my forefathers. " Thaddeus said to him. "Our
lord, the will of his father has been done. When the will of his father was
accomplished he was raised to his father and sat with him in heaven, he who will
be forever. " Abgar said to him, "I have believed in him and in his father. "
Thaddeus said to him, " Because you have thus believed, I will place my hand
upon you in the name of him in whom you have believed. " As soon as he placed
his hand upon him he was healed of the pain of the illness he had had for a long
time. Abgar was astonished, for just as it had been heard by him about Jesus,
that he worked and healed, thus too was Thaddeus, who healed without any drug
in the name of Jesus. So too Abdu son of Abdu had gout in his feet, and he too
brought his feet near, and he placed his hand upon them and healed him, and he
no longer had gout. So also did he effect great healings in all the city and
showed astonishing powers there. Abgar said to him, "Now that everyone knows
that you work these miracles through the power of Jesus Christ, and here we are
astonished by your deeds, I request of you that tell us about the coming of the
Messiah, how it was, about his glorious power and about the miracles which
have been heard by me which he performed — these things which I have seen,
along with the rest of your friends." Thaddeus said to him, "Of this 1 am not
silent to preach, since for this 1 have been sent here in order that I speak and
teach everyone who desires to believe like you. Tomorrow assemble for me all
the city, and I will disseminate therein the word of life through the preaching
that I will preach before you. " After that day Abgar ordered Abdu son of Abdu,
the one who was healed of the bitter disease in his feet, that he send a herald and
summon the entire city, and that all the people, men and women, should be
gathered in the place called Beth T'vara. [p. 167] in the open space of Beth
Awida. in order that they hear the teaching of Thaddeus the apostle. When all
the city, men and women, were assembled, Thaddeus the apostle taught about
faith in Our Lord Jesus Christ and said to them, "Those who have received the
word of the Messiah will remain beside us, and also those who desire to share
with us in prayer, and then they will go to their homes. " And Thaddeus the
aostle rejoiced in that he saw that many people of the city remained with him,
and few were those who did not remain at that time. When even theose few. after
a few days, accepted his words and believed in the tidings of his preaching of the
Messiah, and when King Abgar saw that the whole city rejoiced in his teaching,
King Abgar said to Thaddeus the apostle, "Henceforth, wherever you desire,
build a church, a meeting place of those who have believed and believe in your
words, and as you have been commanded by Our Lord, you will serve faithfully
at [ various! times. I am making preparations to give those who are teachers with
us in these tidings great nobles so that they will have no other duty aside from
service, and everything you require for household expenses 1 will give you
without reckoning, for your word will be permitted and sovereign in this city,
and to the exclusion of anyone else you will enter into my presence
authoritatively in the palace of the honor of my kingdom. " When King Abgar
went down to the palace of his kingdom, he rejoiced, and his nobles with him.
and in the joy of their hearts they too glorified God, who had turned their minds
to Him. When they had disavowed the paganism in which they had stood and

47

Key to Readings

confessed the tidings of the Messiah, and w hen Thaddens had built a church,
they celebrated vow s and oblations, they and the people of the city. And there
they served all the days of their lives.

Then Shwida and Ebednebbo. chiefs of the priests of this town, w hen they saw
the signs that Thaddens was producing, they ran and ripped up the altars upon
which they had sacrificed to Nebbo and Baal, except for the great altar in the
middle of the town, and they w ere crying out and saying. "Truly this is the great
and glorious skilled one of whom we have heard every great thing he did in the
land of Palestine. " All those disciples who believed in the Messiah [p. 168]
Thaddens received and put to work in the name of the Father, the Son. and the
Holy Ghost. The Jews too who knew Moses and the prophets, they who sold
silks, they too were persuaded and became disciples and confessed the Messiah
who is the son of the living God. Neither King Abgar nor Thaddens the apostle
compelled anyone by force to believe in the Messiah.

Then Aggai. the king's maker of silks and white stuffs. Pal Int. Abshlama. and
Bar-Semya. with the rest of their other friends, joined Thaddens the apostle, and
he received them and caused them to share with him in service. As they read the
Old and New Testaments, the Prophets, and the Acts of the Apostles every day.
they meditated upon them.

Years after Thaddens the apostle built the church in Edessa and set it in order
with everything that was appropriate to it. and after he had made disciples of
many of the people of the city and had built churches in other villages that were
far away and near-by. surrounded them with walls, set them in order, and
established in them deacons and priests and those who read and taught books
and the rites of service inside and outside — after all these things he was afflicted
with the illness with which he would depart from this world. He summoned
Aggai before all the congregation of the church, celebrated the liturgy, and
made him priest. Abshlama. who was a scribe, he made deacon. After three days
more, during which he heard and received testimony of the teaching of his
preaching from the clergy before all the noblemen, he departed from this world.
It was on the fifth day of the week, the fourteenth of the month of May. In great
mourning and bitter sorrow was all the city: not only were the Christians
distressed over him but also the Jew s and pagans who were in this town. More
than anyone was King Abgar distressed over him. he and his the grandees of his
kingdom. With distress of mind he became deplorable and abandoned the honor
of his kingship on that day, and with doleful tears he wept along with all the
people. All the inhabitants of the city who saw [p. 169] him were astonished by
how he sorrowed over him. With great honor and dignity he went in procession
and buried him as he would one of his grandees who had died, and he placed
him in a large tomb with caned ornamentation, in which King Abgar' s
forefathers of the House of Aryu had been placed. There he placed him sadly
with distress and great sorrow. And all the people of the church went from time
to time and prayed there earnestly, and memorials of commemoration of him
they made from year to year according to the commandment and doctrine they
had received from Thaddens the apostle and according to the word of Aggai,
who was the leader, commander, and inheritor of his seat after him, by virtue of

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Key to Readings

the priesthood he had received from him before everyone.

The Martyrdom of St. Barbara
Sahdpta d-Qaddistji Barbara

B-zabne hdnon: da-b-hon mamlek (h)wd Maksemydnos haw rassi'd w-'annata:
b-hegmonfitd d-Marqydnos hegmond: hwa rdupxd rabba 'al kollhon krestydne.
it (h)wa gabrd had rabba b-atra d-Eliopolis ba-qritd da-smah Ddldsun: w-
parriqd men Antyokya mile tre'sar: wa-Smeh itaw (h)wd Dyosquros. hand 'attir
(h)wdjdb: brain den itaw (h)wd hanpd. it (h)wd leh den barta hda ibiditd: da-
smah Barbara: w-sappird (h)wdtjdb. hu den abiih mahheb (h)wd lah saggi: wa-
bnd lah magdld had rabba: w-habsdh beh. aykanna d-la tethze la-bnaynasa:
metttil sitpjah rabba: wa-hdirfita d-parsopah. etaw den nasin men rawrbane: w-
mellel(w) 'am abiih mettultah: aykanna [p. 170] d-nettllh l-gabra. hu den 'al
Iwatah w-emar lah: bartjy): nasin men rawrbane mallei 'amm(y) mettuhek:
ettlek l-gabra. aykanna sabya att: bartjy) hbibatjy): emar(y) li. hi den kad harat
beh b-nigza: arimat_ 'ayneh la-smayya w-emrat_d-la tallsan abjy): d-hade es'or.
w-ella hwayt yada': d-ena naps(y) l-mawta yahba-na. hu den sanni: wa-npaq
men Iwatah. metemen (h)wa den b-batanay d-menneh ba-smah metbanya (h)wa[.
aqim (h)wa bah den iimane sug'a: aykanna da-ba- 'gal w-qallila'it testamle. kad
den pqad ennon l-iimane hu Dyosquros abiih: d-aykanna zadeq l-hon d-ne'bdiin:
w-yab l-kollhad mennhon agreh msamlya: sanni (h)wa l-atra rahhiqa: w-
tamman awhar zabna saggi 'a. nehtat den hi antteh da-Msiha Barbara: aykanna
d-tehze benyana dilah d-balanay. w-kad harat ba-pnita taymnayta: w-etbaqqyat
d-tarten kawwin balhod ptah(w) bah ftmane. 'nat w-emrat l-hon l-ardekle: I-
mana balhod tarten kawwin ptjihton ? 'naw w-emar( w) lah: d-abuk pqad lan d-
ne'bad hakanna. w-emrat l-hon den sahedteh da-Msiha Barbara: haw ma d-
amra-na l-kon s'or d-la dehla: w-mehda ba-'gal w-qallila'it aqim(w) li harka
kawwta hreta. w-emar(w) lah hennon: maila: dahlinan w-men d-dalma kad nete
abiik w-nehze: (man Id meskhuian la-mqam qddm hemmteh. antra l-hon amteh d-
alaha Barbara: haw meddem d-ena amra-na l-kon s'or d-la dehla. w-kad nete
dbjy). end mappisa-na leh 'alhdde. hennon den sam'uh: wa-'bad(w) dp kawwtji
hreta: aykanna d-peqdat l-hon.

kad den mqttyat hi qaddist_a wa-d-ld mum l-wa'deh d-itznd d-sahhine:
etpanyat 1-madnhd w-resmat b-seb'dh 'al slsd .lupseh da-slibd yaqqird. w-
qayydm haw rusmeh da-slibd 'law d-slsd 'dammd l-yawmdnd: l-tedmur[d d-
aylen d-hdzeyn: wa-1-t.esbuhta d-aldhd. kad den 'allat l-balanay dildh: dp
demwdtd qaddisd[d d-'eqbdtdh: bdh b-ar'a hay ettba'. [p. 171] w-men dukktd
hay: kollnds ndseb dahhihd l-hulmdnd wa-l-'udrdnd. hddd (h)i mashutd d-
etdammyat l-Yordndn: d-bdh hu Mdrkoll Iso' Msibd arken (h)wd reseh qaddisd:
w-qabbel (h)wd 'mddd men Ydftanndn kdrdzeh wa-m'ammddnd. hddd (h)i
ma'mdditd (pool) d-etdammyat_ la-m'ind d-Silohd: b-bdh samyd d-men kres
emmeh asig: l-ma'mddjtd d-Bethesdd: d-bdh msarryd b-melltd etassi. hddd (h)i
ma 'mddTtd: d-i[ bdh mayyd hayye: hdlen d-selat men Mdran atttd hay Sdmrdytd.

tub den b-had men yawmin: kad 'dbrd (h)wdt d-tjzal lah l-balanay hi sahedteh
da-Msiha Barbara: hzdt ptakre (idols) da-l-hon sdged (h)wd abiih dauyd: w-

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Key to Readings

etntalya[ (h)wdt rultd d-qitdsd: haw mabbu'd d-tdbdUi w-ydhdbd d-sukdne wa-
rn' ach ana d-sarrire: hi hade sdhedteh da-Msiha: w-maQigd (h)wdt b-siqird: da-
zkdt w-ddsat l-dkelqarsd. kad hdkel lizcrt la-phikre hdnon liaise: raqqat b-
appayhon kad amid l-hon: d-akwdtkon neliwdn 'dbodaykoii: w-aylen da-tkilin
'laykon. w-kad selqat tub l-magdld d-beh hit 'antra (h)wdt: ba-sldt_d da-lwat_
alalia belt aniincTit 'anyd (h)wdt.

kad den estamli benydnd w-ettaqqan dildh d-balanay: pita men urheh haw
rassi'd abflh Dyosqnros. w-'al (h)wd l-balanay aktnan d-nehzih: wa-hzd tldt
kawwin qayydmdn. wa-'nd w-entar l-umdtie: tldt kawwin aqimtan? dinrin leh
umdne: bartdk <h)it peqdat Ian d-hdkanna ne'bad. w-etjmi lwdt_ barteh w-etnar:
att pqadt ennon l-i'imdiie: da-tldt kawwin nepthun? 'not w-emrat leh: en dbjy):
sappir peqdet. metttil da-tldt ennen kawwin manhrdn l-koll barndsd d-dte I-
'dlntd: w-tarten balhod 'animuldtji ennen. w-nasbdh <h)wd abflh wa-nhet_ I-
balanay. w-emrat leh: kind yattir wen fatten manhrdn nassihd'i[ hdlen tldt_. w-
emrat tub lwdt_eh aniteh da-Msih_a Barbara: etbayyan hdsd dbjy) wa-hzi: ltd ger
[p. 172] aba: w-hd bi d: w-hd rultd qaddisd.

w-kad sma' hdlen abflh: etmli hentnitd w-rugzd saggi'd. wa-smal saypd da-
'law tie (h)wcl: akman d-neqtlih. w-sallyat den qaddistd Barbara: w-et]mthat
senna hay d-ldh qarribd (h)wdt: w-qabbldtdh b-gawwdh. w-me(idd appqdtjth
(h)wdt Iwdt.tfird haw d-Uimman it (h)wd la-inqabblri[dh rd'awwdtfi tren: d-
rd'eyn (h)waw b-tttrd haw: w-hza'uh kad 'drqd. w-kad etqarrab abflh Iwdtjum:
msa"el (h)wd l-lum: enhu da-hza'tlh l-barteh. w-had meimhon: nw.tjitl d-sdbe
(h)wd d-testawzxtb: mawmdtd yame (h)wd d-ld (izd Idh. w-haw (trend den pdsej
(h)wd .seb'eh: w-l-abfth mftawwe (h)wa Idh. kad dan ftzat qaddistd meddem da-
'bad: Iqtdteh (h)wdt: w-nteltdd hwd hit w-'erbaw habsusydtd. w-hd knisdn
habsnsydid hdlen 'al qabrdh d-qaddistd 'damma l-yawmdnd. w-kad sdleq (h)wd
abuh bdtjdh l-tftrd haw: w-eskhdh (h)wd l-qaddistd w-naggddh marrird'it: w-
ahddh b-sa'rd d-resdh w-gd'ar (h)wd Idh. w-ahludh (h)wd men haw .turd: w-
a"ldh (h)wd w-habsdh b-bayta had slid: w-ehad wa-hhim b-appeh b-'ezqteh. w-
aqhn 'leh ndldrd: aykannd d-ld neskah nds ne"ol Iwdtdh: 'damma d-ezal w-
awda' 'leh l-Marqydnos hegmdnd: aykannd d-nawbdlh.

kad den etjl hegmdnd: pqad d-naytdndh Iwdh'h. kad den eta abuh 'am
Geranjos Qan\trisd appquh men baytd haw d-beh hbisd (h)wd[: w-aslnulh I-
hegmdnd: kad mawme leh abflh b-alldhe: da-b-sende qsayyd nawbdjh. hayden
iteb hegmdnd 'al bent dileh: w-kad Itd'ar b-siipidh emar Idh: mdnd sdbxd att?
bus 'al napsek: w-dabbah l-alldhe. w-elld tdabbhJn: l-negde marrire maslem-nd
lek. 'tult den w-emrat leh sdhedteh da-Msihd: d-end nitayybd-nd: d-end qndm(y)
debhd d-tawdTtjl etqarrab l-aldha pdrdqd d-koll: haw [p. 173] da-'bad smayyd
w-ar'd w-koll da-b-hon. mettul den alldhayk nbiyd ddwTd dinar: d-pwne d l-hon
w-ld mmalhlTn: 'ayne it l-hon w-ld hdzeyn: ide it l-hon w-ld nidystn: regie it I-
hon w-ld mhallkin: akwdthon neliwdn 'dbpdaylwn: w-aylen da-tkilui'layhon:
hayden hegmdnd etmli hemmta: wa-gqad d-iicsl{nindh: wa-l-pagrdh d-ld-
liawsan b-negde nbasbsun: wa-b-iiienne d-sa'rd netharkdn mahwdtji d-'al
gitsmdlt. wa- 'bad{ w) Idh hdkaimd: 'damma d-kolleh gusmdh etjuilpal ba-dmd.
pqad (h)wd d-t_ezal l-behhbiisyd: 'ad metliassab da-b-aynd mawtd nawbdjh. b-
pelgeh den d-lelyd: dnah (h)wd 'leh nubia rabbd: w-etjizi Idh pdrdqan kad

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Key to Readings

amar: ethayyal w-etlabbab sahedta dil(y) hbjbta. 'tjda ger d-mettultek: hadfrta
rabbta jehwe ba-smayya w-b-ar'a b-neshanek. la tedhlin men iGfiamaw da-
Jrtlna hand: ena ger hawe-na 'ammek: w-egassek men luhamaw. kad halen emar
lah: assi la-mahwatah: w-la ethzi menhen 'al pagrah. ella hadya (h)wat w-
rawza hi sahedta qaddista: b-lubaba da-hwa lah men Maran.

In the times during which Maximian. that impious and wicked one, was ruling,
during the governorship ofMarcian the governor, there was a great persecution
of all Christians. There was a great man in the land of Heliopolis in a village
named Dalasun — and it was thirteen miles distant from Antioch — and his name
was Dioscorus. He was very rich, but he yvas a pagan. He had an only daughter
whose name was Barbara, and she was very beautiful. Her father loved her
greatly, and he built for her a great tower and closed her up in it so that she
could not been seen by anyone on account of her great beauty and the
comeliness of her visage. People from the nobles came and spoke for her with
her father, that [p. 170] he should give her to a husband. Therefore he went to
her and said to her, "My daughter, people from among the nobles have spoken
with me for you that I should give you to a husband. How do you desire, my
beloved daughter? Tell me. " She looked at him with hatred, raised her eyes to
heaven, and said, "Do not force me. father, to do this. If you do, you may know
that I will give myself to death. " He then departed and left her. He was attending
to a bath that was being built by him in her name. He established into many
workers so that it would be finished quickly and swiftly. When then Dioscorus,
her father, ordered the workers how it was right for them to do and gave every
one of them his full wage, he departed for a far-away place, and there he tarried
a long time. Then the maid of Christ, Barbara, went down to see the bath
building of hers, and when she looked in the southern direction and discerned
that the workmen had opened only two apertures in it, she said to the master
builders, "Why have you opened only two apertures?" They replied to her,
saying, "Your father ordered us to do thus. " The martyr to Christ. Barbara, said
to them, "This is what I am telling you: act without fear and quickly and swiftly
make for me another aperture. " They said to her, "We are afraid that when your
father comes and sees, we will not be able to stand before his anger. " The
handmaiden of God Barbara said to them. "This is what I tell you: do it without
fear, and when my father comes I will convince him of this. " They then heard her
and made another apertures as she had ordered them.

When the holy and spotless [maid] arrived at the location of the cistern of hot
[waters/, she turned to the east and drew with her finger on the marble the sign
of the honored cross, and that sign of the cross remains on it until today to the
wonder of those who see it and to the glory of God. When she entered the bath
belonging to her the blessed prints of her heels were imprinted in the ground, [p.
171] From this place eveiyone takes some dust for healing and aid. This is the
bathing that resembles the Jordan, in which the Lord of All Jesus Christ lowered
his holy head and received baptism from John, his preacher and baptizer. This is
a pool that resembles the pool at Siloah in which the man blind from his
mother's womb washed, the pool at Bethesda in which the paralyzed man was

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Key to Readings

healed by a word. This is the pool in which is the water of life, that which the
Samaritan woman asked of Our Lord.

Then one day. when the Martyr to Christ Barbara was going to the bath, she
saw the idols which her wretched father worshiped, and this Martyr to Christ,
who was shining with beauty, who overcame and trampled on the Devil, was
filled with the Holy Spirit, that source of good things, giver of grace, and help to
those who are true. When she saw those mute idols thus, she spat in their faces
while saying to them. "Like you be your makers and those who trust in you. "
And when she departed to the tower in which she lived, in her prayer with God
she was constantly responded to.

When her bath building was finished and made ready, her wicked father
Dioscorus returned from his trip and entered the bath as one who would see it
and saw three apertures existing, he said to the workmen: "Have you made three
apertures?" The workmen said to hint. "Your daughter ordered us to do so."
And he turned to his daughter and said. "Did yon order the workmen to open
three apertures?" She replied and said to him. "Yes. father. Indeed I ordered it
because three are the apertures shining for every human being who comes into
the world, and two alone are dark. " Her father took her and went into the bath,
and she said to him. "How much more brilliantly than two are these three
shining!" Then the handmaiden of Christ, Barbara, said, "Consider now, father,
and see: here is the Father, [p. 172] and here the son, and here the Holy Ghost. "

When her father heard these words, he was filled with great anger and rage,
and he drew the sword that was hung about him as though to kill her. Then the
holy Barbara prayed, and the mountain top near which she was opened up and
took her inside, and it put her out on a mountain where there were two
shepherds tending their flocks to receive her. and they saw her fleeing. When her
father approached them, he asked them if they had seen his daughter. One of
them, because he wanted her to escape, swore oaths that he had not seen her.
The other, however, pointed his finger and indicated her to her father. When the
blessed woman saw what he did. she cursed him. and immediately he and his
sheep became beetles — and thus these beetles are gathered over the saint's tomb
until today. When her father went after her on the mountain and found her, he
scourged her bitterly and grabbed her by the hair on her head and dragged her.
He took her down from the mounain and put her in prison in a mean room, and
he stopped up and sealed her mouth with his signet and stationed a guard over
her so that no one could go in to her while he went and informed Marcian the
governor, how to put her to death.

When the governor came he ordered them to bring her to him. When her father
came with Gerontius Comtris (?). they took her out of the room in which she was
imprisoned and turned her over to the governor. When her father swore by the
gods that he should put her to death with cruel tortures, the governor sat on his
seat of judgment. When he looked upon her beauty, he said to her. "What do you
desire? Have mercy upon yourself and sacrifice to the gods. If you do not
sacrifice. I will turn you over to bitter scourges. " The martyr to Christ replied
and said to him. "I am prepared, for I myself am a sacrifice of confession I
sacrifice to God. the savior of all. he [p. 173] who made the heavens and the

52

Key to Readings

earth and all who are in them. For the sake of your gods did the prophet David
say, 'Mouths they have, and they do not speak. Eyes they have, and they do not
see. Hands they have, and they do not touch. Feet they have, and they do not
walk. ' Like them he their makers and those who trust in them. " then the
governor was filled with anger and ordered them to strip her and tear her flesh
to pieces with scourges without pity, and to burn the wounds that were on her
body with strands of hair. Thus they did to her until all her body was drenched in
blood. He ordered her to go to the prison while he considered by what sort of
death he should put her to death. However, in the middle of the night a great
light shone upon her, and Our Savior appeared to her, saying, "Be strong and
take heart, my beloved martyr, for prepared it is that for you there shall be great
joy in heaven and earth for your victory. Do not fear the threats of this tyrant,
for I shall be with you and I shall save you from his threats. " When he said these
things to her, he healed her wounds, and none of them could be seen on her
body, but she, this holy martyr, rejoiced and was glad in the encouragement that
she had from Our Lord.

From the Tale of Sindban the Wise
Men Tas'nad-Sindban HakkTma

It (hjwa malka ftad da-smeh (h)wa Kftres. w-men yawmay liayaw bra la hwa
leh w-it (h)wa leh nesse sba'. w-qam w-salli wa-ndar nedra. wa-msah napseh.
wa-sba alalia, w-yab leh bra Ijad. wa-rba Jalya w-swali ak ana. w-yabeh [I-
sapreh] [p. 174] d-nallep hekmta. wa-hwa flat snTn Iwat sapreh w-meddem la
He/), w-emar den malka. d-hana Jalya en nehwe sed sapreh rebbo mm. meddem
la Hep,, ella ettllw l-Sindban hakktmd. mejtul d-itaw gabra hakklma. wa-myattar
men kollhon pilosope. wa-qra malka l-Sindban w-emar leh: aykanna ,sabe-tt d-
[allpiw l-talya emar li. wa-'na Sindban w-emar l-malka. mallep-na l-talya b-
yarhe esta. 'damma d-nedros 'am koll pilosop d-it thet uhdanak. w-enhu d-la
msamle-na meddem d-emret nebdun hayyay men ar'a. w-koll d-qane-na lak
nehwe. yelpet ger d-malke ak nura itayhon. w-emat d-temte l-nas awqgi_ateh.
ehawwe lak d-mallep-na la-brak mar(y) malka w-kad nsamle yulpaneh. tettel li
hit meddem d-etba ' mennak.

w-emar malka haw d-ba'ett ettel lak. amar Sindban kollmeddem d-la rahem
att d-nes'or nas Iwatak. la tes'ray lwat_ hrena. wa-ktab(w) ktaba baynatjwn. w-
yab Sindban yammina l-malka. w-aslem talya l-Sindban. w-paqdeh w-emar leh.
d-men batjxr sta yarhln w-tarten sa'In. nete. talya Iwat abfi w-la nkattar sa't_a hda
ella nesqol reseh d-Sindban.

w-ehad Sindban b-ideh d-talya. w-awbleh l-bayteh wa-bna leh bayta rawwiha.
w-kallseh w-hawwreh wa-hab 'al essaw. w-iteb Sindbadden [= Sindban den]
Iwateh. w-mallep (h)wa leh. w-beh b-bayta it (h)wa l-hon mekla w-mestya w-la
'bar 'eddana had men protesmia d-sameh baynatjwn. w-batar sta yarhln Hep
Jalya [p. 175] haw meddem d-la msa nas men bnaynasa d-nelap akwat_eh. w-men
meddem yawma had saddar malk_a Iwat Sindban w-emar leh. mana it Iwatak w-
panni hit w-emar leh. haw meddem d-rahem-att. la-mhar mayte-na leh l-Jalya
lwat_ak b-' eddana d-tarten sa'In en mana nesbe. wa-hdi malka w-etpsah wa-

tt

Key to Readings

hpak Sindbdn Iwat jalya w-emar leh. sdbe-att da-b-hdnd lelyd. etluissab 'al
malwdsdk. b-hay d-bu'e-na d-awblak Iwat abfik.

w-men batar d-lidr b-malwaseh d-talya. hzd d-ld zddeq da-wnallel 'damma I-
sab'd yawmlii. mettnl d-ddhel (h)wd 'law d-ld nmftt. w-kad hzd Sindbdn ar'el
idaw w-reglaw w-et'assaq 'law. wa-hzd Jalya l-rabbeh d-ett'iq w-emar leh. md
lak d-etqassi 'layk hdnCi sti 'rand, mettnl d-en pdqed-att li d-la emallel yarhd had
'dbed-nd elld pqod li haw nieddem d-rdhem-att. w-emar Sindbdn: kad aqimel
qydind 'am abfik d-la-mhdr nete brdk Iwdtdk. w-la zddeq li d-ehpok belt, w-ld
bd'e-nd d-ehwe Iwat abfik daggdld. end mekkel end metjasse-nd. hzi att bar(y) Id
tmallel 'damind d- dbnii std yawmm. wa-l-yawind d-la-mhdr pqad leh l-talya d-
nez.al lwd[ abfi.

abfi den men rhemteh Iwat breh. kannes leh liable aylen d-ydtbln (h)waw
'ammeh. wa- 'bad leh msatyd. hayden qrdy abu w-qarrbeh lwdt_eh w-nasqeh. w-
mallel 'ammeh. hit Id mallei 'am abfi. w-sarri mesal leh w-hu Id panni petgamd.
hayden emar malkd l-aylen da-hddraw. mdnd haw sarbeh d-ber(y).

wa-'nd had w-emar d-'eqqdrd msah leh rabbeh da-nsattet beh [p. 176]
ynlpdneh w-men haw 'eqqdrd pkjr l-senneh. w-etksi sarbeh d-talya 'al malkd. w-
kad hzd men nessaw d-malkd. emrat leh sbaqdy aykd d-ydtbd-nd. end w-haw
balhod kbar mawda' li sarbeh. mettnl da-tkil (h)wd 'lay men qaddim. w-meddem
d-l-emineh Id mliawwe (h)wd. li den mhawwe w-gdle. mettnl d-emmeh d-talya
m'lqd (h)wd[ 'al setqeh. w-sqalteh atttd l-talya w-awbldteh l-baytdh. w-sarryat
tmallel 'ammeh. hit Id mallei 'ammdh. w-ld panni Idh petgamd. hayden emrat leh
d-la ydd'd-nd lak sakld. w-dg Id hayk malkd. w-ld pdlet att men 'enydn(y). dmrd-
nd lak meddem. w-ld sdbqd-nd lak 'daiiiind da-s'art leh. w-en Jalya it_ayk. w-en
sdbe att 'bad meddem d-dmrd-nd lak. ydd'd-nd d-abuk sd'eb w-etmalthal w-
etjappi w-end qdtld-nd leh l-abfik. w-hdwe att malkd hldpciw. w-sdqel att li b-
nesse. w-hwet end lak atttd. w-men bdtjir d-emrat l-talya hdlen estafifiaq sajiqd
rabba. w-emar Idh: da' d-la mmallel-nd 'ammek w-ld 'am nds hrend 'damind d-
'dbiln sab'd yawmdn'i. w-mehdd sdm'd att pundy-petgdmd menn(y) 'al mellayk.
w-men batar d-sem'at hdlen yed'at d-nenlat men iqdreh. w-dehlat w-etliassfxh.
d-mdnd te 'bad leh.

hayden arimat qdldhjdb. wa-mhdt 'al appeh. w-t_elhat mdneh. wa-sma' malkd
qdldh wa-qrdh. w-saldh w-emar Idh md lek. hayden emrat leh end amid (h)wet_
la-brdk da-nmallel 'amm(y). hayden mensel(y) npal 'lay wa-sbd d-nebzah bi. w-
bdret enneii l-appay w-ydd'd (h)wet d-kollhon nn'ime it_ beh. w-hana nnimd Id
ydd'a (h)wetbeh. [p. 177]

w-kad hdlen emrat l-malkd. psaqtdbta men breh. wa-pqad d-netqtel. gdas den
w-h (h)wd leh l-malkd mdloke pilosope Id ak da-b-snrhdbd sd'ar (h)wd meddem.
'damma d-metmlek (h)wd b-lion. w-kad sma'(w) hdlen. da-pqad malkd d-netqtel
breh. w-ld etmlek b-hon. etliassabj w) b-napshon. d-haw meddem da-pqad malkd
ba-shdqd 'bad d-haymen l-attteh. w-emaiiw) pilosope Id zddeq d-netqtel. w-ld
zddeq l-malkd d-neqtol la-breh. metlul da-l-hartd l-napseh 'ddel. w-lan marheq
men Iwdtch. elld netjiarras aykannd da-nsawzeb I -Jalya men mawta. hayden
emar had mennhon d-kollhad memian nqfim. nsawzeb beh. yawmd had. w-ezal
haw w-'al Iwat malkd wa-sgedleh w-emar d-ld zddeq d-ne'bdfin malke meddem.
'damma d-qdymln 'al srdrd.

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Key to Readings

pilosopa qadmaxa emar maiiy) malka hyi da-smV li: d-it (h)wa ba-zban malka
had. d-la rhhn (h)wa 'law meddem ak rehmat-nesse w-adjq wa-hza b-had men
yawmln attta sapplrta. w-'allat rehmtjih b-lebbeh w-ahhbah. w-saddar b-had
men yawmat_a w-qra l-gabrah b-su'rana. hayden ezal malka lwat_ attta hay. wa-
b'a mennah d-nezne bah. hi den b-hemmtah emrat l-malka. mar(y) emtak it(y).
w-koll ma d-.sabe att 'bad. w-it (h)wa ktaba had l-ba'lah da-mzahhar (h)wa 'al
zanyilta saggi. emrat l-malka. qri b-hana ktaba. wa-nsab malka wa-qra wa-hza
da-mzahhar saggi 'al zanyuta. hayden qam malka rhiba'it w-ezal. w-neplat_
'ezqteh thet 'arsa: w-hii ngaq w-attta estawzbat: eta gabrah w-iteb 'al 'arsa. wa-
hza l-'ezqt_a w-estawd'ah w-hay attt_a la rglsa hwar bah. w-emar gabra b-
nagseh: d-malka 'al wa-ngal 'am attat. w-za' men malka. w-la 'al 'leh zabna [p.
178] saggT'a. hayden saddrat_ attta lwat_ abiih w-awd'ateh. d-gabra dil(y) et_nakri
menn(y). w-ezal abiih Iwat malka. w-emar: ar'a it (h)wa li. wa-l-hana yabjqh d-
nejjlhlh wa-Qlah bah zabna. w-hasa etnakri mennah w-la palah bah w-sabeq lah.
emar malka l-gabra d-attta: att mana dinar att? wa-'na haw w-emar: sarrira'it
mariy) ar'a yab li. w-la mahmay li men tuqanah kma d-mesyat hay la. wa-gdas
b-had men yawmln 'allet_ lah wa-hzet bah sbjla d-garsta d-arya. w-dehlet men
arya d-ehpok e ' 'ol lah. emar malka l-gabra: sarrira 'it 'al lah ella la srah bah
meddem. zel 'ol l-ar'akplohah.taba'iiw-latedhal.

w-tjib it (h)wa gabra had wa-zban pdrahta da-mmalhla b-lessana d-nasa. w-
samah b-qapsa had. wa-tlah b-bayta dileh. wa-paqdah d-tawda' leh kollmeddem
d-sa'ra attteh. wa-npaq w-ezal b-urha. w-eta rahmah d-hay attta wa-npal
'ammah. w-kad hzat hay parahta yed'at kollmeddem d-sa'rm (h)waw. w-men
batjir d-eta gabra d-hay attta. emrat leh parahta koll meddem d-se 'rat attta. w-
la sebqat da-hzat d-la emrat- wa-npaq men lwat_ah w-ethassab 'leh. w-emrat
attta b-napsah emrat awd'at l-gabra. w-emrat l-amtah: att emart l-gabra dil(y)
meddem d-se 'ret? w-imat amt_a d-la emret_ leh. hayden atna b'at_ pursa d-te'bad
l-paralna daggaka. hayden seqlat l-qapsa. w-samt_eh kolleh lelya lwat_ah. wa-
mkarrka (h)wat rahya b-idah zban zban. wa-mqarr_ba (h)wat mehzJta mennah.
w-adlqat qendna wa-zban mhawwya (h)wat_ leh wa-zban mkassya (h)wat leh. w-
rassa hwat_mayya 'al qapsa. wa-mhawwya (h)wat hakan kolleh lelya. 'dammad-
emrat parahta b-napsah barqa den [p. 179] w-ra'me w-metra hwa kolleh lelya.
w-ma d-eta gabra b-sapra etah l-pdrahta w-salah d-mana hzayt b-hana lelya
titikos. amra leh parahta. d-barqe w-metre w-ra'me la sabqun d-ehze meddem.
w-men da-sma ' gabra halen men parahta. ida ' koll d-emrat parahta 'at attat
bqttila itaw. mettul d-metra la (h)wa kolleh lelya liana. wa-ba-snT'fita w-bjsut_q
se'rat_ halen attta w-'ebdat_ l-pdrahta daggaha. w-appqah mardh w-qqtlah w-
ra ' 'i l-attta.

There was a king whose name was Cyrus. In (all) the days of his life he had no
son, but he had seven wives. He arose, prayed, made a vow, and anointed
himself. God so desired and gave him a son. The child grew and shot up like a
cedar. He gave him [to his scribe] [p. 174] for him to teach (him) wisdom. He
was with the scribe for three years, and he learned nothing. Then the king said,
"If this child were with the scribe for many years, he wouldn 7 learn anything.
Rather, give him to Sindban the Wise because he is a wise man and is honored

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Key to Readings

by all philosophers. " So the king summoned Sinilban and said to him. "Tell me
how you wish to teach the child. " Sindban replied and said to the king, "I will
teach the child in si.x months so that he will be able to dispute with even-
philosopher under your jurisdiction. If I do not carry out what I have said, may
my life cease to exist in the world, and all that I have acquired will be yours, for
I have learned that kings are like fire: when it touches anyone it bums him. I will
show you that I will teach your son. my lord king, and when his instruction is
completed you will give me whatever I ask of you. "

The king said. "That which you ask I will give you. " Sindban said.
"Everything that yon do not desire people to do to you. do not do to another. "
And they concluded a pact between themselves, and Sindban made an oath to the
king, and he turned the child over to Sinban and ordered him. saying. "After si.x
months and two hours let the child come to her father, and let him not delay one
hour, or else we will remove Sindban 's head. "

Sindban took the child by the hand and led him to his house, and there he built
him a spacious chamber, and he plastered it. whitewashed it. and wrote on the
walls. Then Sindban sat with him and taught him. There were in the house food
and drink for them, and not once did any appointed time ever pass that he placed
between them (?). After si.x months the child had learned [p. 175] what no
human being had ever been able to learn as he had. One day the king sent to
Sindban and said to him. "What do you have?" And he replied and said to him,
"That which you desire. Tomorrow I will bring you the child at the time of two
hours, if the Lord wills. " The king rejoiced and was glad, and Sindban returned
to the child and said to him, "Do you desire that this night I calculate your
horoscope, for I am seeking to take you to your father? "

After he looked at the child's horoscope, he saw that it was incumbent that he
not speak for seven days because he feared for him lest he die. When Sindban
saw this, it made his hands and feet tremble, and he was vexed for his sake. The
child saw that his master was troubled, and he said to him. "What is wrong with
you that this thing is grievous upon you ? If you command me not to speak for a
month, I will do it, but order me what you like. " Sindban said. "Since I made a
promise to your father, [saying that J tomorrow your son will come to you, it is
incumbent upon me that I not break it, and I do not seek to be deceitful with your
father. Henceforth I will be concealed. You see to it. my son, that you do not
speak for si.x days. " And the next day I ordered the child to go to his father.

Out of his love for his son. his father gathered for him friends, those who were
sitting with him, and made a banquet for him. then his father summoned him and
drew him close and kissed him. He spoke to him. but he did not speak to his
father. He began to ask him (questions), but he did not address a word to him.
then the king said to whose who were around him. "What is wrong with my
son ? "

One answered and said. "His master annointed him with an herb so that he
would plant his instruction firmly, [p. 176] and from this herb his teeth are
locked. This was burdensome for the king. When he saw one of the king's wives,
she said. "Leave him (with me I as I am sitting. I When J he and I are alone,
doubtless he will make his story known to me because he has trusted me for a

56

Key to Readings

long time, and what he would not reveal to his mother he will reveal openly to
me. " Because the child's mother was distressed over his silence, the woman
picked the child up and took him to her room. She began to speak with him, hut
he did not speak to her and did not address a word to her. Then she said to him,
"I know you are not a fool, and you are not the king. Neither will you escape
from conversing with me. I will tell you somehting, and I will not let you go until
you have done it, even if you are a child. If you want, do what I tell you. I know
that your father is growing old, feeble, and weak. I am going to kill you father,
and you will be king in his stead. You will take me to wife, and I will be your
wife. " A fter she said these things to the child, he was greatly troubled and said
to her, "Know that I will not speak to you or anyone else until seven days have
passed, and immediately [thereupon] you will hear an answer from me to your
words. " After she heard these things, she knew that she had fallen from his
respect, and she was afraid and calculated what she should do to him.

Then she gave out a loud cry and smote her face and rent her clothes. The king
heard her cry and summoned her. He asked her what was wrong with her. Then
she said, "I was talking to your son so that he would speak with me. All of a
sudden he fell upon me and wanted to penetrate me. He made these scratches on
mxface. I knew that he possessed all flaws, but this flaw I did not know in him. "
[p. 177]

When she said these things to the king, he abandoned his good opinion of his
son and ordered him to be killed. It happened that the king had philosopher
advisors so that he would not do anything in haste without being advised by
them. When they heard these things, that the king had ordered that his son be
killed without being advised by them, they thought among themselves that this
thing the king had ordered in adversity he had done because he believed the
woman. The philosophers said. "It is not right that he should be killed, and it is
not right that the king should kill his son because in the end he will find fault
with himself and drive us away from himself. But we should plan how we can
save the child from death. " Then one of them said, "Each of us will undertake to
save him for one day. " This one went to the king, bowed to him, and said, "It is
not right for kings to do anything until they are standing upon the truth. "

The first philosopher said. "My lord king, it has been heard by me that once
upon a time there was a king to whom nothing was as beloved as the love of
women. He looked out and saw one day a beautiful woman, and love for him
entered his heart and he loved her. One day he sent and summoned her husband
on an errand. Then the king went to the woman and asked her to commit
adultery with him. In her wrath she said to the king, "My lord, I am your
senwit. Do what you wish. " There was a book belonging to her husband that
warned greatly against adultery, so the king arose hastily and departed, but his
signet ring fell under the bed. He left, and the woman was saved. Her husband
came and sat on the bed. He saw the ring and recognized it, but the woman was
not aware of it. The man said to himself, "The king entered and slept with my
wife. " He was terrified of the king, and he did not go to her for a long time. [p.
178] Then the woman sent to her father and informed him. [saying. J "My
husband has become estranged from me. " Her father went to the king and said,

57

Key to Readings

"/ had a plot of land, and I gave it [to someone J to till, and he tilled it for a time.
Now he is estranged from it. does not till it. and he abandoned it. " The king said
to the woman's husband. "What say you?" He replied and said. "Truly, my lord,
he gave me land, and its cultivation was not neglected by me insofar as possible.
But it happened one day that I went to it and saw on it a lion's paw print. I was
too afraid of the lion to return and enter it. " The king said to the husband.
"Truly he went to her. but he did her no harm. Go. enter your land, till it well,
and fear not. "

Again there was a man who bought a bird that talked in the language of
people. He set it in a cage and hung it in his house. He ordered it to inform him
of everything his wife did. and he departed an went on a journey. The wife 's
lover came and slept with her. When the bird saw. it knew everything they were
doing. After the husband of the woman came, the bird told him everything his
wife had done, and it did not omit anything it had seen without telling it. He
departed from it and thought about it. The wife said to herself. "My maid has
informed the man. " She said to the maid. "Did yon tell my husband what I did?"
The maid said. "I did not tell him. " then the woman sought for a plan to do to
the treacherous bird. Then she took out the cage and put in before herself all
night long. She turned a gristmill with her hand from time to time, and brought a
mirror close to (the bird) and lit a lamp, and sometimes she showed such things
all through the night until the bird said to itself "There have been lightning, [p.
179] thunder, and rain all night. " When the man came in the morning, he went
to the bird and asked it. "What did you see during the night, parrot?" The bird
said to him, "The lightning, rain., and thunder did not let me see anything. "
Inasmuch as the man heard these things from the bird, he realized that all the
bird had said about his wife was false because there had been no rain during all
that night. In cunning and evil did the woman do these things and did [thus} to
the treacherous parrot. The [bird's] master took it out and killed it. and he
appeased the woman.

From The Cave of Treasures
men Ktjibfl da-M'arral-GazzS

W-armi alalia sentd 'al Adam wa-dmek: wa-nsab hdd el' a men gabbeh d-
yammind w-'abddh l-Hawwd menneh. w-kad ett'ir Adam men senteh wa-hzdh I-
Hawwa hdi bah saggi. wa-hwaw Adam w-Hawwd b-gaww pardisd Ibjsin sithha
w-map_rgln b-tesbohtd flat sain: haw den hand pardisd Vol itaw wa-m 'allay men
kollhon Jure rdme. tldtjn zarttn ba-msohui d-ruhd d-qudsd wa-hddar l-kolldh
a r'd.

emar den Mdse nbiyd aykannd da-nsab maryd alalia hayltdnd pardisd b-gaww
'den: w-sdm tamman l-Adam da-gbal. 'den den iteh Jii[)sd d- 'eehd ba-srdrd w-
'edja iteh mrahhindnuieh d-aldhd: hay da-'tTd (h)wd alalia d-ne/jros 'al [p. 180]
kollhon bnayndsd: mettul d-ida' alalia ak niqaddmut-ida'teh meddem d-ethassab
Sdtdnd 'al Adam b-gaww 'uhhd da-mrahhmdnuteh qaddem sdmdh. ak da-
mzammar (h)wd Jubdnd DawTd: d-mdnd bet-ma'mrd hwet_ Ian l-diir ddrln.
hanaw den da-b-gaww mrahhmdnutdk 'badt Ian. w-kad mappis leh l-aldhd hldi?

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Key to Readings

purqana da-bnaynasa emar etdakkar 'edtak d-qanya men qdjm. hanaw den. I-
hay mrahhmanuta da- 'tldatt d-te\»os 'al gensan mhayyla.

'den iteh 'edta qaddista. w-pardisa da-b-gawwah atja da-nyahta w-yartut_a d-
hayye hay d-Jayyeb alalia 1-kollhon bnaynasa qaddTse.

w-mettul d-it_aw (h)wa Adam kahna w-malka wa-nhiya a"leh alaha l-pardisa
da-nsammes b-gaww 'den ak kahna b-'edta qaddista: ak d-mashed 'law tubana
Mose. d-neplhu lam l-alaha b-yad tesmesta kahnayta b-tesbofita. wa-nettrTw l-
Qiiqdana haw d-etg 'el leh b-yad mrahhinanfiteh d-alaha. w-asri ennon alalia l-
Adam w-Hawwa b-Qard\sa wa-nsab alaha ilana d-hayye ba-msa'teh d-gardisa.
w-sarrira (h)y mellta hade w-makrzat-srara d-haw ilana d-hayye ba-msa'teh d-
£ardisa la-sllb pardqana mqaddam-sa'ar (h)wa. etnseb taimnan ba-msa't_eh d-
Q_ardisa w-hana hit d-etqba' ba-nisa't_ah d-ar'a. [p. 181]

God cast sleep upon Adam, and he slept. And He took a rib from his right side
and made Eve from it. When Adam awoke from his sleep and saw Eve, he
rejoiced in her greatly, and Adam and Eve were inside paradise clothed in glory
and shining with praise for three hours. This paradise is above and raised above
all the high mountains, by three cubits of the measurement of the Holy Ghost,
and surrounding all the earth.

The Prophet Moses told how the Lord God Almighty planted paradise inside
Eden, and he placed there Adam, whom he had made. Eden is a symbol of the
church truly, and the church is God's mercy, which God is prepared to spread
over [p. 180] all people because God knew with his foreknowledge within the
bosom of his mercy what Satan plotted against Adam before he placed him there,
as the Blessed David has sung: "Lord, thou hast been our dwelling-place in all
generations. " These things, which were inside your mercy, you did for us. And
when God was persuaded to save people, he said. "Remember your church,
which is redeemed from long ago. " Theses are the things, then, for this mercy,
that you are prepared to spread over our comforted species. "

Eden is the Holy Church, and paradise, which is inside it, is a place of rest
and inheritance of life, which God has prepared for all holy people.

Because Adam was priest, king, and prophet, God raised him to paradise so
that he would sen e inside Eden as priest in the holy church, as the Blessed
Moses testifies: "Let them work for God through priestly seirice in praise, and
let them keep this commandment, which was made for him through the mercy of
God. " And God caused Adam and Eve to dwell in paradise, and God planted the
tree of life in the middle of paradise, and true is this word and the preaching of
the truth that this tree of life in the middle of paradise was a prefiguration of the
savior's cross. It was planted there in the middle of paradise, and this is the one
that was set up in the middle of the earth, [p. 181]

From Kalilag and Demnag
men Ktjiba d-Kalllag w-Demnag

Tagra meskena it (h)wa. w-ezal ba-tgttrta l-atra hrena. w-it (h)wa leh ma

59

Key to Readings

manydn parzia. met I ul d-nas baytdyd layt (h)wd leh: aslmeh l-gabrd yad'eh d-
neztlahhar belt wa-hzaq. w-kad 'tapb'dy l-jHirzld men yad'eh. w-parzld zcibbneh
w-appeq 'al napseh w-dmar l-tdgrd d-parzia a kill 'uqbre. w-tdgrci b-liay d-ld
naqnet yad'eh w-nadliel einar leh. maden sarrird hay d-dnirm d-layt b-arb'at
regie: w-ld b-nuten: d-harripjn sennaw men d-'uqbrd. ella kad hade hwdt:
eskhet d-att hlim att. husrdnd da-'badtw) 'uqbre metj'e. w-lut hdi b-hay d-tdgrd
leh etjpis. w-kad zammneh d-nel'as l-yawind b-bayteh. w-dbar tagra l-bar
yad'eh w-ezal Jassyeh. einar leh yad'eh. kad dbartdy l-ber(y) wand 'badt leh?
dinar leh tagra d-end brdk Id debrel ella hit eta (h)wd bdtjirfy): wa-hzel da-nhe[
bdz w-hatpeh. w-ydd'eh aylel wa-qrd b-gemi inalkd: kad mhabbet resell w-
hadyeli w-dmar. aykd etjiazyat aw estam'at d-bciz msa d-nehtop.talya? w-tfigra
einar leh. aykd d- 'uqbre etmsi d-neklun ma manye parzia. maden ap_ bdz da-l-
pild hqtep law saggi rabbd. hoyden emar yad'eh: dh(y): parzidk end ekalteh w-
eklet mrdre: timaw sab: w-habli beiiyh [p. 182]

There was a poor merchant, and he went to another place on a business trip.
He had a hundred pounds of iron. Because he had no household member, he
turned it over to a man he knew to watch over it. and he departed. When he came
back, lie asked for the iron from his acquaintance. He had sold the iron and
spent [the proceeds/ on himself. So he said to the merchant, "The iron was eaten
by mice. " The merchant, in order not to make his acquaintance anxious or
frighten him, said, "How true is what they say that there is nothing with four
feet, or with two. with teeth as sharp as those of mice. However, since this has
happened, I have found that you are correct. The loss the mice have made is
negligible." The I other person/ rejoiced in that the merchant had been
convinced by him. When he invited him to partake of food that day in his house,
the merchant led his acquaintance's son away and went off and hid him. His
acquaintance said to him. " When you led my son away, what did you do with
him?" the merchant said to him, "I did not lead your son away, but he came
after me, and I saw a hawk come down and snatch him off. " The acquaintance
wailed and called for the king's protection, as he was beating his head and
breast and saying. "When has it ever been seen or heard that a hawk was able to
snatch a child?" The merchant said to him. "Just as mice were able to eat a
hundred pound of iron, so too is it not much greater for a hawk to snatch an
elephant. " The acquaintance then said. "My brother, I stole your iron and was
galled. Take its price and give me my son. " [p. 182]

From a Metrical Sermon by Ephraem Syrus
Men Memrad-'al Maksilnlita wa-$lotfi
dileh d- Jubflna Mur(y) Agrim

Men rawmCi rddeyn rahme.
kalian nehur la-mrawmd.
men smay smayyd (h)u purqdnd.
nawde I- 'dinar ba-smayyd.

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Key to Readings

ba-znrirteh emar DawTd

mellta da-slota (h)y kollah:

da-lwatak maiiy) arimet

'aynay 'amar ba-smayya

w-makkek napseh d-akwdteh

hnan netmakkak ba-srara

cik 'aynay 'abde da-hvat

marayhon talyan kollsa'

d-neftzon enhu da-kmirin

nehwon zhire wa-kmire.

w-enhu da-gsihin ennon

an 'abde b-hezwa nehwon.

w-awseji tub DawTd w-rattem [p. 183]

petgama ak qadmaya

d-ak 'ayneh d-amta Iwatah

d-martah hay ran koll'eddan

d-enhu da-psiha (h)y qerbat

Iwalparsopah hadya'it

w-en marta tehwe kmira

amta dahla w-meUassya

da-hzat da-kmiian appeh

mestarrde men z 'iput_ah.

hakanna lam ap 'aynay

Iwatak marya allahan

d-la mse-na emar DawTd

d-ediis w-ehde qdcim appayk

'damma da-trahhem 'alayn

da-hzet da-z 'ip parsopak.

wa-hnan hay hade d-DawTd

nethassab nerne w-nemar:

rahhem 'alayn alalia

w-att marya rahhem 'alayn. [p. 184]

From on high arise mercies.
All of us are looking at the height.
From the heaven of heavens is salvation.
We acknowledge him who lives in heaven.
In his psalm David said
a word that is all prayer:
"Unto thee Lord I lifted
my eyes, [O you who] dwell in heaven. "

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Key to Readings

And he humbled himself so that like him

we may he humbled truly.

As the eyes of seirants to the presence of

their lords are alw ays fixed

that they may see if they are gloomy.

they (the seirants) will be wary and sad.

But if they are happy

the servants too will be I happy J in their sight.

And David continued and said gently [p. 183]

a word like the former:

As the eyes of the maid in the presence of

the mistress are looking always.

If she is happy, she (the maid) approaches

near her countenance joyfully.

And if the mistress is gloomy.

the maid fears and hides herself

since she has seen that her [mistress's I face is gloomy.

she is terrified by her anger.

Thus also my eyes

to the Lord our God

I am not able, said David.

to exult and rejoice before your face

until you have mercy upon its,

for I have seen that your countenance is angiy,

and this [saying! of David

we contemplate, meditate, and say:

have mercy upon us, God.

and you. Lord, have mercy upon us. [p. 184]

From the Syriac Book of Medicines
Res a da-Tlata
'al KurhanS Kollhon d-Haweyn b-Resd

Chapter Three
On AH Diseases that Occur in the Head
W-qadmd'it 'al nekydne w-ma'bdanwatii mlilatd: ethawwyat ger men qdim: d-
kollhen ma'bddnwdkl d-p_agid: la-tren pursdne metpallgdn. l-napsdnydtd w-la-
kydnydkl:: w-hdneyn napsanyata: meyyallgan la-mlilCitd wa-l-nuirgsdnyciid w-la-
mzVdnydtfi. w-etamrat tub da-l-napsdnydta haw muhlid sd'ar l-hen. menhen b-
yad mes'dyutfi d-hadddme hrene. menhen (h)u qnomeh sd'ar l-hen. d-itayhen
lumen mlilatd::

'tjdjnan den d-nallep b-resd hand, 'al nekyane d-gadsln l-ma 'bddnwdtji lumen
mlildtd:: hdnaw den: l-hdnen d-metta'hdan men tldtfi 'ubbaw d-muhhd::
qadmdytfi it_eh: hay d-mctjiaggzga w-metqarryd paiftasiyd: wa-d-tarten hay d-
nu'thassbd w-metkannyd stikld:: w-da-tldt: hay d-mefahlidd: w-mestammhd
'uhddnd:: hu den muhhd: l_a hwd organon margsdna balhod etjaqqan men

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Key to Readings

kyana: ella ragsa d-regse (h)wa men hersit. w-hay da-b-yad gyade: hit miihha
msaddar hay la margsand l-kollhon haddamaw d-pagra: idi'a (h)y galya'iv men
hay d-kad nestappaq gydda ayna d-hti: bar sa'td d-la rgestft hwa haddama haw.
b-yad d-metkle hayla haw d-nahet (h)wa leh: men mithha w-metpallag belt::
galya (h)y den tub idi'a' it: w-ap men hay da-b-sennta. aw la-gmar battalia [p.
185] regse: aw . tab 'ammiita'it ma'bdtn:: idi'a (h)y hakel d-qallil (h)it rade
harden hayla w-nahet men resa l-haddame. w-hade metamra ba-'yada:
'ammiqa'it w-la 'ammiqa'it iteh kmayiitah sennta lptit_ d-mardTta:: hade den
gadsa d-d-ak hakanna ger rade w-nahet ap kma d-iteh ap sennta b- ' ammiquta: :
dame hakel da-b-zabna kolleh d-sennta: hawe mnah hayla haw naplanaitj w-
ma'bad taqqipa'it haw kyanaya:: metyad'at den hade: men hay d-ma d-la'e
hayla hand: 'am d-damek bar sa't_eh methayyal. w-yattira'it ma d-batar saybarta
mmassahta nedmak. w-men hay tub d-ba-zban sennta: hawe psara sappira 'it b-
kolleh pagra. law b-karsa Ihod:: ella zadqa'it hayden mettnih:_ap haddama haw
d-beh itaw resah d-napsa mlilta. lebba ger methazya d-qallil qallil sa'ar (h)wa.
ak d-la nestneq zabna naggira la-nyahteh:: mnhha den law hakanna: ella b-
'iriita ma'bad b-kollz.ban. b-sennt_a den sale:: w-badgon sennta 'ammiqta napla
'al aylen d-metdarrsm saggi'a'it. ak man d-yattira'U rade hayla. w-etjmwsas
men resa kad metdarrsm (h)waw. mettul supaqa hakel d-hayla haw d-estammar
men mtthha: w-mettttl lefita d-lay b-ma'bdanwata saggi'ata. 'al nycihta sniq
akfiad 'al huyala:: akzna hakel d-men batjtr ditrsa damkTn psiqa'it w- 'asqa'it. w-
hakanna w-ap kad nqabblftn saybarta: w-ap kollma d-tehwe rattiba ba-kyaneh:
d-ak hakanna damkTn yattir bah ba-dmftta w-ap kad neston hmara yattira: ap
kad neshon mashwata d-mayya sahlrine d-metnaslln 'al resayhon: damkTn
yattira 'it:: kollhen ger halen d-methazyan d-ntalyan leh l-mtthha da- 'leh d-hdde
malyiita sniq: ma da-'mil wa-myabbes b-ma'bdanftta saggita. w-men halen
kollhen metyad'a: d-mnhha [p. 186] ma d-'mal tab w-nestbe d-nettnih: hayden
'abed sennta kyana\id w-yattira'it enhu d-hayla haw mtarsyana d-beh: masah
leh rattibuta aw men qarriruta saggit_a neqqar. hayden sennta (h)y da-b-tttla'e
wa-b-met_nassyamita hauya. w-kollhon basse hrene d-d-ak halen.

First on injuries and mental functions. It has been shown previously that all
functions of the body are divided into two divisions, the psychological and the
natural. The psychological ones are divided into those pertaining to the mind,
those pertaining to the senses, and those pertaining to motion. It has also been
said that it is the brain that performs the operations of the mind, some through
the intermediary of other members, and some, which pertain to the mind, it
performs itself.

We are ready then to teach in this chapter about injuries that happen to these
mental functions, which are caused by the three cavities of the brain. First is the
one that imagines, and it is called imagination; second is the one that thinks, and
it is called intelligence: and third is the one that remembers, and it is called
memory. The brain was not constituted by nature to be an organ of perception
only, but it has been the principal sensor of sensations from the beginning.
Through nen es the brain sends the power to feel to all members of the body.
This is known clearly from the fact that when a nerve is severed, wherever it is,

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Key to Readings

immediately the member it serves becomes without feeling because the power
that descended to it from the brain and was distributed throughout it has been
withdrawn from it. This is obviously clear from the fact that during sleep the
senses either are utterly idle [p. 185] or they work obscurely. It is thus known
that the power that ascends and descends from the head to the body does so in a
small quantity. These [two kinds of sleep J are customarily said to be I sleeping!
"deeply" and I sleeping J "lightly." The amount of sleep varies in proportion to
the amount of power that comes down I from the head]. It happens that as the
power that ascends and descends / varies], so does sleep in depth. It seems
therefore that during the whole period of sleep the psychological power is at
rest, and the natural (power) works intensely. This then is known. When this
power is weary, as soon as lone] lies down it is immediately made strong again,
even more so if ] one] lies after moderate nourishment. Moreover, during the
time of sleep, digestion takes place nicely throughout the whole body and not in
the belly only: and moreover, very properly, that member also in which (is
seated] the chief of the rational soul is rested. Now it is seen that the heart works
very slowly [during sleep], since it has no need of a lengthy period for its rest;
with the brain, however, it is not so. for it works without cessation always in
wakefulness, and during sleep it is drawn out. For this reason deep sleep falls
upon those who exercise greatly, because the power ascends more and is wasted
away from the head while they are exercising. Because of the emptying thus of
the power that is sent from the brain and because of the fatigue caused by
excessive exertions, he is in need of rest as well as of strength. Likewise
therefore after exertion /people] sleep easily and heavily, and so also when they
have received nourishment — and more so when it (the nourishment) is moist in
its nature. They also sleep more in form and also when they drink much wine,
and when they bathe with hot water poured over their heads they sleep more. All
these things are seen to fill the brain, which is need of this fullness when it is
overworked and dried up by great exertion. From all these things it is known
that when the brain [p. 186] has worked much and needs to rest, then it creates a
natural sleep, more especially if it has within itself the power for nourishment,
lor if] it has anointed itself with moisture or [if] it is very cold, then the sleep is
as in a stupor and senselessness. All other senses are like these.

A Flood in Edessa
Tub men Tas'yatji d-Su'riina ak da-b-PiisiqittJI
From the Stories of Events in Brief

Ba-snal hammesmd wa-t_ldt_a'sre b-malkiitelt d-Seweros wa-b-malkuteh d-Abgar
malka bar Ma'nu malka h-irah tesrin hrdy 'sen (h)wci mabbu'd d-mayya da-
np_aq men dpadnci rabbet d-Abgar malkci rabbit wa-'sen wa-slcq ak 'ycldeh
qadmaya wa-mlCi (h)wci wo-spii' l-koll gabbln. w-sarii (h)waw darata w-estwe
w-batte d-malkutd d-netjnldn mayya. w-kad hzci Abgar malka. sleq (h)wii leh I-
taqnd d-turd da-l'el men dpadnci clileh aykcl d-ydtbTn w-'cimnn 'dhday 'bddci
dildh d-malkutfi. w-kad hakkime metliassbjn (hhvaw: d-mclnd ne'bdiin l-hon I-
mayyii yattire d-ettawsap (h)waw. gdas wa-hwd metro rabba w-'assind b-lelyd.

64

Key to Readings

w-eta Daysan d-ld b-yawmeh wa-d-la b-yarheh. w-etaw mayya nukraye. w-eskah
ennon l-qqtaraqle kad ahidjn b-garzie rawrbe da-qrimln (h)waw wa-b-mokle d-
garzla da-msamrln (h)waw. wa-d-la estkah l-hon ma 'land l-mayya. hwa leh
yamma rabba l-bar men sureh da-mditta. w-sarri (h)waw mayya nahtln men bet
ya'yata d-surd la-mditta. w-Abgar malka kad qa'em (h)wd b-gurkasa rabba d-
metqre d-gdrsdyd. hza (h)wa b-lampede d-mira l-mayya. wa-gqad (h)wd. w-
estqel (h)waw tar'e w-qqtaraqte tmanya d-surd ma'rbaya da-mditta men ayka
da-ngaq nahra. w-bah b-sa'ta tar'aw (h)waw mayya l-sura ma'rbaya wa-
'qaii w) l-apadna rabba w-gaya da-niditta. w- 'at l-gaww mditta d-maran malka.
wa-sqal (h)waw koll meddem d-estkah (h)wa qdamayhon benyane rgige w-gaya
da-mditta. koll meddem d-qarrib (h)wa l-nahra men taymnayah w-garbyayah.
wa-srah [p. 187] (h)waw tub b-haykla d-'edta da-kristyane. w-mit (h)waw b-
hana 'bada yattir men tren alpin da-bnaynasa. saggi'e den mennhon. kad
damkjn (h)waw b-lelya 'al 'layhon mayya men selya w-etlmeq (h)waw. kad
malya (h)wcit mditta qala d-yallat_a. w-kad hza Abgar malka surhana liana da-
hwa (h)wa. pqad (h)wa d-kolllion umane da-mditta narhqfin (h)waw hanwathon
men Iwat nahra. w-nas lwat_ nahra la nebne leh hanuta. wa-b-bekmta d-masdhe
w-yadp'e ettsim hanwat_a da-kma nehwe ptaya d-nahra. w-awseg (h)waw 'al
mushaieh qadmayta. agen ger mayya saggi'Jn (h)waw w-'assTnln. ella ag hit
ptjiyeh d-nahra z'or (hjwa. d-mayya d-reglata 'esrln w-hammes mqabbel (h)wa
ba-knisilthen d-men koll gabbTii. wa-gqad (h)wa Abgar malka. d-kollhon hanon
d-yatbln b-estwa w-galhln luqbal nahra. d-men tesrin qdem wa- 'damma 1-nTsan
la hwaw baytln b-hanwa[hon. ella gziraye d-nqtrin mditta. hamsa mennhon
hwaw baytln b-sitra I' el men dtikkta d-'allln bah mayya la-mditta kolleh zabna
d-satwa. w-ma d-arges b-lelya wa-sma' qala d-mayya nukraye d-sarri d-ne"ltln
la-mditta... w-kollman d-sama' qala w-mahme w-la nageq. ha mayya tab'Tn
menneh besyana d-sqt pitqdaneh d-malka. w-ettsim <h)wa liana puqdana men
hand zabna da-hwa beh hakanna 'damma l-yawmdt_ 'alma, maran den Abgar
malka pqad (h)wa w-et_bni leh benyand l-ma'mra d-malkuteh bet_ satwd Bet
Tbara. w-tamman 'amar (h)wa kolleh zabna d-satwa. wa-b-qayta nhet (h)wa leh
l-dpadna hdatta d-etbni (h)wa leh 'al res mabbu'a. w-ag hennon here dileh
bnaw l-hon benyane l-ma 'marlton ba-sbabuta d-hawe bah malka b-suqa rama d-
metqre Bet Sahraye. w-mettul d-netqayyam (h)wa saynah da-mditta qadmaya.
pqad (h)wci Abgar malka w-estbeq hawbata da-tba'ta men gawwaye da-mditta.
w-men aylen d-'dmrln b-qurya w-b-agorse w-etkalyat tba'ta mennhon hanunes
snTn. 'damma d-'etrat \p. 188] mditta b-nasutd w-e[kalhlat ba-bnaynasa.

In the year 513 of the kingdom of Severius and during the reign of King
Abgar, the son of King Ma'nu. in the month of November the water source
erupted and went out from King Abgar's great palace, and it gained strength,
going beyond its former custom, and it filled and overflowed its banks. The
courtyards, porches, and houses of the kingdom began to be filled with water.
When King Abgar saw this, he went out to the tableland that was above his
palace, where the workers of the kingdom dwelt and lived. While the wise men
were considering what they should do about the great waters, which were
increasing, it happed that a great and violent rain came during the night. The
Daisan (river) came out of season, and there was unheard-of water. It found the

65

Key to Readings

cataracts closed with large /pieces of] iron, which were overlaid with bars of
iron that were reinforcing. Since no entrance for the water was found, there was
formed a large sea outside the wall of the city. The water began to go down into
the city over the battlements. While King Abgar was standing on the great tower
called the Persian (Tower), lie saw the water by lamp light, and he gave an
order, and the gates and the eight cataracts of the western wall of the city were
removed from where the river went out. Immediately the water broke through the
western wall and destroyed the great and beautiful palace of the city. It entered
the city of our lord the king and carried away everything that was found before
the delightful and lovely buildings of the city., eyeiything that was near the river
on its southern and northern sides, and it damaged [p. 187] also the church of
the Christians. During this event more then three thousand people died. While
many of them were asleep during the night, the water entered upon them
suddenly, and they drowned, as the city was filled with cries of distress. When
King Abgar saw this damage that was being done, he ordered that all the
workmen of the city should remove their shops from next to the river and that no
one should build a shop by the river, and with the wisdom of suireyors and
experts the shops were placed so that however much the river's breadth was.
they increased its former measurement. Even if the water was great and violent,
except where the breadth of the river was small, it would accommodate the
water of twenty-five floods in its total on all sides. And King Abgar ordered that
all those who dwelt in the portico and worked opposite the river should not
spend the night in their shops from October until April, excepting the policemen
who guarded the city, five of whom would spend the night on the wall above the
place at which the water entered the city throughout the winter. Whenever they
perceived (anything) during the night and heard the sound of unusual water that
was starting to enter the city, all who heard the sound and was negligent and did
not go out. the water would exact from him a fine for having treated the king's
command with contempt. This command was placed from this time such that it
has remained thus for all the days of the world. Our lord King Abgar then gave
an order, and a building was built for him for an abode in the winter at Beth
T'vara. and there he dwent all the time during the winter. In the summer he went
down to the new palace that was built for him at the head of the spring. So also
did his companions build for themselves buildings for dwelling in the
neighborhood in which the king was in the high market that is called Beth
Sahraye. Because the former prosperity of the city was re-established. King
Abgar gave an order, and tax debts were forgiven for those inside the city and
for those who were living in the villages and fields, and they were exempted from
taxes for five years until [p. 188] the city was enriched by humanity and adored
with people.

66

Key to Readings

From the Chronicle of Times by Barhebraeus
On the Taking of Babylon

Men KtabadrMatoMntttZMbjied-Bar 'Ebraya

Meftul Mesqla d-Babel

Nhet mlek malke Hitldku 'al Bagdad: wa-mta ap_ Baju men Bet R(h)omdye. wa-
npaq haylawwatji d-Bagdadaye l-bar d-nepg'un b-Tataraye. w-itayhon (h)waw
d-qaymm b-resayhon: amira rabba kitrdaya d-metqre Bar Kurar: w-DawTtddr
z'ora 'abda d-kdllpah. w-pas trayhon gabbe luqbal hdada: kad la ar'Jn: 'esrTn
wa-tlata yawmm: mehda b-yom arb'a tmanaya b-yarha qadmaya d-Tayyaye:
snat setma w-hammSin w-setj d~hi snat ANST d-Yawnaye: etqarrab qadma'U
Baju Noyan w-haylawwateh \-dukkt_a d-metqarya qabra d-Ahmad b-gabba
ma'rbaya d-Bagda_d: w-qreb ag Bagdadaye. wa-pga '< w) ba-hdade: w-ettbar
gabba d-Bajii Noyan: w-etnassah b-zakftta Bagdadaye. w-itaw (h)wa amlra
Sulayman Sah 'am hayla dileh 'al sure d-Bagdad. [p. 189]

w-kad Im a ramsa: emar Bar Kurar saba I-Dawltdarjalya: d-hasa d-alaha yab
Ian zakind: zadeq d-ne"ol l-battayn w-nettnTh: w-ken neppoq mendres w-nepga'.
haw den esta'li w-la sba d-ne"ol: \v-bat_ kali lion l-bar. w-mettul da-b-dukkt_a
mmakkekta sareyn (h)waw hennon Bagdadaye: ezal Tataraye wa-tra' 'layhon
tur'ta d-rgeha rabbta d-mayya men Deqlat: \v-atip_ ennon mayya b-palgeh d-
lelya. w-Sarri 'arqln men gaww mayya: wa-tri ap_ qestathan w-gerayhon w-tjqe
d-saypayhon. w-kad nhar .saprci: pnaw 'layhon Tataraye bnay gabba d-Hfilakfi:
w-aggar qraba 'damma la-tja' sa'Jn d-yom hammsa: w-hab w-awhel gabba d-
Bagdadaye: w-etqtel Bar Kurar: wa- 'raq Dawltdar w- 'al la-mditta.

hoyden Baju w-lmylawwat_eh etow sraw b-gabba ma'rbaya d-Bagdad. w-
Hulaku sra b-gabba madnhaya: b-yom tren data 'sar b-yarha qadmaya: w-aqtm
qraba qosya 'leh da-mditta: luqlnil taga d-ddrta d-kalTpah. w-kad psaq sabra hit
Musta'sem kallpah dawya: qra l-Bar 'AlqamT wazTra dileh: wa-l-Najm-aldm
'Abd-algant bar Darn us wa-l-Mdr(y) Makklka qatdlJqa: wa-pqad l-hon d-
nessbun sug'a d-dahba: w-'ellata malkaydta: w-rakse arcibjqo: w-nappqfm I-
izgadde d-Tataraye men hbusya: w-nalbsun ennon: w-nettlun l-hon mawhbata
sappirata: w-nezlun 'ammhon Iwdt mlek malke. w-netb'on mellta l-hayyaw d-
kalTgah w-da-bnaw wa-d-baytayaw: wa-nappqiln rawha: d-hanon d-hway: b-yad
maloke bise hway. w-en nehhon mekkel w-nettel l-hon hayayhon: 'abde haweyn
wa-msa'hde w-yahbay madata. w-kad npaq hennon halen lwa[ mlek malke: w-
samli izgaddftthon: 'akkar ennon w-la appes l-hon d-nehpkftn lwat_ kalTpah. w-
a'sneh [p. 190] la-qraba: wa-tra' Tataraye tur'ta rabbta b-burga d-'ajamaya:
wa-'al(w) la-mditta: b-yom 'rubta 'esrTn w-hammsa b-yarha qadmaya. w-
ethayyal 'layhon bnay mditta: w-appeq ennon mendres l-bar. w-tjtb taqqen
Tataraye: wa-l-yawnia d-bqtreh: kemat b-yom sabbta: estallqt 'al kollhon sure,
wa-'raq Bagdadaye: w-ettassi b-batte w-hulane da-thot_ ar'a. w-beh b-yom
sabbta: npaq trayhon bnaw d-kallpah l-bar sed mlek malke: w-batar sa'ta npaq
dp hit kalipah. wa-pqad mlek malke: w-armi belt parzle: w-qam 'law ndtore b-
hda men yarl'ata sab' a yawmm. 'damma d-'al hu mlek malke qndma'it l-dartd
d-kalJpah. wa-bassi l-gazze wa-mtassyata w-simata 'attiqata w-hadtata: w-galli
kollhen w-appeq. wa-smqt moglaye saypayhon: wa-qtal l-kolleh 'amma d-
Bagdadaye rebbwata da-bnayndsa: yattira'it Iberaye 'bad qatld saggi'a. w-

67

Key to Readings

qdtdlJqd kannes la-krestyane kollhon I- 'edtd d-suqd da-tldtd: w-tamman nqltar
emioii: w-ld nds men krestydne etakki. d/j 'attire d-Tayydye sug'a d-neksayhon
lwd[ qdtjdlqd ayti: d-dam en nestawzbun nqaddon dillwn: w-kollhon etqtel.

bdkuken den kad etbhel qallil mlek malke: qarrbeh l-kdllnah ddwyd qdamaw:
w-ddneh w-hayybeh l-mawta. wa-nqad w-samu b-saqqd w-hqt 'law: wa-b-ref)se
d-reglayhon qqtlu. b-hay d-nasln Tayydye adhlu la-mlek malke kad dmrtn: d-en
neh'sed men dmeh d-hdnd 'al ar'd: Id tub ndhet metrd: 'leh an gunuv d-nnrd
nehhbdn nienndh. w-harkd nesbat sidmd malkutji d-'Abbdsdye: dp. sarkd d-
malkiltd d-Tayydye sarri l-mezd'za'u. w-qamat w-etnasshat malkutji d-Mdgldye
b-atja\vwdtji hdlen da-l-bar: ak d-dnb-atjawwdtft hdnon da-l-gaww. [p. 191]

The King of Kings Hiilagii descended upon Baghdad, and also Baju arrived from
Anatolia, and the forces of the Baghdadis went out to fight the Tatars. Standing
at their head were the great Kurdish amir called Urn Kurar and the younger
Dawitdar. the sen ant of the caliph. Both sides remained facing each other, not
meeting for twenty-three days. Suddenly on Wednesday, the eighth of the first
month of the Arabs, the year 656. which is the year 1569 of the Greeks. Baju
Noyan and his forces approached the place called Ahmad' s Tomb on the western
side of Baghdad, and the Baghdadis also drew near, and they attacked each
other. Baju Noyau's side was broken through, and the Baghdadis were
triumphant in victory. Amir Sulavman Shah was with his force on the walls of
Baghdad, [p. 189]

When it was evening, the aged Ibn Kurar said to the young Dawitdar, "Now
that God has given us victory, it is appropriate that we go to our houses and
rest, and then we will go out anew and attack. " The other, however, was
arrogant and did not want to go in. so they all spent the night outside. Because
the Baghdadis were staying in a low-lying place, the Tatars went down and
caused a great flood of water front the Tigris to break in upon them, and the
water overwhelmed them in the middle of the night. They began to flee through
the water, and their bows, arrows, and the scabbards of their swords got wet.
When morning broke, the Tatars who were on Hiildgii's side returned, and the
battle continued for nine hours on Thursday, and the side of the Baghdadis
burned out and became exhausted. Ibn Kurar was killed, and Dawitdar fled and
entered the city.

Then Baju and his forces came and camped on the western side of Baghdad.
Hiildgii camped on the eastern side on Monday the thirteenth of the first month,
and he initiated a fierce battle against the city opposite the crown of the caliph 's
courtyard. When the wretched caliph Musta'sim lost hope, he called ibn
'Alqanii, his vizier, and Najm al-Din Abd al-Ghani Ibn Damns and the
Catholicos Mar Makkika, and he ordered that they should set out a lot of gold,
regal implements, and Arabian horses, set free the ambassadors of the Tatars
from prison, clothe them, and give them beautiful gifts, and that they should go
with them to the King of Kings and request a promise for the life of the caliph,
his sons, and his household and for them to escape with their lives, because the
things that had taken place had happened because of bad advice. If they lived
henceforth and [Hiildgii] granted them their lives, they would be servants.

68

Key to Readings

reduced to servitude, and givers of tribute. When these persons went out to the
King of Kings and fulfilled their mission, he detained them and did not allow
them to return to the caliph. And he intensified [p. 190] the battle, and the Tatars
made a huge breach in the Ajamiyya Tower and entered the city on Friday, the
twenty-fifth of the first month. They overwhelmed the people of the city and sent
them outside again. The Tatars got ready, and on the next day, i.e. Saturday,
they gained dominion over all the walls. The Baghdadis fled and hid in houses
and holes beneath the earth. On Saturday both the caliph 's sons went out to the
presence of the King of Kings, and after a while the caliph also went out himself.
The King of Kings gave and order and had iron [shackles] thrown on him, and
guards stood over him in one of the tents for seven days until the King of Kings
himself entered the caliph's courtyard and sought for the treasuries, hidden
things, and treasures old and new. He revealed them all and had them taken out.
The Mongols drew their swords and killed all the people of Baghdad, myriads of
people. Mostly the Georgians did the great killing. The catholicos gathered all
the Christians in the Church of the Tuesday Market, and their he kept them
under guard, and none of the Christians was harmed. The rich of the Arabs too
brought much of their wealth to the catholicos. thinking if they escaped they
would retain possession of them, but they were all killed.

Then, when the King of Kings calmed down a little, he had the wretched caliph
brought near in his presence, and he judged him and condemned him to death.
He gave an order, and they placed him in a sack and sewed him up in it, and
with kicks of their feet they killed him because Arab people had frightened the
King of Kings when they said that if any of the blood of this person was shed
upon the ground, the rain would not fall again but rather upon it ( the ground)
burning coals of fire would bum from it. Here the kingdom of the Abbasids came
to an end, and so also did the kingdom of the Arabs begin to totter. The kingdom
of the Mongols arose and was victorious in those places outside, as also in these
places which were within, [p. 191]

From the Reign of Baidu Khan

W-mettul da-b-zabna liana kollhon Moglaye rawrbe w-daqdqe b-kollayiithon
ahgar(w): w-menkadti etgzar(w): w-ba-syagata wa-slawwata d-dilanTn I-
maslmane Jab etmahhaiiw): hu tub Baydfi kad spar l-hon ahgar: wa-hdi(w) beh
Jab Jab kollhon rawrbane d-malkiueh. ella men 'enyan krestyane la metmse
(h)wa d-netqpes: w-netjkel 'al nas barnasa b-kollhon pursane d-malkuta star
mennhon la metdne (h)wa. w-men hand sarri mahgar 'al trayhon qupse. la-
krestyane man amar (h)wa da-krestyana (h)u: wa-sliba tie b-sureh. I-Tayyaye
den mhawwe (h)wa d-maslmana (h)u: ella law metmse (h)wa l-melap tawdithon
w-qaymln la-sldt_a: hu Baydfi la-breh msaddar (h)wa da-nsalle 'ammhon. wa-b-
hade msayyen (h)wa tar'ithon: wa-mrayyah rugzhon. brain la methappe (be
hidden from) (h)wa 'layhon d-Tayyaye d-la-pnit_ krestyane yattir mestle w-
methanne (rely), w-qarribilta d-yarhe hammsa b-htlpake d-ak halen dbar
malkut_eh.

69

Key to Readings

Because at this time all the Mongols, great and small, in their entirety
had become Muslim and were already circumcised and were quite skilled in the
ablutions and prayers of the Muslims. Baidu too. as it seemed to them, had
become Muslim, and all the grandees of his kingdom rejoiced in him greatly.
However, from the society of Christians he was not able to withdraw, and he
would not assent to trust anyone in all the affairs of the kingdom aside from
them. From this he began to stumble on two pebbles: for the Christians there
were those who said that he was Christian and a cross was hung on the wall; to
the Arabs, however, he showed himself as a Muslim, but he was not able to learn
their confession, and when they were standing for prayer Baidu would send his
brother to pray with them. By this he would appease their minds and calm their
rage. However, it was hidden from the Arabs that he was more inclined in the
direction of the Christians and relied {more on them]. For nearly five months
with manners like these he led his kingdom.

70

English-Syriac Vocabulary

Aaron ^oimrt'n/iro/i

abandon (verb) nai sbaq/nesboq:

Ethpe estbeq to be abandoned (see
"leave")

Abbasid KL^CDrc^xv 'abbasaya

Abd al-Ghani (pr n) >-L\«A K'ns 'abd
algani

Abdnebo n-i \ 'abdnebo
Abgar TJ^pK' abgar (pr n)
Abijah rC^sr^abiya
able vi vt *w meskah (/- + inf or d- +

impf. to do):r<\_275 msa/nemse: pass

part mse/masya able: Ethpe <wm to
be able

ablution n'^J^jt. syagla

abode recipe' awwana; iVi'nv Ti

imfmra
above \ \ \ f'e/

Abshlama rf>i\ r -i \ 'abslama

abundant v t .y>i': abundance

r<%ci malyuta

accompany (verb) r<c\A Iwa/nelwe:

accompany in procession (verb) no \
Pa zayyab

according to me,ttul : meirul d- for.

because; \«Y *n variant spelling of

metml: ) &\\*n menial - form of
mettul when followed by enclitic
pronouns II: kvctaA Iput

accurate ^iiUj (rattit

accuse (verb) it\_i_rj qarsa

accustomed n s "n in'' ad
acknowledge (verb) tfn-j Aph nit*/;'
acquaintance r^n_i yad'a
acquire (verb) rf \ n qna/neqne
act rCji^.nnj su'rdna
Adam •p.TrC Main
add (verb) °im ■ Aph aiwf/;
Addai (=Thaddaeus) -i^rf adday

admonition rt*k\ci \rm *w maksaimia

adorned (to be adorned with) (verb) Ethpa
etkcillal b-

adultery (verb) rC^\CLj_J\ zanyuta: \cx\^

gar/ngur
advent rCkUi^rd^) metita

adventure rcLui<_J nef(iana

adversity rOxnJL Sljaqa

advise v\^73 mlak/nemlok: Ethpe eimlek

b- to be advised by: advisor rdicil^i
mciloka
affair r f im in°i pursana

afraid (verb) \ ivin dalilul\X**

dhel/nedhal; Aph adhel to make afraid

after K&n batar: afterwards „__}i^\-3
batarken

again rii » //je/; d-res (see "head");

against (to go against) (verb) ^ivmJ

nhet/nebbat +'/ : preposition Lv'o/
(with pron encl II. '/-)
Aggai (pr n) ■ \rt' aggay

71

agree (verb) rdin Ethpe eidni:

qci.s/neqqos' am
Ahmad (pr n) rOuirf ahmad

aid Kin ncL^' udrdna
Alexander mnii imi W aleksandros
alive /irtvv

all (+ emph or pron end) Ao//: all

around ffinctjj 1-hitdrtT. all the
more yattira'it (see "more than")
allow cocoa Aph (//vie?

alone ncuiA ///«</: ncuAn hallwd

(takes pron encl II)

already an -\ \~7) menkadu

altar 7<7/« pi ' hiwutila (see "cause."
"reason." "thing." "article"):

rCiiiDX^i madhlw: ccajai^

tronos

although ^^ri dp en

always \ t \ -\ kollsif; ^-itV v .^ntf

amino' it
ambassador K'x^Ui r< izgaddd

amen .^-jlnrf c/w/mi

among (preposition) ^\ ■") ^-^3

bayn (+ pron encl II): ^ ' ■ baynfu
( + pron encl I )
Amoros CooicOirt' amoros

amount r<h cui^TLi kmiiyuta

ancient "p_iXn qaddim : men qdim of

old. long ago. from eternity:
qadmay

and o irfw)-: and so ken: and

then ken

English-Syriac Vocabulary

angel pcLa r^l^n malakii
anger K^j\o°> ■ s \ z'ipiitd: angry

°> <\ \ ;'/'/>
animal r<^fttt_»jj hayyuta pi - ynw/t/ :

living things, life (collective)
announce \tji Aph akrez: announcer

ft'tCiTji kCiidza

anoint ,vi t *d m.sah/nem.sah: anointed

" ■ i msilr. msilu'i the Christ
answer (verb) Pa panni (see "return."
"come back"): rcilv' nfi/ne'iie;
punay-pet-gama (see "return"):
answer to a letter rd^ui°i pehma

Anlioch rdj-ici \ \rg* tnuyokya

anxious (to make anxious) (verb)

Aph aqnej
anything *pX2) meddem

aperture rrtfttxa kmnrta pUwnrc" (abs

kawwa pi kamvin) (0
apostle rCs\ ■ \ t sliltii

appearance rcl^i ■ -\ (Tut* eskemd
appease (verb) Pa m"'i (see "tend."
"keep." "rule"):^ojc Paf«vy«i

appoint (verb) Pa.fcmW?

appointed place rf.wo wa'da

approach (verb) dtjd qreb/neqrab I- :

Ethpa eiqarrah I- to approach
appropriate to • »\ -i dilanay I-

April • * nisiin

Arab rC ■ Jayyiiya

Arabian (horse) n n , -lire' arabiqa

72

English-Syr

Aramaic (in Aramaic) k\_.rcl>nnc'

drama 'it
arc K%_l_rj qestd pi -e/-dtd
archangel res-malake (see "head")
arise (verb) 71x1 qdm;~pa.a qamfnqum

arm itlvin drd'a(f)

aroma n^ncm besma

aromatic spice r^ncnm herdma

around about l-appay (see "countenance")

arrive (verb) r&^n mta/itemje Pa maul

I- to arrive at
arrogant (to be arrogant) Eshtaph esta'li

(see "exalt." "raise"): arrogant M^Cn

marrali

arrow^rC^gerd

article rrtvlsJ elltd pi rt"kUil 'ellata
as (conj) xa kad

ascension rtlnAcuc stilaqa: r^X v nm*n

maSSaqtd

ashamed (verb) ^mn bhet/nebhat

aside from i\cr) /wn

ask (verb) \rdz sel/nesal : Pa ifl ' V/ /-

to ask questions of
ass rC'iJ^uj hmara

assembly rf^j-cuji kmitsa;

rt)fr\±'edta: assembly hall

ffxx.o^ULa bet-wa'dd

assent (verb) r<A^ Ethpe etdni

assiduous^ i°m hpit; earnestly lipitd'it
assistance (to be of assistance) (verb)
i \±.''dar/ne'dar

z Vocabulary

astonished t2tj:i Ethpe etdammar.
m_i2n^\ tammilr. rrCn)s\
tmah/netmalv. astonishment rtVrCnift
temha:r<t : \m)s\ tahra and tehra

astonishing tammih

astray (to go astray) (verb) rdvi^
I 'a/net '<?: t 'e/ta 'yd

at^W«)-: at (time) nb(a)-: at hand (to be
at hand) Ethpa ettayyab (see
"prepare"): at once rC At selyd,
men selya, men-sel(y): at such time as
^ r^jj ma d-\ at the same time

«^_jn_irn hayden

attack (verb) pga'/nepga'

attention r<)^a\^Jiriita

attire r£y] . a mrf eskemd

audacious, bold ~» Ibib

Augustus CDnX^rDci^rf dgusjos

author r< njn^a maktbana

authoritative, in authority \ 7 AjOj msallat

authority (to put in authority) (verb) \, \ 1

Pa Sallet
aware x_i_\i rgis

babyrCiov 'welld

Babylon bdbel

backslide (verb) n^\_o qarsa

bad t ■-) bis

Baidu Khan. Ilkhan ruler. AD 1295
baydu

Baju (pr n) cl\j<=) bdju

73

English-Syr

band rtxccs^gudd

bank r<\ °>m s/tdra

banquet rL>)& t "7> masiya ; pC^otj.

karma: (t'VokjO) meitmd pi -

ni<7/o: banquet hall rC^\o^uO>}i\_iZ3
bct-mestutci
Baptist (the) re' \T-n >. -n ma'mmdand

baptize (verb) xii^ Aph ti'med

bar KlLi ay> mokld uoxAoc

Barbara rt'inijD baibara

barren woman rC"^ in\' qand

bath i t\n balanoy (f): bathe (verb)

r^ii£D slia/neslte: bathing

rC'^o vi oa^i mashmd

battle (to do battle with) Aph flqrw/i 'Vim
(see "approach." "draw near to"):

battle r<3T_o qraba: battlement

K^ft i \ i v<('/7<7 pi ya'yatd
be (to be) (verb) rt'om hwa/nehwe
bear (verb) n_Li ded/nelad: bearing

\ ■ n t kqil

beat (verb) hbal/nehbqi: * \\

Pa negdd : Pa luibbej to keep on
beating

beat against (verb) rv^O^ Ethpa eiiarri

beauty rfT^cu. .?/(/)/•<;: beautiful i ■ °* t

kappir: beatified ^jcl^ jubdn
because ' al d- (see "over")
become aware of ( verb) t \i Aph urges

bed rtco^-^'arsd

Vocabulary

Beelzebub -3CV3\\ s n h'elzbob

becllerOco t ~Im habkiika pi -sydid

befall tx^^n mtd/nemte: nuiiy it fell his

lot (</- to do something)
before Idcld qubal. l-qubal:~p\J2

qddm (+ pron end II); "p.T-DCiA
luqdam

beget (verb) xLi iled/nelad

begin (verb) Pa karri to begin (with /- +
inf or with impf or part) (see "slop."
"camp"): beginning (in the beginning)

)s\ i t \3 b-rdkit: beginning

rdiicut. in ray a
behind i^mn bestar (pron end I)
behold (t'm ha

Beit-Jubrin (pr n) ^-jVDaX^s-ia bet-
gubrin

Bel. supreme god of the Babylonians
bel

believe in (verb) ^^co

haymen/nhaymen b-
belly r<CDTJi karsd (abs/const Aires)

belonging to -L.n dil (+ pron end I):

dildndy I-
bcloved -i --i" habbib

below Jsui&\ /«/)/, /-;«/»: /to

belt K'TJn.n qamrd/qmdrd

bequeathe to (verb) Aph awret (see
"inherit")

beside 'al-yad (see "over"): sed (+ pron
end II: also spelled n_j^-):

n i \ s 'alyad

besides i^CD $/<ir mwi

74

English-Syriac Vocabulary

Beth Awida ix'x^a^-^ i~i bet-'nida

Beth Sahray (pr n) rdjluCO^i] bet-

sahraye

BethTvara rfxn )s\ bet-tbara
Bethesda ffmu)^!\_iZ] bet-besda

Bethlehem 71 oW .-i bet-lbem

betray (verb) Aph aslem (see "finished."
follow")

betrothed T_»jO) mkir

between bayn (+ pron encl II):

^ \ i~i baynat ( + pron encl I)

beware of ( verb) Ethpa ezdahhar b- to
beware of. watch over (see "warn
against")

big ai rabb pi rawrbin:

bind (verb) i -\ <\ pkar/nepkor, \zx<

esar/nesor
bird r^^T-a paralita pi parhata

birth tfx\cO) mauiada

bitter t_i\^7) marrir. bitterness ffii^n

mrara: eked - to be galled
black •^Laort' ukam

blame rCA\±.'edlaya
blameless dla' edlay (see "blame")
blemish rX^cO) muma: mavme see

bless (verb) i/^ia Pa tarred to bless:
Ethpa etbemak to be blessed: blessed
iry\j3 brik: ^jnc\ tuban:

blessing rrtv_aico bwkta
blind (verb) Pa 'awwar (see "wake."
"watch"): blind fK^nro sme/samya:

blood (noun) ^Czn^ dma (abs dem)

blow (verb) ~i t \ niab/nessob

boat pC^j .°im s/>/'</<7 pi S/spinata

body r^irii(X^g(u;;;a (abs

bodyguard rt'.-xii^p-l natar-hassa:

natar-hassa (see "rear")
bold -1

boltrxlLiCOj moWopoxXo;

book /tro/xJ

border rOciuif\ r/w/fifl

bosom r£3C\±.''iibba

bother (verb) Wen Aph ahhar

bow rt*k\ t n qesta pi -e/-atct

brain rducOj muhha

breach K'kv^.ici^ riir'/o

bread (X^7iiiA fa/ima

breadth Kli^a ptaya

break (verb) \^i)s\ tbar/netbar: E\hpe
eilbar to be broken: break (bread)
(verb) qsa/neqse: Ethpe er<?,s/

to be broken: break through (verb)
tra'/netro'

breast rC\s> body a

bride (fkAjv faj//rfl

bridegroom rCi^ hatna

briefly r-T.rno, pasiqeita, b-

bright (to be bright) (verb) irru

nhar/nenlmr. brightness (of fire, e.g.)
rCirm zahra

75

English-Syriac Vocabulary

brilliantu_i^_l nassih

bring down (verb) >iiUji\ Pali lalui:

Etlipali etialui to bo brought dow n,
sent down, brought low

bring low (verb) ,^.1^ Pali lalui: Ethpali

ciiahii to be brought down, sent
down, brought low-
bring together (verb) Pa kannes (see
"gather")

broadcast (to be broadcast) (verb) Ethpe
etkrez (see "proclaim.'" "announce."
"preach"); Pa sabbar (see "think."
"imagine")

brother rC*r< aha

build (verb)rdAn bnd/iwbiw: Ethpe ctbui

to be built
building tV \ , \n benxana

burden rX'i-oo... xuqra: r^incOj
mawbla (abs/const mawbal. 0:
burdened \ ■ n t sqil : burdensome

(to be burdensome) (verb) rts -\
Ethpe eik.fi
burn (int) (verb) n □ ■ iqed/neqad: Aph

awqed to burn (trans):

hab/nehhob: i/\^Ui lirak/nehmk;

Ethpe eihrek to be burned, singed
burning coal rC'^VTCCTiX. nmurta
bury ( verb) i~i n qhar/neqbor

but Vi\SW'( postpositive):

lor «; /</ if. ..not
buy (verb) zhan/nczben Pa

zabben to sell
by n_i v«7</. /?-.«/</: by means of (see /t/fl)

:\_» xad. b-xad: by day KilSurC

imdmd
Caesar im n ^fiar

cage rt'cin 0 \ n <y«/>.«7

Caiaphas ft" a ■ □ </flv/>c7

calculation r<^i\ ~i t vi^n mahsabtd

caliph m°> i\ •> kalipdh

call (verb) rC'T.n qrd/neqre: Ethpe rfr/ri
to be called, be read out: called (to be
called) (verb) pcLli Ethpa etkawii

calm tVvi ■ ) nydlud; calm down (verb)

\rro Ethpe <>/WiW: calm, at rest » ■ >
/;/'/;: nihil' il calmly
camel rdi^i^ gamla

camp (verb) K'ix srii/nesre Cat at.
near)

candle rcliCLji-rj qerxdna

carnelian .^cu^TiX) sardxon

carry (verh)ln_. Aphmr/«7

carve (verb) °> \ \. glap/ncglop; carving

r^<\\\^ glapa:rf°i i\\^glipd

cast (verb) Aph «rm; (sec "cast down."
"fallen." "prostrate")

cast down (verb) r<":\_i. sda/nesde.rC^ii

rme/ramya: Aph armi to cast
cast out (verb) Aph appez (see "go forth")

cataract \, oi □ qaiaraqid

catch lire (verb) n_n_. iqed/neqad: Aph

awqed to burn (trans)
catholicos rV n i\oku3 qdioliqd

cause rrti\ \ v '>//;» pi r^ V \ \ \ 'W/(7/(7

cave ff'^ T v tri'arrta

cavity Kbcu.'nWw

cedar K'nif «/"t7

76

English-Syi

censure rCjAxiJ'edlaya

census r^OArj^v^n maktbanuta

centurion pdicii\, \ n qenirdna

chapter rdri resa: , nr tAc n

qepale'on pi r<'fX > \°i n qepale'a

cheerful psih

Chesroes citjecli kosraw

chest rdjrui hadya

chick nC'.\aT_& pamiga

chief priest rCscm =n rabb-kalme

child jalya/tlita pi jlaye/jalyata

(absy/e pl.r/pv/i)
childhoodrf^a_iA\ .talyuta

choke (verb) jn_Ui hnaq/nehnoq: Ethpe
efifj/ipg to be drowned, choked

choose (verb) gba/negbe ; chosen

gbe/gabya (see "choose")

Christian if > .^mi ^ kresfyana

church r<^in_La £/mr.wr<^\:v^'« ; </r(7
circumcised (to be circumcised) (verb)
1 Ethpe etgzcir

cistern relit oK* uzna

citizens rxL.ci_\^ gawwiSye

city wall rt'Tcu. sura

city rC'^j-.x^j mditta pi mdinata: men

mdina la-mdina from city to city
clad a A y \ ' tip

clarion rCioa^x sipora

Claudius CDCv_,nciLn qlawdios
clearly idi'a'it (see "known." "evident")

: Vocabulary

close n_iT_n qarrib

closet r<Lia k\ tamvana

clothe (verb) Aph albes (see "wear." "put
on"): Pa 'atlep to clothe (see "return");
Pa kassi to clother. cover over, hide

rtVm ksa/nekse: clothed t ,~\\

Ibis; °> i\, \ '«'/»: clothing rciranA

lhuSa:t<\\mt< estlci(f)

cloud rC \ \ \ 'nana (f)

cock rdi^JT ^ lamagla (abs tarnagul)
cock

cold (to get cold) (verb^ix: qar/neqqar.

cold rC^\OT_,T_n qarriruta; T_i\-n
qarrir

collapse rt^osO) mappuha

collate (verb) 7ni.a Pa pahhem

come (verb) rc^ re" ela/neie; Aph ayfi
to bring, take, lead: come back (verb)
rC \°i pna/nepne: Aph apni to lead

back: coming K'iiUi Js\ rCl^j mef/Vo

comely K*rcla pe/r<->r£°i\ comely i_..im

/»<//»-. comeliness hdirnta
comfort rrtvji_i_l nyahta; comfort (verb)

\ Pa luiyyel

command ruxa pqad/nepqod :
commander r^ncuxa paqoda:
commandment rdi:LDCi°i puqdana

commemoration r<-\3cncv^ c iihdana

commerce K^uci_\Ji\ tgurta

commit adultery with (verb) rdi \
zna/nezne b-

77

English-Syriac Vocabulary

committed (to be committed) (verb)

re's \^ Ethpe eig 'el (/- to)
common people daqdqe (see "small")
community rt^OjorC ummtd

companion rC'Tivi habrd

company r?xci\^giula; rc^i\o\ ivi

Ijaylntd pi - lawwata
compare (verb) TULa Pa pa(i(iem

compassion r^^cui^uiTJTi

mrahlimdniitd
compel (verb) ,_W

elas/neloy.r^ sd/ne' se
complete (verb) Shaph samli (see "Hilt")
compose (verb) i_o \ zqar/nezqor

compulsion rfi .\, n qtira

conceal (verb) ir ' r \ Pa/(/,v.v/':(see
"hide")

conceive (child) (verb) ^^-^

hien/nehnin; conception (ViN^i
hajna: to become pregnant qtihbel

halnd

concerning mejjul : metttil </- for.

because: \c\^n variant spelling of

mei.tul: hW^^n menial - form of

meiiiil when followed by enclitic
pronouns II
condemn (to condemn) (verb) Pa hayyeb
(sec "succumb." "conquered")

confession r<ii\_.no^ tawdita: confess

(verb) rt"n_i Aph audi
confirm (verb) Aph assar (see "fix
lirmly" i- \ . a Y>i\ Imyyel

confused (verb)^vma hlwt/nebluii

conquer (verb) rdi \ ;kd/ne:.ke: to be

conquered 3CUi bdb/nhub

consider (verb) . i") Ethpa elbayywi

constantly v t \ -\ kollsd': \ ,*T)nC
amino 'it

constituted (to be constituted) (verb) Ethpa
euaqqan (see "right." "get ready."
"prepare")

contemptible \, it sit

contest rdiok\j\is\ taktdsd

contract (to make a contract) (verb) qydma
(see "rise up." "arise"): contract (verb)

rd^Lj-D qydma: aqim ~ to make a

contract

conversation \ . \ s ' eiwdnd

convert (verb) tr\^m Pa happek: Ethpa

ediappak to be converted
convince ( verb) tn • °> Aph apis ( see

"persuade")
cool T-.tjd qairir, coolness

K'is\ctT_iT_D qarriivid

copy r<^ui°i pehmd

corpse rtM t sladdd

correct vyi^v triy.-p ,\\t lilim

couch K'cdtjJ arsd

counsel (verb) v^!oj mlak/nemlok:
Ethpe eimlek b- to be advised by
count (verb) itm hsab/nehsob

countenance (xlatf appe (pi only)

country K'T^rf and p\-re/-ra\\udld

course r^v-arti^/i marditd

court Ira' -malkutd (see "gate."
"doorway")

78

English-Syi

courtyard K^ftin darta
cover (verb): Pa kassi to clother, cover
over. hider<Gm ksa/nekse

cover over Pa kassi r^fm ksa/nekse

coward(ly) spal and spel/sapla

craft r<'ii\0_030r<' wnanuta

craftsman r<Li^>ar<' umana

create (verb) Ktjd bra/nebre: Ethpe

etbri to be created, come into
existence

creature rt'^-iin brita pi brayya/

bet-ydta

crippled i . hgir

cross (verb)Cfl/) in s ' bar/ne'bar. cross
rc'i .V^ slibd: ^ in \ zqipa

crossing rCiftia^ ma'barta

crowd (verb) ^"ivi hba.s/nelibo.s: crowd
rx'T > -\ drnSi

crown (verb) W -v Pa Ao//e/: crown
f\i\k\ iaga:r<\ ,\^ klila

crucify (verb)nA^ slab/neslob : Ethpe

estleb to be crucified: a_n (
zqap/nezqop ; Ethpe ezdqep to be
crucified: crucified rC q. . n \ zqipa:

cmcifier ixlatxcn zaqdpa:

crucifixion rC^on slibntd

cry out \\ ■ Aph aylel

cry (verb) rCm bka/nebke\ rOs\\\ ■

iV/ro pi yallata
crystal oqaA^cooi □ qrostelos

Vocabulary

cube rcVn^CLa qnpsd

cultivation rdLDCi^\ tuqana.rt \ ■ t
sayna

cunning pc*^ n v. . >^ sni'uta

cure (verb) 7i\vi Aph alilem

cure rC'ii\ci_i£Dr<' asynta (pi)

curse (verb) \,cvA lat/nlut

custom rfa ■ \ 'varfq

cut off (verb) jocoa psaw/nepsoq

Cyrenius CDC\_i_>icuD qewrinos

Cyrus -iicti foirrf

Daissan (river) -^^-^ daysan

Dalason (pr n) «__c\oqA:i dalason

damage rtliiiDCUi luisrana; rduiioco

swhana
Darius -XO_>i:i daiyns

dark (to grow dark: verb) xj-vi

heska/nehsak (used impersonally in 3'
fern sing): dark \,cOiaJ fl/mm//;

darkness fre.s/cn; r£i O t »

IwHokd

Darnus (pr n) CDCuin damns
dash (verb) rC'iX, Ethpa efwrn
daughter K^viz} band (constr bat-) pi
rCii\_iD fc/iflfa: daughters rtVlr)

David XjO.t rfmnV/

Dawitdar (pr n) iffn^_.o^ dawitdar

day r£no_i vaiuna pi -e/-dta
(abs/constr vow)

79

English-Syf

deacon \ t *n t ~t> msammsana

dead ^ • **" mir. death rt^cOj mantel
deal" Invs/luirsd (see "silent*')
debt rt'^DCUi lutwbtd

deceit I'u I rxlxn daggal

decoration K'ituj pehtfi pi -te

deed rdlT_vc\CD su' rand: deeds of

renown rt^ o gahnild pi -
nrirfci
deep jn i"7i\ l ammiq

delay TAir^" Aph<ni7wn Eshtaph.

cstauhar: rC^T-uCi^ taultand:

delaying i m*7i /»////• (Aph act part.

from contusion between icui and

\j»r< q.v.)
delight \_i \Ji ruin
deliver (verb) r<,_a Pa passi
deluge (verb) a c\ Apb ajip
demand (verb) \rCr. sel/nesal
demon rC , T-*\K'T-3 bar-eggam pi bar-

t'ggdl■c:r^^^Cl. seda

deny (verb) Tja-i kpar/nckpor b-

depart (verb) cK" \ t Pa £7/1/11: jn T-2i

praq/twproz
depict (verb) ict,_ ,iarftyiur (pass part

"u.^. Air)

depth rCnlncx^ 'iiinqa:

rt^ft ci n ■''71a.' ammupttd

Vocabulary

deptrived (to be deprived) .n °>fn Ethpa
cstappaq

descend (verb) )sulJ nhet/nehhat : Aph

(//i/iff to send/bring down
desiccated t ~i myabbas

design (tl^ixcn nrfma

desire (verb) a^Jr iba'/nelba'

desolate 3 T-u hreb/harbd

despise (verb) r^mn bsa/nebse (/'- or
'«/)

detain i -\ s Pa'flWw

devil r<"ci_.:\ c/tmui: rC^ndr «"</<"■

Devil. lher<\. i n \ -\ rt" akelqarpa

die (noun) r^mcn n ^//wl

die (verb) )f*c£n mit/mnut : Aph amit to

put to death, cause to die
difficult \\ v s •tel/a.tla:

,nfn\ ''.icq/ asqd: 'asqa'it with

difficulty: difficulty nr*)ft n nm\
'asqiad: difficult for (to be difficult
for) (verb) r i'rn Ethpa etqa.isi'al

digestion rt\jL& />.wrc5

dinar K°i_Ljn dendrd

Dioscurus CDCiicuiCDCi_.n diosqitros

direction rc^ . to. pnitd

direct-object marker (non-obligatory) \
1(a)

dirt vi vi i vin dalihibd
discharge rc" n c\nm sitpdqd

80

English-Syf

disciple K".T_iiii}s\ talmida: to make a

disciple (trs verb) Xiiii(\ tainted:
Ethpal ettalmad to become a disciple
discovery r<ViO_r skalita

disease re" t m hassa: rdimicLi

kurhana: rC > • -v > nekyana

dismount (verb) is\^»J nhet/nehhat

disown (verb) T_i_l Pali nakri

dispatch (verb) ,«\ t slah/neslah

dispute with (verb) jcin dras/nedros

disregard (verb) rC^nm Aph alnni men

distant XL-.T.a parriq: xi ■ \ii railing:

distance rtLnuCii ruhqa: men
ruhqa frotn/at a distance
distress rC^\ n s. ' aqta:r()s\c^\^

karyuta: distress (verb) xjoa. Aph
a c iq: Ettaph to be distressed
disturbed (verb) t \t Ethpe est ges

divide (verb) xi_a Pa parres: Pa

palleg: Ethpa etpallag to be divided
divinity rC'ivomirC' alabuta

division r<'\\°> pelga:r< \ t icxa

pursana: rf^n \ \°^ pelgutd

do (verb) n \ ' bad/ne' bed: \ \ m

s'ar/nes'ar: Ethpe e.rt'w to be done
doctrine f\LL°iAa_. yitlpana:

K^ftO >°\\*7j nuillpanuta

doleful Ui /wig

dominion rtliruiCiK' ulidana;
dominion (to gain dominion over)

Vocabulary

(verb) Ethpa estallat b- (see
"authority"')

donkey r^TJ^Lu hmara
doorway r<l^.iii\ tar's (abs tnf)
doubtless in -\ kbar
drag (verb) S\\^gar/neggor
draught r<L,h t mestya

draw (verb) V^n-i. smat/nesmof.yu-^

rsam/nersom
draw near to (verb) qreb/neqrab I-

: Pa qarreb to put near, bring near
draw out (verb) rcA t sla/nesle

drawing rdiuccn msniii

dried out t i ■>) myabbas

drink rcL,k\ t *7) mestya: drink (verb)
—.^-rrC" esti/neste :vC)&jl. esti/neste:
give to drink (verb) ncLmc. Aph nig/

drive out (verb) ani rdap/nerdop

drown (trs) (verb)jn_ijj hnaq/nehnoq:

Ethpe ethneq to be drowned, choked
drug samma pi sammdne (see "blind")

dry (trs verb) t -i ■ Pa yabbes : dry land

dumb hres/harsd (see "silent")
dust n'.i.i .mi dahhiha

dwell (verb) iteb/netteb: yateb-

wa'da page; '"duJinar/ne'inar:

dwell (to make dwell) (verb) Aph asri
(see "stop." "camp"): dwelling

i<biOi ma'mra
eagle r<*i t \ nesid
ear rdmiX" erf/io (f)

81

English-Syr

early morning ff\°LX sapid
earnest \, i°i vi hpij: earnestly Ijpijd'il

earth rXli-Trc' «/a (abs ard ) pi

ai' e/ai' awwdtd
easily psic/d'il (see "easy")

east rd»i_i:0) imulnhd (abs/eonstr

inadnali)

easy \ i\n <///'/: ji ■ t °^ />£/</

eat (to eat) (verblJurf ekal/nekol: oris \

tes/netas
Eden ^j\_^'</e/i

Edessa >mior<' unfair

edge rfi .?/><7/'<7

edifice I . n benydiw

eight re* Oi^y ;m<rn£ (Ultmanyd (m)

Either... or or<\..orc' «»r... aw

elder t an f/di.w.?

elephant r<\ i°> pila

Eleutherapolis (n ^cisn^ciW

elewH'rapolis
ElijahttlxArC' eliya

Elizabeth sit ,W elisba'

emanate (verb) rt'ni rda/nerde

embassy rC'^cirUyjLjrC' izgaddutd

emerald rfh-^j^m zmiirgdii

emir r?\-*y>r( ainird

emptying rcirLaciCD supdqd

eneountei Klviort' ui'd (abs urn*'):

eneounter(verb) _^.ir<' era'/nero'

encouragement r^moA lubdbd

Vocabulary

end nd^iAcxx suldmd: nsab ~ to come to

an end: Kl&ciCD sawpd (abs .so/)); end

(to be at an end) (verb) Eshtaph
estamli (see "lull"): end (in the end)

tt'^Xu (uirid, b-

enemy ~i b'eldbdbd

engravingtt / °>\\ >- gldpd

enrolled rf^coakv^n maktbdmtid

enter (verb) \ \s 1 al/ne" oh Aph a" el to

have enter, allow in
entirely TJ^i-X, gmdr. la-

entrance if \\ \ **» ma' land

entrusted (verb) rd>>_\_ Elhpe etg 'el (/-
to)

envoy K':i-\ s \_.r<' i'gaddd
Ephraem '}a_i : L&r<' apiim
epistle rC^i^if eggarid
equate (verb) rfcuc. Aph rt.fuv
erase ( verb) i t.^ gar/neggor
errand rdi^ciXD su'rana

escape rt\ pnldld: to escape \^

plaj/nepktj
especially yaliird'ii (see "more than")

espoused i ■ •> *n mkir

established (to be established) (verb)
Ethpa etqayyam to be established (see
"rise up." "arise")

estate r<rxnn_\r^ agorsd

estranged (to be estranged) (verb) Ethpali

etnakri (see "disown")
eternal dafdlam (see "world")

Eustargis (pr n) m ■ ■yJiX^mnrf'

ewsjdrgis

evangelize (verb) Pa sabbar (see "think."
"imagine")

82

English-Syf

Eve rC'cui liawwa

even if .^rC ap en

evening rf t "ni ramsa
event (see "word")

every (+ abs) koll: every moment

^JjsJLi koll'edddn

everybody t \\ -\ kollnas

everything •proA-i

evident rdin_> idi': idi'a'ii clearly,
evident

evil t .1 bis: rc'^OT .~i bisuta

evil spirit rt'cu^ daywa

evildoer (Vn .» hayyabd

exact (verb) tba'/netba'

exalt (verb) r<\\. Pa 'alii: vShaph so'//' to

exalt; exalted , \ »■ c ellay
excellent myatlar
excelling i^^j) myatlar
except that i^lW el la en

exercise rdricu durasa: exercise

(verb) Ethpa etdarras (see "dispute
with")

exertion ifincuuOi ma'bdanuta
exhausted (to become exhausted) (verb)
\vi ■ Aph awhel

existing 71 . n qayyam

expect (verb) r t* -\ m Pa sakki:

expectation ffi -im sabra

expedient w n.a paqqah

expense rc*X\ nn \ nepqta & npaqta

Vocabulary

expert rd^-OXj yado'a

exploit rdiu^-J nesliana

exult (verb) ^cn dd.s/ndus

eye rt!\ .\ 'V/vnc? (f): eye (of a needle)

rt'TOTu hrdra

face r<Z£r< appe (pi only^ndaa^T^

parsopa
fair rCrda pe/rCr^

faith rCii\n_Oi_iro haymanuia

faithful ra/r/r; faithful to \ ■ -\ ^\

/A/7 '«/; fW/tj'iV faithfully
fall ill (verb) mTj* Ethpe etkrah

fall iX'^Aaa^n mappuha: to fall \°> t

npal/neppel: Aph n/>/>e/ to make fall:

fallen (verb) r<^7>i nne/ramya: Aph

armi to cast, lay down, lay before,
offer

false rd\n daggal

falsehood rt\ja cue Jii^rn

fame r^-iX^ refcbo

far off i\ Tn matfad

far xi-ujT rahhiq

farm ftiDicvivj*' agorsa

fashion (verb) \-i\ m gbal/negbol

fast rCnci^ 50U7/10

fasten (verb) s n n qba l 7neqbo' : Ethpe

f/^ftfl' to be set up (cross, e.g.): \rrjrC
ett/r/ziesor
fasting rd^)CV^ $awma

father itirv aba p\ abahe/abalwtd

83

English-Syri

fatigued 10 pi Icyn (emph lava pi

r£.rd lav vd ) (see "toil")

favor rx^7iiii riilimiT.rt)bc\-t i\,
laybiild

fear r^^Awn dehhd:r<)&-*)b\ neicr.io

make fear\, I n Aph aqnef
fearful \ ivin dahhil

feast rC'^OTJL saruta:r?)ba)s^x27i

meswta pi -»r<7/<7
feeble (to grow feeble) (verb)

Ethpa etmalilial
feel (verb) t \i Aph urges: x.ayi

mas/nmus
feeling rrtft t \jt rgesta
few tlallil (see "easy")
fierce rX* t n qse/qasyii
fill (see "full")
finally rX^^Ui luirta. b-

find fault with (verb) \xv't/«///ie' thl

find out (verb) ba.s.si Pa

fine for negligence kIuei besyana

finomrf' \ -i scb'a

finished (to be finished) (verb) Eshtaph
esiamliisee "full"): r\\\ Ethpa

euallaqu: ^nlx slem/neslam: Pa

salient lo finish (trs). fulfill: Ethpa
estallam to he finished, fulfilled

fire rc'icLJ nurd (ft

firm ground rdxcix .w'Vi

first (to do first) (verb) :Oi-o

qdam/neqdam : Pa qaddem lo
precede, go before

Vocabulary

first pjn-o qadmiiy. first of all "rj.T_ciaA
luqdam: first-born xac\n bukar.
firstly k\_^7j:i_n qadmd'it

fit xn\ zddeq

five ,t *7Ui hammes (ft. hammsa (m)

fix (verb) s n n qba'/neqbo' : Ethpe

rf</W to be set up (cross, e.g.)

fix firmly ( verb) iijt. Pa sarrar

llame up (verb) Ethpal emabras (see
"kindle")

Haw rCncO) nmmd: mawme see r£n_i

lice ( verb ) jn T_v' raq/ne 1 roq

flock rrtk-j-vii) mar 1 'ita pi -'yata

Hood ifkAAO rgeltd

fly (verb) jo\^ prali/neprah

follow (verb) rCaA h\d/neh\e:~p\j.

slem/neslam: &ni rdap/nerdop:

°> n t npeq/neqqap: follower rt^ilx
«7/m<7
font rCLuctr^ iic/ir?

food rC^Ar^n mekld: r^n^A lalimd

foolish IaID skill and skel/sakld

fool r<i\i (ft:rf fcvxoia /v/retf

footprint r<^\ ins' eqbtd

for ^_^Lir^ akintin; v^rt ok
man like one who. like him who. as
though; for (prep)\ Ha) ; for \\,*"

meiiiil : meijiil d- for. because: io\^n

variant spelling adiwjjul: for i ■ \^

ger (postpositive): ^ ^X,* 71 mettldl -

84

English-Syr

form of mettul when followed by
enclitic pronouns II: OJUK' aynaw;

ayna-(lt)u which is?; den
(postpositive)
for all generations in dar: l-dar-darin

for ever and ever in dar: l-dar-darin

for that reason ^_cl\u bagdon

for the sake of °i\vi Map (+ pron enc II)

forbid (verb) rdii kla/nekle

force r? ^^'sa/ne' se.rti ,\ n qtira:

qtra 'it by force
ford rCkvin \ "7i ma'barta

fore- ^s\cOj:lcO) mqaddmut

fore >^73n_D qadntay

foreigner rf ■ ifmrf aksnaya

forever l-'alam, l-'alam 'almin (see
"world")

forget (verb) rdi_i nsa/nesse: Ethpa

etnasSi to forget
forgetfulness K^ivo \ ■ tj^Oj

metnassyanuta

forgive (verb) noi sbaq/nesboq: Ethpe

estbeq to be forgiven (see "leave")
forgotten (to be forgotten) (verb) Ethpe
ett'i (see "wander." "astray")

form (verb) \~i \^gbal/negbol: T_o \

zqar/nezqor

form rt^cCnn rf/wfr<7

former >27).T_o qadmay

fortune ctx^gadda

foundation ft'krDtt'&Uc. satesta pi satese

(f): rCis\_Onk\ tannyata (f pi)

fount rdLjj07] Hi'ina(f)

Vocabulary

four s -litf arba' (f). arb'a (m)

fourth ) v i-ii rWav

fox rcAs k\ fo'/o

freeze (verb) a \ \^ Aph agled

Friday r<)s^Da\±_'riibia

friend K^Tiiii rahma: ix'iivi /wftra

from here rdaJ55 mekka

from

fruit rfirda />era

fulfill Pa salient: Ethpa estallam fulfilled
(see "finished." "follow")

full (to be full) r<bn mla/nemle;

mle/malya full: Pa malli to fill (trs):
Ethpe etmli to be filled: Ethpa etmalli
to be filled, fulfilled

fullness K^clA^ malyuta
function rtOan n-n -n ma'bdanuta
futile jX-iilD sriq

Gabriel i^in \_gabryel

gain dominion over (verb) Ethpa estalkn
b- (see "authority")

Galilean rf ■ \ ■ \^ glilaya

Galilee r^\ ,\\ ^glila

gall K'iT^n ntrara: ekal ~ to be galled

Gamaliel (pr nl-LiiV i\*7i\^ gamaliel

garment rdxanA Ibttsa: cCxr&n
mana

gate (TlvT^ tar 1 a (abs rra')
gather (verb) Ethpa etkannas to be

gathered together_i_Jj^ knas/neknos

gaze at (verb) icui haar/nlutr I-

Gedaliah (pr n) rCA'x^gdalya

85

English-Syri

Gehenna rcl\m_y^ gehhanna
generation rC^vrjijc. sarhta
gentle . -v i rakkik
Georgian nCL.T-n_.rC' iheraya
Geront ius Cdc_v__it_\^ gemiflos
gesture ft" On remzfr. to make gestures

On imaz/iwrmoz: with gesture, by

signs \__d\_t) mcmuiz

get ready (\ erh)^__ni(\ Pa taqqen

get \"1 n Pa qabhel

gift rCknmcO) mawhahtii: rdLxn
dSsnii

give (verb) nm_. yah (pert' only: impf

nciicl): nciiel (impf only)
give back (verb) (see "return")
give birth to (verb) ilcd/nelad

giver rd_)C)m_. yahoha

glad (to be glad) (verb) rvAjj hdi/ni'lulC-

glad (to be glad) (verb) Ethpe
eipsab

gladness rC^ftorui Imduta (abs liadua):

r^\o\ nmzii

glass rC^i\ ■ \o_\j> zgdgitd

gloomy \c£nj^'anwuit: T_t_n_v kmir

glory rc^i n ■ re' iqara; rC___10_c. siddld
(abs shuh): glorification
r^\\ >.n-i t )t\ tesbolua

go away xi praq/ncproz

go back on (verb) vv&rn hpak/nehpok: ~

Vocabulary

go before (verb) rOixi qdani/neqdam :

Pa qaddem to precede, go before

go down (verb) nhet/itelihat : Aph

ahlwt to send/bring down: (+' /) to go
against

go forth (verb) jx__i npaq/ncppoz

go in ( verb) \ \ \ 'al/ne"ol

go on (to say. e.g.) °>m . Aph au sep

go out (light, lamp) (verb) try^n

d'ek/ncd'ak
go up (verb) .n\rn sleq/ne.ssaq: have

(someone) come/go up
go. to go \ \nC ezal/nezal

goat rL, , x\^gadya pi gdayya

God rCmW «/«/ic7

gold r__mn (/«/ift(i

Golgotha rC^vAc-^,^ gdgulta

good (thing, deed) nC"iM3^_ jiibtd

good news (to spread good news) (verb)
Pa sabhar (see "think." "imagine")

good ~i\ v jab

gospel rC'iivci \o\_> kardzuia

gout \\ a pejgara

governor r<jci_n_v > rn hegnuma

governorship K'^CY_n_7L\ > fn hegnwnuta

grace rdLaoCLi. .sukanii

grandee rC mien rawrbana

grasp (verb) vs^A Ihak/nelbok
gratitude qubal-iaybuta (see "before")
grave rC\__n qahra

great ni rabb pi nmrbin:

86

English-Syr

Greek tV ■ yawnaya

greetings r^nii slama

grievous (to be grievous) (verh)rf t n

Ethpa etqassi l al
grow strong (verb) °i tqep/netqap

grow up (verb) rc'rji rba (rbi)lnerbe

guard rt'in^j nqtdra:r^)^ : \\ 7 yi

mattarta: ntar mattarta to keep

watch: guard (verb) i\ v > ntar/neffar

: Pa nattar to keep under watch:
Ethpe etntar to be kept

guardian rdl^nrOj mdabbrana

guilt ft^JOii hawba; to find guilty Pa

(tayyeb (see "succumb." "conquered")
habit rc'n . \ ' yada

hairrfi s m sa'ra: strand of hair KlO)
menna

halfr^y^Qi /?e/,g<7;r i C'^\CV\ s l°> petguta

hand rt'XjK' «te (f. const id-/yad-, abs

vrtrf) pi ide/idayya
hand over (verb) Aph ru/fw (see
"finished." follow")

handmill ftlujT rahya

hang upr£\^\ tla/netle: Ethpe etf// to be
hung

Hannan ^^Lu hannan (pr n)

happen (verbtxxJ\^gdas/negdas (see

"cross." "transgress")
happy psih

hard \\ >■ ''let/ at la: ,n m \ ' seq/asqa

harm i.iinm surhana: to do harm to

aj\£D srah/nesroh b-: -v > Aph

Vocabulary

dtA7; Ettaph >^ rt'^ft ettakki to be
harmed
harp tVi^ i n qitara

haste rdnmiaro surhaba

hasten (verb) nroiXD sarheb/nsarheb

hastily msarhba'it (see "hasten."
"timorous")

hate (verb) vCaio sna/nesne

hateful sne/sanya (see "hate")
having (see "seize")

hawk_.0 baz

he is ci_iOro Imyit (for Int-hu)

he oro hit. haw (m sing) that

head ndxi resa

heading rLs. \ resa

heal (verb) Pa dakki to heal; Ethpa etdakki
to be healed (see "pure"): rttort' Pa
assi/nasse. Ethpa era™/ to be healed:
healer rtLiCDrC' oira; healing

rC^aJBK' flivfrto (pi)

health rCOiAcu> Imlmana

hear (verb) _!i_^ix sma'/nesma 1 : Aph

asma' to make hear: Ethpe eitma' to
be heard

heart r<~i\ /ffcfco
heat rCsOjj hitmma
heaven rC .Sn t gmayya (pi)
heavenly body r^-i -v ci_a kawkba
heavy sleep \ ^cA^ tula'a

heavy i i n i yaqqir

heed, pay heed to haar/nluir b- (see
"look." "gaze at")

heel r<~i n s 'eqba (f)

87

English-Syriac Vocabulary

height r£ncn rawnuT. r^na\yi
mrauvw

Hcliopolis OCLjAcl&CLjAk' eliopolis

hell cCsmX^gelihaimd

help ^C^^^OJ^'Ht^nlncT. to help

\tl^ dar/ne' dar

hen K^Acl^JT^ laindgulid

hence i *7i mekkci

henceforth \ < s *w mekkel

here ttLairn harka; wmn

Herod concnm Iwrddes

hesitate Eshtaph. estawliar (see "delay")

hidden I'm in (to he hidden from) rtl£>_u

Ethpa ethappi 'al
hidden things rrtft ■ t \, "n nuyHyaia

hide (verb) Pa./r/.re/ : Aph aisi

to store in a secret place; Ethpa eijassi

to hide oneself: Pa foi.re/ rCsa^.

ksd/iwkse
high priest ivs-kdlme (see "head")

high "pi mm (for verbs see "poi)
hind jT-wr^ /imv

hinder in Pa 'ukkar

hire (to bire) (verb) T-Xf^ egar/negor

hold ( verb) i/yaA Ibuk/nelbok

hold out (verb) • Aph mr.«;f

hole in the ground (\LiAcui (inland

hole rc' <- n \ ncq'a

holy (to make holy) (verb) xruo Pa

qaddes: Ethpa etqaddas to be made
holy, sacred

Holy Spirit rdrnan qndsd. as in ivlid d-

qudsa
holy JLjn_o qaddis

honor (verb) \xi_i Payaqqar

honor rt , T_n_ir<' iqdrd: r<\)}\ myaitrd

honored \ ■ □ ■ yaqqir

hoof rCii\-CDT-& parsta

hope re'vam s«/?ra

horn ncliT_n ^«/7i<7 pi -<7^7

horoscope rdioA^n malwaSa

horse Kla-ii ufAw pi rak.w:rCj£DC\£0

snsdyd

host it"^n\ u» liayluta pi - lawwata

hot _^_jjxx w/i/im

hour it'isvxjE. .«/' la pi ,w7'c 7 (abs .vci' w pi
set in)

house (t'^-in fawn pi bane (const sing
/x>M

household (adj) rCii\_ia baytdyd

how many rCn^ kind (+ abs pi)

how much Kl^m Av/io (+ abs pi)

how Kliii fa/iii (+ abs pi): rf\^ ,r<
aykanna; aykimna d- those who:
a. iff cirfajn

however T ■ X ger (postpositive): ~p\^i

brain: ^ den (postpositive)

howl \\ . AphflWW

Hiilagu cuiKliom luildku llkhan. r.

1256-65
human n'T i ii bar-ndsd

88

English-Syriac Vocabulary

humble

makkik: to humble

\sy* 5) Pa makkek: Ethpa etmakkak to
be humbled
Humiah (pr n) if , tn>i /w/rvd

humiliate (verb) Pa makkek:

Ethpa etmakkak to be humbled
humility rC^s\g t ndsuta

hunger (verb) kpen/kapna hungry °> -\

kpen/nekpan
hungry (see "hunger")

hurt (to hurt) (verb) ,uT_£0 srali/nesroh b-

husband r?\ \ ~i ba 'la; i^in \^ gabrd

hymn rfisuicun.^ tesbolua

hypocritical (to be hypocritical) ncn >
nrafc b-appe

Iberian Kljin .tt' iberaya

Ibn al-'AI-qami i>in\s\i3 bar'alqami

d. 1 258. vizier to Musta'sim
Ibr Kurar (pr n) iio_i barkurar

id est iOirCji Apmo/

idle \\n battdh \ ,\n bjil; bqtlitl in

vain, of no effect
idolrt'Tji^a ptakra

if (contrafactual) aArC ellu

if (possible condition) en

ill (to do ill to): treat ill \c\a. Aph a'wel
b-

ill r^DCVu hawba: m_jTji krih
illuminated T_.rru nahhir

image Kl^iA,. , salma (abs stem);

imagination vC ,Cn\ \<\ pantdsid

4>avTaoi'a
imagine (verb) Ethpa ethaggag;

i ~ifn sbar/nesbar

immediately rC":ui27) meljda: bah b-sd'ta.

bar sd'teb (see "hour"'): \ \s 'gal,
ba-

impious ^ iJt.i rassf

impost rC^ \ fte'Vf/

imprinted (to be imprinted) (verb) Ethpe
ettba' (see "seal." "sink")

imprison (verb) t ~ut hbas/nehboS
imprisonment^ ,yasxu hbttsyd
in (place) ub(a)-

in from of (+ pron end 1) inan qubal,

l-qubalrp?jD qddm (+ pron encl II)

in mourning Lor< abil

in proportion to hcisA Iput

in short rrtft n ".fn°> pdsiqdtd, b-

in the presence of (+ pron encl I) iftaA
Iwat

inasmuch as 'al d- (see "over"): kma d-
rd^Li kma (+ abs pi)

incense rCnm~\ besmd

incline (verb) Ethpe estli (see "pray")
increase (to increase) (verb) Ettaph

eitawsap (see "add"): Pa yattar
indeed x^^ger (postpositive)
inflict pain (verb) jn >t Pa sanneq

89

English-Syr

inform (verb) Aph awda' to inform (see
"know")

inherit it\ T • iret/nerai : Aph awrrtlo

bequeathe to
inheritance rrtft o )n t_i yarlula

injuryrvllijicKD surluma

inner room rdioift lawwana

inside CL^^/inr (also gawwmen. b-

gaww, l-gaww)
insignificant \ ,\ n c/allil: ia^_i c'<5r

insolent aiT^i mairuh

instead of /;/(//>(+ pron enc II)

instruct (verb) Pa darrei to instruct (see
"dispute with")

instructed (to be instructed) (verb) imii

Ethpa eunahhar

intelligence rdiAcUD sukala

intense a ■ ah taqqip

intermediary (f^\o i\ nws'dyutd

invite (verb) Pa zamnien: ffxD

qrCi/neqre: (see "call")
Ionian rf . tn ■ v«iiWflv«7

iron ndni^ parzJii

it is necessary for rd\ci ira/c /-

Italy KLA^T-itf itdlyci

Jacob 12 ani i ya 'qob

jail bei-libusyd (see "imprisonment")
jasper^CLSiia-jrC' iyaspon

JerusaleirrTiliior*' oreslem

li-sus \ n t ■ i.vrV

Jew rdi^om_i yuddyd (-yhuddyd)
job rt'.T ~i \ ' bdda

:. Vocabulary

John «^_iiiO_i ydlianndn

join (verb) a n \ npeq/neqqap

Jordan ^__AnTC\_. yordnan

Joseph °.ron . ydsep

journey rf ^ni^n mardild: to journey

Si Ui Itzaq/nehzoq
Judaea nom_. dtud(-ylwd)
Judahrt'nom.i iluidd/yudd
Judas rfnom_i Uiudd/yudd
judge ( verb) .^cn dan/ndim
judgment seat7i .1 hem
jurisdiction rdiXiiCirf uhddiui
just as kind d-r&Li kind (+ abs pi)
just KLiixli kend: justly kend'ii

justice r^curf-a kemita

keep (a promise) (verb) Aph o.f.w;-(see
"fix firmly")

keep (docks) (verb) rf^-i r'd/ner'e

keep (verb) ^ > mw/neitar. Pa nantir lo

keep under watch; Ethpe elnlnr to be
kept

keep possession of (verb) rfxja Pa qtuldi
kick rfcuai repsd

kill (verb) □ qlal/iwqlol : Pa qatlcl
to slaughter: Ethpe eiqiel to be killed

kind rd\ aid pi zmiyyd (abs oti pi znin):
ba-znd in a (like) manner

kindle (verb) xin l nabies/imabies

kindness ^"1 jaybuld
king rfiA^i hm/Aa (abs m/eA)

90

English-Syp

kingdom K^ftO s \y> malkuta: pi -kwata
kiss (verb) .n t \ nsaq/nessoq
kneel (verb) vyLD brek/nebrak
knock (verb) t n \ nqas/neqqos

know (verb) ida Vnedda ': Aph

awda' to make known: Ethpe etida'
to be known

knowledge (X'kv^-.T-i ida' la

known rdi^_. idi'

Kurd rd:ncLi kurdaya

labor (verb) mal/ne'inal

labor rt\l7i\-'alma: rt)&arZ\ leuta:

F?-*^L±.'bada

laborer rcA \ <\ pit' la

lacking ufflu Ijassir

lad 1^*71 . \ v 'layma

lamb ft'\ \\ 'elga: rt\Znr< emra

lame (to be lame) (verb) t \ vi

hgar/nehgar
lame i ■ \» hgir: en . \ m hgis

lamp (fXjLa^ai lampeda: ffntV^^

lampeda
land rdvirC ar'a (abs ora' ) pi

a/e/afawwata
language rcLixA lessand

lap rdui hannS

large amount ft'rtL\CKD jogcl

last )liir£ /tray

law KincOi-J namosa
lawless dtanamos (see "law")

Vocabulary

lay before (verb) Aph armi (see "cast
down." "fallen." "prostrate")

lay down (verb) Aph armi (see "cast
down." "fallen." "prostrate")

lay waste (verb) 3Tai hrab/nehrob

lead (verb) tjd^ dbar/nedbar

lead back (verb) Aph apni (see "return."
"come back")

leader rfao n°i pdqodd: rCsSnXZn

mdabbrana

lean (verb) Klin Ethpa ethanni

leap (verb) ictx Swar/neswar

learn (verb) °>\ . ilep/nelap (impt ilap)

learning rCi°>\n_i yulpiina

leave (cause to leave) (verb) Aph appez

(see "go forth"): „n~i t sbaq/nesboq:

Ethpe esibeq to be abandoned,
forsaken: to be forgiven

leaven r<'\^n^ limira

left (hand) r^A^nflD semmala:

leg r<\\i reglci(0

lend (verb) Aph asel (see "ask."

"demand")
lengthy (to be lengthy), go on for a long

time (verb) viyj Aph agar
leprous n\\_greb/garba
lest rC^nl l-ma
letter PC^vv^jf eggarta
life (collective) (see "animal): rV t °\ \

napsa (f. abs /i/>e5) pi -ata: r<f . v»

/iflvve (pi)
lift up (verb) Aph asseq (see "go up"):

"pen Aph flrmi; Ettaph efrn'm to be
lifted up:r<d^ tlii/netle

91

English-Syriac Vocabulary

light (to he light) (verb) ioru

nluir/nenliar. Aph miliaria shine,
make light

light (to light) (verb) Aph adleq (see "lit")
light rC'imcLJ imhra: i-ifru nahhir

lightning rtlnT-D harqa

like (prep) ^OjanC akwai

like (to be like) (verb) ^^n^

dind/nedme /-: Ethpa eidammi I- to
resemble

like (to make like) (verb) mruDD Pa

sabbah
like i/yiP?" ok : nk d- as

likeness rOiA <_ ,sahna (abs stem);

rcinaaX^ .m/>.«5
likewise rdi \_a ff akzna: ."Ul^ rc'

akliad: Vo_am hakwat

limb nC^n.Tm haddama

limit (without limit) dliihuslnm (see
"reckoning")

line (fLaV eqqard

lion rdiK' nnw pi -raiiiiwhi

liquorrC'v\_r .w;fc«7

lit (to be lit) (verb) dleq/nedlaq

little hir \ .\ n (/«////

little \ .\ n qallil: z'or

liturgy r&aaXj .wA«7,

liturgy, to perform a liturgy (see
oblations)

live (verb) r<* m liyd/nehlie and nelw:

Aph <//)/»' to give life:

T-^i^J nmr/ne' mar
living things (see "animal)

living ivi Ijayy
lo nCYn /in

load rv / \~icO? mawbld (abs/eonst

mawbal. f)
loaf (of bread) rrtft —iV^g/^sfi/

lodging rdjort' (/iniww

long (time) 1 • \J nagger

look (verb) tcui lular/nlmr I-

look for (verb) \ n b'd/neb'e

look out (of a window, e.g.) (verb) xion

Aph o<//V/

loosen (verb) K'tj. srd/nesre

Lord God Sabaoth hk7; w7 haylldnd (see
"strong." "mighty")

lord of all La \i) mdre-kol

lord tX'TJn wi«/y? (const mare) pi

marayyd/mdrawwdld
Lord, the rdT^ri mdrya

lossrdiiTDCLu husrdnd

lost n-otf (//>('(/

loud "pi ;<7//t (for verbs see "pen)

love (verb) Aph ahheb (see "burn"): •jcluT

rljem/nerham
love K'^OjaiT rehmtd

lower (verb) Aph (jrAcf; : Ethpe

eirken to bow down: ^__a i Aph
«rfa»ii : Ethpe eirken to bow down
low-lying tr^j7j^7) mmakkak

luck rtx^gaddd

Ma'nu(prn) o * s "w ma' mi

92

English-Syr

Macedonia it' . \m n^n maqedoniya:

maqedonaya Macedonian
made ready ii'n^ gmir

Magdalene ;\i \jn magdlay

maiden rc'Xv Ti ,\ >, 'Inymtn

maidservant K'^Oift' anna pi amhata
maimed i Si psig

make (verb) \zzi>J'bad/ne c bed

make king (verb) Aph amlek (see
"advise")

make whole (verb) "pAai Aph ahlem

maker rfnoajk-'flfcorfa

Makkika (pr n) pf -\ ■ s "n makkika

malice rO^a t ,-i bisuia

man (V t s\n bar-nasa: r<\rx\^ gabra
manage (verb) Pa dabbar (sec "lead")
management r< xninc pursana

manger rrL.innC' orya

manner; rxll \ .-/ja pi znayya (abs cn/i pi

znin): ba-znS in a (like) manner
many r<t<\c\£v saga: y\£0 saggi

marble rC t ■ t ji'm

March inrC arfar

Marcianus fnn \ . n n -n marqianos

Mark cdcldt^j marqos

market Kin cue 5/(170

marriage rrl\ali> hlola

martyr (X'rirraD .vfl/irtfl

martyrdom ft^onrrKD sahduta

Vocabulary

marvel K^tcO)^ tedmurta pi

tedmrata
marvelous T_.m^\ ihir

Mary •^cut^t) maryam

Maryab(prn) nrn-ji^n maryab

master builder rtlLa^nrC ardekla

master rdrn rabba: r^\ \ ~i /w'/n:

K' : C73 (const mare) pi

marayya/maramvata
matter rdnvt ftinba

matter, affair rc^s\cu^. ,sfo»fa pl.5e/?u<5fa

Matthew mattay

Maximian coa \ , *r\m *w maksemyanos

May T-.rt' ev<7/-

mean ^ ..t si)

measure (verb) Fa massal) (pass part
mmassah measured, moderate) (see
"anoint")

measure of weight rxlj_Oj mama

measurement rC^AjQ t 1) msulila pi

mushaia

medicinal herb rC \ n \ 'pqqnm

medicine samma pi sammane (see "blind")
meditate (verb) Ethpa ethassab (see

"count." "reckon"): r^^m Ethpa

ethaggi: KllT ma/neme
meet (verb^Tr^eraV/iera': xn » c<7c/eo
meeting house ff'-in^^ .-1 bet-sawba
meeting placeK^o^ sawba
meeting Kl^TCirC ur'a (abs wa c )
melt (verb) T_i_a psar/nepsar

93

English-Syriac Vocabulary

member r^mm hadddmd

memorial rCiamcix'ii//(M/in: rxLiT-a cn

dukrdnd
memory rtlnmCLiJ ululdna

mental \_A^) mlil

merchant K'taJsv tagra

mercy (have mercy on) (verb) Pa rahhem
'al (see "love")

mercy rC/un rafima: rf^cui^uji^i

inralflimdiund

Mesopotamia , -im »^ ■ ~> bet-nahrinc

message rC^orO^jutf izgadduta :

pCk\Ovi i \ t slihutd

messenger rdsi_Ai Stiff 3

messiali m ■ t *n m.vi/i: msihd the Christ

middle rtl^la pelga: rfk^-^n

msa'ta (const me? at): rc^n y^o,
pelguta

midnight pelgut-lelya (see "middle")
midst pC'^la.^ti m.ya'td (const me fat)

might r<\ ■ vi /i(7v/(7: > i q >- ' usna

mighty ^.t \ UtSsin

mighty t~» V. gabbar ^\

liayltan: \~\ \ \_ gabbar

mild i r> ■ -v S rakkik

mile . >i /;i//(7

mill rdj-ui w/rvfl

millstone rayfiya da-hmdrd (of a gristmill
turned by a donkey) (see "mill")

mina rd-Oi manya

mind rC! * ■ v i re'vamr. n^ V ■ v n X\

ministration r<ii\jOii^\ teSmesta

mirror rC%_,Uii5 meftzita

missing i .fOvi /k/.v.v/V

mistress rC^T^n marta

mock Aph «///iW b- (see "praise")

moderate vi t ~7i^n mmassah

moist hi^i /•(<(»/>

moisture r^on rattibutd

mollify (verb) ajCit Paravu//!

moment rCs*±_'edddnd

money rc^rn-y kespd

Mongol KLjAxcC73 mogldyd

month ttliiVj yarfia (abs irah)

more than t_i^\_. yattirmcn : orC t/»f
more yattira'it (see "more than")
morning rc\&^ ,sapra pi faprwata

Moses rCico? mi/.w

mother rdijfx' emmc? pi emmhatd

motion (pertaining to motion) ) >^ ■

mzi' dnay
mount (verb) n^i rkab/ncrkab

mountain peak rdx senna (f)

mountain rC'in^ ///;•«

mounted soldier rCiia parrasa

mourning rdiarC rWii

mouse rC\mxiCL^'(«//;ra

mouth r^Tjoa /i/mw

move far away (verb) jiin Aph arhcq

much >-\^D .«/)?<;/

94

English-Syr

multitude rg*T \-\ kensa
murder r^\\ n qetla
murderer rC^o\, n qatola
murmur (verb) rtan/nerlan

Muslim (to become Muslim) (verb) i_\rn

Aph aphgar
Muslim (XIOjAjOj maslmdna
Musta'sim. last Abbasid caliph, r. 1242-

58 "p^j^krocOi musta'sem

mute hres/harsa (see "silent"): XL_.5i\_t
sattiq

mutter (verb) rtan/nertan
myriad nni rebbo (abs)

Najmal-Din (pr n) ^_i.iArt' ")Q-\ci

najm aldin
naked \xJaifel(lay)

name (verb) rt'T.n qra/neqre: (see
"call")

name rCn-t sma (abs sem) pi smahe; to
be named m^ix Ethpa eStammah

narrate (verb) rdh ina/nelne

natal star rCiCii^j malwaiS

nation rx'^Oiort' wnmta

nature rtlLa kyana: pertaining to
nature ■ > ■ •> kycinay

Nazarene rtL.V^_i nasrdyd

Nazareth nasrat

near 'al-yad (see "over"): ZL-ii-D qarrib:

nearly rt^n-i .i n qaiributad-

Vocabulary

Nebo on \ /ie£>o

necessary (to be necessary) (verb) Ethpe
etb'i (see "seek." "look for")

necessary rdvJ3 ioj melb 'e/metba' ya
necessity rfk\c\ n ■ \m

sniqiitairC \ rt tcvco simqana
neck rt'TO^ sawra

need (in need of") ji ■ >Pr> .m/^ 'o/: XL-LCD

Ethpe Mftjpg ' al
need (verb) tf^n n ■ \CV sniquta

need rdLXUCiCD simqana

needed (verb) Ethpe <7fc7 (see "seek."
"look for")

needle n\ w^n m hall a

neglect (verb)rOm Aph ahmi men

negligence > jazi besyana

negligible (to be negligible) (verb) Ethpe
ett'i (see "wander." "astray")

ncplioihlpr^ ^Ih'ti met? e

neighbor rt^-i-i * sbaba

neighborhood rf^cinnjt. sbabuta

nerve rfn. . \^ gycida

new ^ Xu Mat/hadta (emph hadta -

e/hdalta hadlata)
next to .Tr<\_ sed (+ pron end II: also

spelled X-> ,.): X-i^ sed (with pron

end II usually spelled ^^^^)

next .^jiisva bdlarken

night v< i\\ lelyci pi layle/laylam\ata

nine ^_ris\ tfn* (\")lte?a (m)

95

English-Syr

noble re" \ t i resdiid: rCi n .^ti

myaqqrd: \ i n i yaqqir

nobleman rt'nrclyi herd

nonetheless^oTJD brain

north, the north rC ,n\\^garbyd:

(gabba) garhydyd north side
not (is not) ai law = ld-(h)u: also as

negative prefix as in law saggi not

much: not very
not much law saggi (see "not")
not very law saggi (see "not")

notable K'in i>i myaqqrd

nourish (verb) >£cn^ larsi/nlarse

nourishing .^crnk^n intarsyan

nourishment rrtinn .fn saybarld

November / >\j£.5i\ tesrHn)

liray

now _j_a A</v (particle of emphasis):

rCxm Ati.wJ

Noyan (Mongolian princely title) «^_jC\_i
iiaydn

number rdi_i_l27j menydnd

nutritious .^ffri^Oi intarsyan

() (vocative) arc' aw

oath rt)?Cnc\2n mawmid

oblation r< \-naxi qnrbdnd

oblations, to make oblations, to perform

the liturgy zi\j3 Pa qarreb

October tesrin qdem (see "November")
odious sne/sanyd (see "hate")

of (prep) n d(a)-

offend ( verb) Ajc_i Aph aksel

Vocabulary

offense r?\n r I'n maksula

offer (verb) Aph armi (see "cast down."

"fallen." "prostrate"): \, t . Aph

awse.t
oil r<vi t *w meslui

old (to grow old) (verb)ar<CD seb/nesab

old man r£nOD sdbd

old xi_.k\_^'f7»/(jr: t . t n qassis;

~P->3-n qaddim : men qdim of old.
long ago. from eternity
on account of \\,*n mettiil : mettiil d- for.

because: ia\ (7 ^7j variant spelling of

mettiil: )s\ menial - form of
mettiil when followed by enclitic
pronouns II: °>\v> hldp (+ pron enc II)

on the one hand. . . on the other hand

man usually followed by den
on ^b(a)-

on al (with pron end II. '/-)

one another tfnruj (ul add: (tad 'am had

with one another
one had/hdd : had 'am had with one

another
only -in .vi ■ iliiddy

open (verb) ptali/neplah: Pa patiah

to cause to be opened: Ethpe etptah to
be open, opened

opening K'Jsvcui kawula pi kawwe (abs

kawwd pi kawwin) (f)

openlyrdA^^c/v<7, b-

opinion (t'^v ■ s, i i\ tar' itd

or art" aw

96

English-Syf

order (verb) r\_a.& pqad/nepqod

order jaksa, teksa:cCA\nc\°i

puqdana
organ ^__n \ \T,ar<C organon

orient rdij_inJ7j madnhd (abs/constr

madnah)
ornament rfift-^ sebtd pi -te

other rdiiuri' hreta/hreta pi

hrane/hranyatd
outcry r<Vx_o i/om

outside of \n bar (l-bar men)

over /'W wp/i (see "above"): \±.'al (with

pron encl II, '/-)
overcome (verb) i zka/nezke

overflow (verb) s.,°i, t Spd/nespa'

overlay (verb) "pT_rj qram/neqrom

overlayed'jLjTxi qrim

overtake (verb) i/^i n Aph adrek

overthrow (verb) KLi \ zka/nezke

overwhelm (verb)an^ Aph atip

pagan r<a_Uj lianpd

paganism ff^cta «<■■ lumpiila

page yateb-wa'dd (see "sit," "stay."
"dwell")

pain fxlDKli keba: rf \ ■ -\ \ nekyana

painter rfi_j^_ sayyaid
palace tra' -malkuta (see "gate."
"doorway"): rtLixarC" apadnd

Palestine i .^mVov palestine

Pallut (pr n) ^ala pallut

parable rdiiiO) mat Id

Vocabulary

paradise n<m ,ii <\ pardisa, pardaysd

paralyzed >i t msarray

parent iX*nctA_i yalodd

parrot QDC\-\ \ \ titikos/taytikos

partake cr>\ \ tes/nel'as

pass the night (verb) k\an bat/nbttt

passion rdi_u hassa; rt'^Onn rehmta

path ."IT sbila

paw tf^vcola /w$r<5

peace treaty r<l^i_i-0 qydma d-sayna

(see "contract")
peace rdiiLt l/c/mo: re* \ . t

Mvna:t< At selya

pearl rt^ , ■ \ \JC71 marganitd pi -nyata

pebble r<(T)°iCLD i/ii/un

penetrate (verb)wU3 bzalx/nebzoh

people K'.t \f< /law anybody.

somebody ;?o.v, nobody /anoi:

Kzj^Jammd pi rOnip^ 'amine
perceive (verb) Eshtaph estauda' (see

"know"); t \i Aph arges: \^cn

Ethpa esiakkal
perceptive t . \j rgis

perchance i~i -\ kbar

perfected T_i^i\^ gmir

perhaps jak Taxa

perish xnrt" ebad/nebad to perish:

Aph awbed to cause to perish
permit eacna Aph fl/»/w.v

permitted k\_Ax Slit

97

English-Syri

persecute ani rdap/nerdop (+ bdlar)

persecution of i°>o:n rdupya'al

persevere in (verb) .^nrC Ethpe etemen
b-

Persia Cd\°i pares

Persian <^ '' ajimuiya: (xLlCDX^

pdrsdyd

person ri.i \\n bar-nCisd: rOjo_Ln
qiwma

persona rcl°iCi^T°i parsdpa

personally qnomii'il (see "person")

persuade (verb) 0Q_l°i Aph apis (with

nonspiranli/etl/). derives Ironi
TTEtoai): mpis leb he was persuaded:
Ettaph eltpis. usually eljpis to be
persuaded, instructed

pertaining to the soul > \ r °> \ napsanay

Peter ( m ) r<a kepd

petition (verb) K^vo \ ti /w'h/o

Pharisee t iT3 />/i.ffl

phial rV.\ ■ °> pyald p\ pyalds

Philip (pi n) coo °> ■ \ ■ °> pilippaws

philosopherrdacKDaLx^ pilosopa

Phoenicia tV n ■ taa pnniqe

pigment sitmma pi sammdne (see "blind")

piled up (to be piled up) (verb) r<li_a

Ethpe elksi
pine K'nrf ana

pit r<^y)CL\^gimidsa

pity (to have pity) (verb) Qdcui

bds/nbus; rclllDCUi hawsdnd:

pitiness - dld-hausdn
placate (verb) Pa ra"i (see "tend."
"keep." "rule")

Vocabulary

place (verb) Aph aqim (see "rise up."

"arise"): "paro sam/nsim: Ettaph

ettsim to be put. be located
place ri'iJiMf atrd pi -re/-

rawwaicr.r<)b-y a ^ diikkta

plan (verb) Ethpa ethassab (see "count."
"reckon")

plan rctoicua pursd

plant (verb)3^_i nsab/nessob ; Ethpe

elnseb to be planted
plant firmly ( verb) Pnsattet

plaster (verb) aA^ Pa kalles

plate (verb^T-O qram/neqrom

pleasant \Q rgig: ~p-±OX3 bassim

pledge (t'.wo ua'dd

plot (verb) Ethpa ethassab (see "count."
"reckon"): Ethpa etparms (see
"spread")

plotr^arin.a pursd

plow (verb) plal.i/neplolj

point the linger (verb) phi) seb'd (see
"spread." "stretch out")

policeman r< >T_. gziriiya

pool K'^-.rtrOi s *7> ma'moditd

poor rC \ -\ fn>) meskena

porch rCcA^mrf e.v/itw, otocx

portico rrViN^roir' e^/Ho. oroa
possessing (see "seize")
possible, it is KLn-UK* ananqe

(dvdyKn) ananqe
pound ■ mwiva

pour out (verb) .■\Jt.K' esad/nesod; Ethpe
eieied to be spilled, shed

98

English-Syr

pour over oneself (verb) Ethpe

einsel
power c<"\ .v) liayla
powerful (see "seize")
praise (verb) Aim Pa hallel : m~i.,t. Pa

sabbah; Ethpa estabbah to be praised
praise ft"^Ui on t ^\ tesbohta

pray (verb) rxA^ Pa salli ('al for); Ethpe

estli to incline
prayer rC^oA,. .s/o/<5 pi flawwata

pre- )tvn>n n>i mqaddmut

preach (verb) \T_i Aph akrez

preaching rt'^cuciTji karozuta

precede (verb) Pa qaddem (see "go
before." "do first")

pre-dawn rx'i <\.i. sapra

prefiguration mqaddcim-fa'ar (see

"representation")
pregnant (to become pregnant) (verb)

qabbel bajita (see "receive." "get")

prepare (verb) ^_o^\ Pa laqqen:

Pa.M.vvW?

prepared \-i)&±.'tid (d- + impf. to do

something)
present (to be present) Ethpa ettayyab
(see "prepare")

prevail (verb) a_ofc\ Iqep/netqap

previously "p:\_ooA hiqdam

price rc^n-A^ jima (usually pi)
priest (verb): to serve as a priest, perform
priestly functions Pa kahhen

priest rxllrrii kalma: vC\y><xi kumra

priesthood ixL.a_ifnji kalmuta

priestly i Itra kalmay

prince rxlLti resana

Vocabulary

prison bet-hbusya (see "imprisonment");
r<T_i£Dft^(\_iJD bet-asire

prisoner rfT ■mrC asira
proceed (verb) Aph asqel (see "remove."
"take away"): rt'.TT rda/nerde

proclaim (verb) \Ki Aph akrez

proclaimer rt'iciT^ kardza

procurator rda^ ,°\r< epitrapa

£TTITpOTTOC

profession r<^v_i^oii\ tawdita
property of A_.n dil (+ pron end I)
prophet .1 i nbiya
prosperity rf \ ■ t sayna
prostrate (verb) r^ni rme/ramya
protection r<_> \^ genua

Protonice (pr nJrxlcu-icA^ol^

protoniqe
prove ffm > Pa nassi

psalmtficOM zamora; r<)s\ \
zmirla

psychological |'"^' napsanay

publicly {< ■ \ \^ gelya, b-

purchase (verb) re" \ n qna/neqne

pure (to be pure) (verb) rrLy ^ dka/nedke

pure ^ ten snin

purify (verb) .\cvx A P n

pursue (verb) aii rdap/nerdop

Pusaq (pr n) xKDCta /huh?

put (verb) Aph aqim (see "rise up."

"arise"): "pctfD sam/nsim; Ettaph

ettsim to be put, be located

99

English-Syr

put away (verb) xlmT Aph arheq

put in authority (verb) \,\t Pa sallet

put on (verb) t ~i\ Ibes/nelbas

quantity rt^cuiixi kinayuta

queen rrtft -\ W malkld

quickly ,\ -\\ ''gal, ba-

radiant (to be radiant) (verb) .\Jt-2i Aph
apreg

rage c?)sC7Ui lu-mmtd: K'\-\cn nigzd

rain K' : v\ 7 ^73 met id
raise (verb) Aph asset) (see "go
up"):r<l^ Pa 'alii

raise up (verb) pen Aph arinr. a_a \

zqap/nezqnp : Ethpe eztlqep to be
crucified

rank ir'ttrvN^ taksd, tcksd
ray rcln_iA\ zalliqd

read (verb) ft'i.a qnVneqiv: Ethpe ergr/'

to be read out. called
ready (to be ready) Ethpa ei.layyab (see
"prepare")

ready ^)s^'tid (</- + imp!', to do

something)

rear (verb) >ixn^\ larsi/ntarse

real' r^-" htissa

reason rt^ \ >. 'i-llid p| rt'V \ \\ 'elldtd

rebel (verbtni^T) mrad/ncmrad

receive (verb) :a£ru nsab/nessab : \~t n

Pa qabbel
reckon (verb) -TULai hsab/nehsob

reckoningrOruccui husband:
illalutsban without limit

Vocabulary

recline (verb) Ethpe estmek (see "rest
against"): recline at table (verb)

CQC£i\^ Aph agess

recognize (verb) Eshtaph estawda' (see
"know")

recovery rdOiAcui lutlnumd
redeem (verb) re* \ n qna/neqne
reflect (verb) rOn rna/neme
regal > -\ W malkdy
regard (verb) Ethpa eibayyan

region ■ >°> pnita

registrar of tribute rC*TAnn\, .tabbuldrd

reign ('((/over) (verb) Aph amlek (see
"advise")

rejoice (verb) A P n apreg: \cn

rwaz/nerwaz:r?\u hdi/nehde

rejoicing (t^cn rutfz.d

relate (verb) rC\,j Ethpa esla"i

released (to be released) (verb) t^tul

Ethpa esummuv
rely (verb) rC±a Ethpa etlianni

remain j.aa pds/npiis: (X'cin Pa
qawwi

reinaining "71 ■ n qayydm

remember (verb) nm^_ Ethpa ei'ahhad:

dkar/nedkar (pass part dkir has

act & pass senses): Ethpe etdkar to
remember: Ethpa etdakkar to be
mindful of

re me mbrance rd T_i a ^ diikrdnd
remote iajUi mab'ad

remove (verb) xun Aph arheq: Lqjc

sqal/ncsqol: Ethpe estqel to be
removed

100

English-Syriac Vocabulary

rend (verb) uAii\ tlah/nelloh
renounce (verb) i a kpar/nekpor b-
repeat (verb) ma/netne
repent (verb) aok\ lab/ntub

repentance K'iftnn ik\ tyabuta

reply punay-per-gama (see "return"): Pa
pawn (see "return." "come back"):

rC±±.' na/ne' ne

report ndn^ jebba
represent (verb)io^ $ar/n.siir (pass part
T-j - sir)

representation ir<V soar (see io_ )

reproach r<":uiiii hesda: rf^\ clatelOj

maksanuta
request (verb)prtftcu □ ba'uta

require ( verb) ^ tha'/netba'

resemble (verb) Ethpa etdammi /- to
resemble (see "seem." "like")

rest (the rest: remainder) ndi \x Harks
rest against (verb) vy7i£D smak/nesmok
rest (f^iv vi ■ \ nyahta: rC vi ■ \ nySlila

rest, to be at rest «c\j nali/niiuh : Aph

anil) to give rest to: Ettaph etlnih to
rest

retain (verb) rCxn Pa qaddi

return (int) (verb)ir^am hpak/nehpok: Pa
happek

return (trs) (verb) i/\^m Pa happek

return (verb) r< ■ \cia pimSyS: rC \<\
pna/nepne: Aph n/vH cause to return:
Ethpe etpni: ^\ v 'lap/ne'top: Pa
'<w«y» to clothe: to give back

reveal (verb) r<'\ \^ gla/negle : Pa galli to

reveal: Ethpe eigli to be revealed:
gle/galya open, revealed: galya'it
openly, in public

revelat ion > -\ \^ gelySnS

revert (verb) Aph apni (see "return."
"come back")

revile (verb) ^-T-X. P a gaddep b-/l-/ 'al ;
Ethpa etgaddap to be reviled
reward (verb)^xa pra'/nepro'

rib r<Z±Ar< el' a (f)

rich (to grow rich) (verb) \)s^jtj tar/ne'tar

riehT-ifcv-s^'fl/r/y

riches rt'T i\ nj^'f/rra

ride (verb) nai rkab/nerkab

right (hand, side) (tLi_Oi_, yammina

right (to make right) (verb) ^_rjii\ Pa

taqqen: Aph a^e/j to set in order
right tryi^ tris; zadeq

righteous XL-iH \ zaddiq

rip out (verb) qar/ne 'qor

rip up (verb) \jn^ 'qar/ne 'qor

rise (sun) (verb) dnali/nednah ;

Aph adnah to make (the sun) rise
rise (verb) ~yxn qam

rise up (verb) "pctn qam/nqum

rite r<CQjA, taksa, teksa

river rCirru nahra pi -rawwaia

road (0 (<iiinr<' urha

robber rcVn . \^ gay-yam

rockftlardi Ae/w (f):rdv cut. so' a

101

English-Syr

roll (verb) ir^Ui krak/nekrok

roll away (verb) \ .\\ Va'aggel

Roman (V i>iorrn rdmdyd

Romer^nofr)i mine

rooftop rt'o^ft' eggdrd

root r^i n \ ' eqqdrd

roundabout K'incui l-hndrd

royal ( -\ \ v 7i nuilkdy

rubbed off ( verb) \°i n Ethpe en/pel

rubbed out (verb) \_a_o Ethpe elqpel
rule (verb) Aph amle k ( see "advise"): Pa
diibbtir (see "lead"): rC±\ i'd/nei'e

rulerC'^CLiA^Tj imilkuid: pi -kwaia

run (verb) \cr>\ rhej/ncrluij (impt hart)

sabbath tfiiuix sabbta

sack nm saqqd

sacred i_iX_n qaddis

sacrifice rxlunrt ilebfui

sacrifice! verb) . uTi.i Pa dabbali

sad (to be sad) (verb) T^to Elhpe

eikinar. ttm Iuix/iwIMuis

sad t_i^li Am/r

sadly, mournfully V . t t >■ liassisd'it

sainted i_i.T_n qadtlis

Salome (pr nlpalx .idiom

salt ix'mW melht'i (f)

salv ation nr* > nine purqdnd

Samaritan rdii^xx sdmrdxd

Vocabulary

sanctify (verb) x.\jd Pa qaddes: Ethpa

etqadda.i to be made holy, sacred
sand rdiii /i«/<7

sandal rdi£r£7) msdnd

Satan rd^jCP sdjdnd

Saturday rC'kuxr sabbta

save (verb) rt*^a Vapassi: 3 iclx

sa\\~eb/nsa\vzeb; Eshtaph estawzab to
be delivered

savior rdnciT-a pdrdqd

say (verb) i^nit* emar/nemar (/-

someone. '«/ about): Ethpe etemarlo
be said

say gently (verb) "p^i Pa rattem

scabbard ndrxjift tiqd

schoolmaster cm «7/>w

scourge (verb) x^j Pa/i<>,?(/(i

scrape off ( verb) i gar/neggor

scratch (verbl^Xu Imij/iielinil

scribe r<T_aiD sdprd

scripture rOstaa ktdbd

scrulini7.e(verb)r<lrL3 Ethpa etbaqqi

sea r<1^7i_i yammd pi rd^ilg_i yamme

seal (verb) -A y tba'/netba' : "pi(U)

lidtma
seal r< s n\, ,/«/' '(7

search into (verb) r<\^-3 bassi Pa

season rCw^'eddanci

seat n r" ,rn io a kursyd pi -wuir(7fr7

second rt'i .i)t trayyaiuVtrayyanita

102

English-Syr

secretly (XLiflii kesya, in-
securely zhira'h (see "wary")
see (verb)rC'uj hza/nelize; Ethpe etbz.i to

be seen, appear
seek (verb) rf.s, ~i b'S/neb'e : .!>_a^\

tba'/netba'
seem (verb)r^jn dma/nedme /-; Ethpa

etdammi I- to resemble
seem good to (verb) i °> t spar/nespar

I-

seize (verb) Xvirt' ehad/nelwd past part

(a/ri</) has both act & pass senses,
also means possessing, having,
powerful:

self (reflexive pron)rd_2i_l napsa (f. abs

npes) pi -ata: r£ysc\ \ n qnoma
sell (verb) Pa zabben (see "buy")
send (verb) i.u. Pa saddar. Ethpa

estaddar to be sent, dispatched; «\ i
ilaWneslah Ethpe <>,5//fl/i to be sent
sense t \i r^sci

senselessness ifincLLajSiOi

metnaUxanuta
sensory ^_i_\J03 margsan

gf-pulrhrp rr'in-i nV .-i bet-qbura

sermon rt\2nr£n memra

servant rfnn s 'abda

serve (verb) jOix Pa sammes; *Aa.

plali/neploli
service K'kOuij tesmesta

servitude (to be reduced to servitude)

(verb) (see "work")
set forth (verb) Aph asqel (see "remove."

"take away")

set free (verb) rC^a Pa /wypi

Vocabulary

set in order (verb) Aph aiqen (see "right."
"get ready." "prepare"); ^vn^ Pa
sabbet

set on fire (verb) vi bab/nehhob

set up (verb) s ~i n qbd/neqbci : Ethpe

eiqba' to be set up (cross, e.g.)
settle (trs) (verb) Aph asri (see "stop."
"camp")

seven \n Sba' (f), sab'S (m)

severe iVt n qse/qasya; °\ ,\m liarrib

SeverusCDoioiO wuwym

sew (verb) \cuj hqt/nluit

shame K'xcqai /if.ftW

shamed by (to be shamed by) (verb) °» -\ \

Ethpa etnakkap b-
shape rc'iiNCOj^ dnuila

share (verb) a^ojc Ethpau estawtap

sharp-^-jTjj liarrib

she_.m hi

shed (verb) njcr^ esad/nesod: Ethpe

etesed to be spilled, shed
sheep rCz3\x.'erbo: r< \\ 'ana

shepherd rC^i ra'ya pi

ro' ayya/ra' awwata
shine (to shine) (verb) totj

nhar/nenhai" Aph o/i/m;- to shine.

make light; Aph apreg: .u ,_l

nsah/nensah
shining rni,V<7>
ship rfX\j .o,fYi spina pi -e/spinata

Shmeshgram (pr n) "pi \t -7ix

imesgram
shoe t V >m> i msana

103

English-Syf

shop K"Va_iu Ijdnuid pi -nwaia
shoulder Kla^ kaipd pi -e/-dld
shout K^t\ \\ ■ illta pi yallata

show (verb) K"cui Pa//mrm'

shut (verb) Ethpe i>»/n»</ to shut (see
"seize")

Shwida (pr n)(fn_iax Swida

sick (get siek) (verb) mi_i Ethpe rtfau/i

sick m_iTj* krih

sickness fX*,T vi luusa\r£nr<j± keha
side ff~i \^ gabhd ( ahs gebb )
sight rC^uj {tzTua

sign tfi!\r< CnCr. pi. rCijvciitv r<*: rt'on

signet r<rti\ xi \aJ <\-</f<7
signs (by signs) i^ni^n mennaz
silence rdn^z. .sVf<7<7: keep silence
(verb) jna\_x. sieq/nesioq

silent (to be silent) (verbj-riji

Iires/ncljras: Ures/liaria dumb. deal',
mute

silk PC'Trdx. sera: ■ -\ i rt/U/A

silken (irdr vc/v/v

Siloam rr\in\ ■ t silolui

silver rCnrsiD .« s »n7: rr'o.m-v kespd

Simeon n\ *n t Sent' on

Simon , <~ >^ sent' on

Sindban(prn) >cn sinbim

sing psalms (verb) Pa zommtir

Vocabulary

sink (hit) (verb) v iN^ fha'/netba' : Pa

tabba' to sink (trs):
sinner tV .\, m liaiidyd

sister rC'kvA) liala pi ahmlla

sit (verb) ileb/neiieb: ydteb-wa'dd

page

six set (ft. (e).sw (m)

skilled (to be skilled) (verb)imi) Ethpa

etmahhar
skilled T_i<nij /»/»>

slander (verb)rf^ in qarsd

slaughter (verb) caa_l nkas/nekkos: Ethpe

cinkes to be slaughtered
slaughter n qrp.f/o

slave ft'.'Uiv ' alula

sleep (verb) </y7>n dmek/nedmak

sleep rc^ it .w//<7

sleep, slumber "pcu nam/nnum

small cattle ftliiL 'f7/!<7

small_EJXXin duqdaq : icu.\ ;'or

smite (verb) rC'vi^ mltii/nemlie 'al

smother (verb) n Ui Imaq/neluwq

snatch (verbl^^yj lihip/nehtop

soaked, to get soaked (verb) rt'i^ fra

UriVnetre
society r< \ ■ \ s ''enyana

soften (verb) Aicn Pa rayyah

sojourning (verb) sre/saiyd (pass part)
(see "stop." "camp")

sole —in i vi i iltiddy

solemnize (verb) iiO\ Pa zavvah

104

English-Syr

something "p:Oj meddem

son bra (constr bar-) pi bnayya

(abs bum) son:_iin £><?/• my son

sons ry' l <"i bnayya

sorrow rCx-u hasiia

sorrow (verb) ttvi has/nelthas

sortrdn ;/i<7 pi zmyya (abs zan pi ;;i/'//);

ba-zna in a (like) manner
soul rCi-^-i napxa ({. aba npes) p\ -ala

soundTi i\« /i/mi

source ftl^cuiij mabbti'a

south .^7i_.ift tayman ; taymnay

southern: (gabba) taymnaya south
side

sow (verb) .vti zra'/nezro'

spacious 4i_>ciT rawwilf

Spain i laxprt' espanya

span rc^ i i zarta pi -e

speak (verb) H^j Pa mallei: Ethpa

etmallal to be spoken, told

species (frm \^ gensa

spend (money) (verb) Aph appez (see "go
forth")

spend the night (verb) iftcuD bat/nbui

spice r<!27irn~i besma

spirit rtluoi r/i/ia pi -e/-ata (f)

spit (verb) jixn raq/nerroz

spread (verb) psat/nepso): CDT.a

pras/nepros(lrs & int)
spring up (verb) mCuc. swah/nesu-ah

Vocabulary

spring rdvCLn^j mabbu'a : ri'i a *»

rn'i/M (f)
sprinkle (verb) oafDi ras/nerros

spur (verb) \, \ ~i b'af/neb'at

stall ft'^cuui hamita pi -nwata

stamp ftinaT rv/7.fa

stand up (verb) gom

standing 71 . n qayyam

starr£i^ci_i kawkba

stay (verb) iteb/netteb: yateb-

wa'da page:_i.a£k pas/npus:r^<xn
Pa gwmri

staying (verb) sre/sarya (pass part) (see
"stop." "camp")

steal (verb) "1 < \^ gnab/negnob to

steal

stick r^fn < n gmso

stitch (verb) ^cui hqt/nhitt

stone (f) rdarCi Ae/'o

stone (verb) ^Ovj rgam/nergom

stop (verb) rCvt sra/nesre ('al at. near);

story rCjDVr sarba: rC^ > s t ^ ra.fi/i5

pi tafyata
straightforward </y»iii\ frij

strange >tjic\_» nukray

stranger IX* ■ Ifm ft" aksnciya

stream r^irru nn/ira pi -ramvata

strength r<!i_.cuj liuyala:

re" \ t n >■ ' »fii^T

105

English-Syi-

strengthen (to gain strength) ^jr s

'.scn/ne\sun:S-LM Pa (uiyvel
stretch out (verb) \, t <\ pfcij/nepsoj

strip bare (verb) .«\ x slah/neslah

strong (to be strong) (verb) Ethpa
cihayyal (see "strengthen")

strong drink r^i -\ t sakra

strong \ i vi haxltan : \_i \jJazziz

stumble (verb) Aph ahgar. ~ 'al qupsd to
stumble on a pebble (see "lame")

stupor K\ \c*L, tula' a

succumb (vcrb)3CLM hdb/nhub

suffer (verb) * ▼ >» has/nehhas

suffice, be sufficient (verb) xlslOD

spaq/nespaq
Sulnyman Shah (pr nimrxix

^__r^n_»AcUD siilaymdn salt

sum r^Vn t . \ -v knistitd

summer re\ ■ n qaxid

summon (verb) rt'i.rj qrd/ncqre: (see
"call")

sun rCx^njL Hem fa ( m & f)
Sunday rv'-i t -n >. luulbsabbd
supply (verb) ^jToi it\ tarsi/ntarse
su pre me >\ >■ ' el I tlx

surround (verb) irui (uhir/nelidor and

iwlular to surround (/>-, /-): /«/<7r
around (+ pron end II)

surround (with a wall) (verb) \\-\ Pa

surveyor KluCiT "7) mafolw
swaddling clothesrrt'cn \±.'ttzntre (pi)

Vocabulary

swear (verb) rC7i_i imd/neme : Aph

t/MWH to make (someone) swear, bind
with an oath

swift LA n qallil

swiftly qallild'it (see "swift")

sword rtla_iCD saypd

symbol rcVn^nL lupsd

synagogue (fii\_in_iA

Syria rtljiciCD surya

Syrian (t* i licieo surydya

table land rdin k\ laqiul d-turd

tahularius rt'^AazaL^ tabbitldra

lake (verb) anu nsab/nessab ; Lt_i Aph

take away (verb) Lax fqtil/nefqnl: (see

"remove"): •poi Aph «/•/'/«: Ettaph

to be taken away; °\ u
hjap/nehfop
lake heart (verb) ~in\ Ethpa
take in (verb) Pa kanncs (see "gather")
take off (clothes) (verhhvA t flah/neslah
take out (verb) Aph o/>/>p; (see "go forth")
tale rrt a ■ s t )i\ /rrf'»>« pi taf yata

taper rxliCLjT_rj qeiyoua

tarry (verb) Pa tefw/ : iiitf Aph
awltar

task (VWs '»/»u7;KliT-^atP su' rami

Tatar itlii^^ taiaraya

tax K^v \ fW/a

teach (verb) .sAnC allep (Pa)

teacher rdLaAin mallpdnd

106

English-Syi

teaching rxliaAci-. yulpana:

ffk\a_L2Jcn inallpanuta

tear r<\ -nn dem'a(f)

tear to pieces (verb) 0D~im~i

basbes/nbasbes

tell (verb)rf s t Ethpa mVi: i^rc*

emar/nemar (/- someone, 'al about)
tell abroad (verb) Pa sabbar (see "think."
"imagine")

temple r<\js_.m haykla

temptation rdc\ .m \ nesydna
ten thousand rebbd-rebhwan
ten icn\ 'jar ( I"), 'esra (m)

tend (verb) rcl^i r t 'a/nei i 'e

tent rrift \ . ■ ^ yaii'ta

term rdi^UD^OTSi protesmia

TTpo6EO)j(a

terrified (to be terrified) (verb) rDrrn

Ethpa etrahhab

terrified (to be terrified) (verb) n\£D

Ethpa estarrad: Etlaph (see
"tremble")

test n&m Pa mijjf

testament rCoii\_..T daiteqe SiadqKq

testify (verb) xcnsv shed/neshad {b-.'al

to): Pa sahhed to testify
thanks qubal-taybuta (see "before")

that (conj) ^ </(<•(,)-

that (f sing) )fn hay

that (rel conj) ^ d(a)-

that is to say JsCnrdi £«>iflf

that is ^Oirxli kemat

them(0 ^-iJrc' ennen

: Vocabulary

them (m) ^curx" ennon

then fan- (particle of emphasis):

^^T^n batarken: den

(postpositive): modem

^-jLjm hoyden
there are not )i\_iA /fl.vr
there is not k\_iA /ovf
there is/are is\_.r<'
there tamman
therefore \ ■ ->m hakel; ^_a\A^

bagdon: _^_.:0) Hidden
these (pi) ^__iAm /w/e/i
they (f) ^.aJtf ewi<?/i
they (m pi) ^_n_im hennon
they (m) .^cuirC ennon
thing (see "word"):r<[^L\^-a

petgdma: rObl^' ellta pi r<kdl<L

'ellata;~p*^n meddem
think (verb) Ethpa elhassab (see "count."
"reckon"): into sbar/nesbar

third jk^Aisv f/i7nv

thirst (verb)it'm^ ,s/?o (shi)lneshe ; pass

part (,she/sahya) thirsty
thirsty (see "thirst")

this (f sing) K'nm /i<W<? (f sing)
this (m sing) rdm hand

Thomas rCnar<)b toma

thoroughly (to do thoroughly) (verb)
Shaph samli (see "full")

those (m pi) «^ojm hdnon

107

English-Syr

thousand rdaArt' alpd (abs Step)

threat r^/LuaA luhdmd

three tldHO/tldid (m)

throne rOrxncui A/hat<7 pi -

.w/»nr<7f<7: GDCOCnift t ratios

throng together (verb)

hbas/iwhbos
through .T_i vail, h-yacl

throw (verb) ffuc sdd/nesde

thunder r^TLvi ra'md

Thursday luimmsdhsabbd (see "live")

thus tV \-\rn lidkaiiiur. \ , i,,^ en hakel:

^icn hdkaii

Tiara K'ncui liawdd

Tiberius 0a_iTJ3 A^ jiberis

tidings rc^i-im sbarld

Tigrish \ rn deqlat

till (verb) plali/neploli

time (a long limelrt'Ti^cu nugrS

time limit rdi^niD^OT^ proiesmid
TTpoSeauia

time >~i \ a//>/i<7 (abs than): than-
zban from time to time: ba-zban once
upon a time: rCAA^'edddiul

timorous a_ifr)T rbib;

timorously rhibd'ii (see "timorous")

to\ 1(a)

today rC Lao ■ yawmdnd
together K":uiar< «A7i</(7

Vocabulary

toil (verb) rfr<l\ Id/ncle :

\yuJmal/ne' mat
token rt^ tf r7r<7: pi. rC^ci^rC
tomb rt"i"i n qabid
tomorrow Tji^tj mliar
tongue rf* \ t \ lessdnd
tooth itu wi/ia ( 0
torch l<Ja\^ dalqd (abs dleq/dlaq)
torture rfn >t aV/kW
total rfkvo t . \ -\ knisiud
totality reVn A-v kolldyutd
totter ( verb) \-v \ Et hpal ezda 'za '
touch (verb) Mi) mds/nmus
tower r<L\icv3/»/i;-,?f7: rdix^Jj

»ie/gf//(7:r<!fiiaTCia pwkdsd TTupyoc

trace ff\ .-i t sbild

track -~i i sbild

trade rrt\TO_\Js\ 7#i//7<7: rC^cuOjorf

iimdniiid
trained T_>m>> mliir
trample (verb) Pa dayyes (see "tread")
tranquility r£ A t sclyd

transgress!' al) \zL*Jbar/ne' bar

travel J3 \-u hzaq/nelizoq

tread (verb)_i.cin dds/ndus

treasure (verb) rt\^>^gazzd

treasure rf^Oi iff) simtd

treat with contempt (verb)
sdf/nsuf

108

English-Syr

tree \\ ■ K' ilana

tremble (verb) .vcn za'/nzu': to make

tremble Yj^i Aph at' el: trembling

r^k-i^i rteta
trespass rducLii liawba
trespasser r^i .vi hayyaba
trial rdJO_i£ru nesyona
tribe K^jsijt. sarbta
tribute ffift rt'.'O) madata

triumph itliu,_i neshana

triumphant (to be triumphant) (verb)
Ethpa etnassah (see "shine")

trouble rf^or^i leuia

troubled (verb) jui t Ethpa estahhaq;

y \ y Ethpe estges
trueT-iTJt. Sarrir

truly Sarrira'it (sec "true"):_^ fan-

(particle of emphasis)
trumpet K'icta.iX Sipora

trust (verb) Li )fi Ethpe eitkel'al

trust if i-itn sabra

trusting in \ • a ^ tkil'al

trusty T_i\x sarrir

truth rfiix srara

try rfcn \ Pa nassi

tryst rt'.i^.o wci'da

turn (verb) Aph apni (see "return," "come
back")

turn over (verb) Aph aslem (see

"finished." follow")
turned (to be turned) Ethpa etkarrak (see

"wrap." "roll")

Vocabulary

turned around (to be turned around) (verb)
Ethpa ethappak (see "return."
"convert." "go back on")

turret rC\\CiZ3biirga

twist (verb) Pa karrek (see "roll." "wrap"):
Ethpa etkarrak twisted

two^__ji^\ tren/tarten (+ pron encl. iray-

. as trayhon the two of them, both of
them)

type of armor rdn_i\\n barzanqa

type (tinact^ tupsa

tyrant Klio 1 ^ tnma

under ^cuj^ thut (+ pron encl II);

tain, l-talit: under llwl
understand (verb) Eshtaph estawda' (see
"know"): \ vro Ethpa esiakkal

understanding rt' \\ciep sukala

unexpectedly rclAjc se/vfl, fc/ra,

men-seUy)
unfortunate rdLxcms meskena

unheard of >TJiCt_i nttkray

uninhabited u Tjj hreb/harba

unjust rdYaVniriro/ci:

unless rXlW ella en

unsheathe (verb) smqt/nesmot

until r£n\±'damma d- (conj): ~ /- until

(prep)
up to x^-'orf

upright vyT^v iris

urge on (verb) ^ n b' at/neb' at

utterly T-^i-V. gmar, la-
vain (in vain) ba.ttitl of no effect (see
"idle"): xi_.\CD sriq

109

English-Syr

value r^n-i^ lima (usually pi)

vanish (verb) ,n \\, Ethpa ettallaqti

vehement v_i \±.'azziz

vei I rt)s\ i °> vi &\ tahpitci

verily sarrira'il (see "true"): „. ,>ir€

amen

very nib: y\p saggi

vessel rdirtl^j ;;k7w7

vexed (to be vexed) (verb) jnfn\ Ethpa

efassaq: xuuc Ethpa estaljhaq
vial r^\ /m-<7/<7 pi pyelitis

victim r\lytDn i/cW«l

victorious (to be victorious) (verb) Ethpa
emasxalj (see "shine")

victory rV ) w ,_j ncshdnd: (X^(\a_a\

zakutfi

vigilance K , ^\ci ; Lj_^'/'/7»<7

village rC^V-ji-O qritd pi qerydtd/quryd

vineyard ndii'Vi kannd

violent (to make violent) Aph if Sen to
make violent (see "strengthen")

violent «. ^ t \, 'axxin: *\ , n^v taqqip

virgin rC'kAa^vzj bmlid

vision (Va ui /lecnw

visit (verb) ism s'ar/nes'ar

vizier rX'T.jio wazird

voice r<\ n </<7/<5

vow (verb), to make a vow

mlar/neddor
vow rflXJ /ic<//<7

wage rC : L\jX' «j?;kj

Vocabulary

wail r<^\\\ ■ ////a pi yalldid

wail for (verb) rdxCD Pa .wU/': rfan

Pa qamvi
waiver (verb) Aph ahgar (see "lame")

wake (verb) icw'o»//;'/in Ettaph ?»';'/•

to wake up
wakefulness rObc\\-i±.'irutd
walk: to make (someone) walk (verb)

i/\Am Pa hallck

wall KtorC <".w(5: rt'isvfjorf estd

walled city r6ii karka

wander ( verb) r<\ \ t 'd/nct 'e: J 'e/ja 'yd
astray

wander about (verb) Ethpa etkarrak (see
"wrap." "roll")

want (verb) ft^zi sbd/nesbe : Ethpe esfbi

to w ant

warn against (verb) irm Pa zalilwr 'ah

Ethpa ezdahharh- to beware of. watch
o vet-
wary \_,ro\ :/»V

wash (verb) rCuio slul/neslw: \cvl Aph
asig

wash away ( verb) ^clx Aph asig

washing rC^CLyiCQ> masljuta

waste away (verb) rr°i Ethpau
eipawitii

watch (verb) \asJ'arfh''nr. tObiXjZn

mqitaild: nlar inaliarid to keep watch
watch over (verh)Ethpa ezdahhar b- to
beware of. watch over (see "warn
against")

watchman 1 ndinrd

water rdirj mayyd (pi)
w ay rCjiorC w/m

110

English-Syf

way of life rd^aom Impaka
we hnan

weak (to become weak) (verb) rtlai

Ethpa etrappi
wealth (usually pi) rrVni » neksa:

wealthy \-,)a±.'attir
wear (verb) t ~i\ IheS/nelbas
wearing t Ibis
weary le pi /evil (emph rtL.rd\ lava pi
r<^rfi fr/vvfl ) (see "toil"):

Wednesday arb'absabba
weep (verb) rcSn bka/nebke

weeping rt'^^n Ma/a

weighty °i ■ /aga//>

welter (in blood) (verb) \_aA°i Ethpal

etpalpal
western >ni v- >> ma' i bay

what for? rxlOiA l-mana

what? r^73 ma: /-ma lest: rdOi mana;

man (see "from")
whatever n r^n mad-:yi^n meddem

when n rx^73 mad-:\A kad.-i)!Cnr<?
emat

whenever n rCsila kollma d-
where? (V t iff ayJta
whether "pn dam(en)
which n </(«)-

VOCABULARY

which? (0 K'.T-.rt'; a.vrfa </- she who:

\ irC" flvno; av/»a rf- he who
while \±.'ad

whisper (verb) jt_uA Pa lahhes

white icui /leinta/-

whiten (verb) icui Pa hwwar

whitewash (verb) t \ -\ Pa kalles

who n d(a)-

who? man (see "from")

why? rdOiA l-mana: rCA^A l-mana

wicked t .~i Ws: k\ t s c annat

wife n^^Mif awa, pi nesse

wilderness rC'xnn dabra: rt'T^iO)

madbra
will r<r > sebyana

wind rtlviOT n</w pi -e/-dta ( f)

wine rt' : C7iij hamra

wing rt'o,^ p«vv"

winter rC'o^CD soma

wipe out (verb) T T_\^ gar/neggor

wisdom pc*^ -n -v u liekmta

wise 71 ■ hakkim

with (instrumental) ^b(a)-

with iftaA /via/ ; ~p^.'am (+ pron end 1.
'amm-)

withdraw from (verb) casus Ethpe etqpes
men

withdraw xi praq/neproz

111

English-Syf

withhold (verb) Ethpe etkli to be
withheld: etkalyat tba'ta meiinlwii

they were exepted from taxes r<l^
kld/nekle

witness (verb) nmeo slwd/neshad (/?-.

'«/ to): Pa sahlied to eall to witness:
Aph aslwd to bear witness

woe _iO way

woman rfi\k\ = jnc' aind. pi nesse

womb rctoi.} karsd (abs/const kres)

women rdi s wife (pi)

wonder rfVicOinift ledmiirid pi

tedmrdid
wood (piece of) ft!mj_rj <jwv.Ki

word rCn^koi petgdma: tfi^nr^

m< ; mr£7:nc%A^3 mellta pi melle {f):

thing, event: (m) Xoycx;
work (verb) Aph it bed make work:
Ettaph eiia'bad to be put to work:
Shaph .«/' />«/ to reduce to servitude
(see "make." "do"):

l^.' mal/ne ' mal:r<*n±.' Inula

working (of the land, e.g.) rdixia^
tnqdnd

world rCrA^' dlmd (abs 'alain)

wormwood rt'T^ mi drd: ekal ~ to be
galled

worship ( verb) n \rn sged/nesgod:

pkili/iieploh
worshipper tfnet^p sagoda

worthy fT'ox SSwe (m). Sanyo (ft

wound K^cui^j mluitd pi malmdta

wrap (verb)i^Tj kmk/nekrok

wretched (to be wretched) (verb) f<o^
dwd/nedwe

Vocabulary

write (verb) klab/nekioh Ethpe

elkteb to be written, inscribed,
enrolled

writei TKlinit^O) makibdnd

year rfJi\_Li. sattd pi snayyd (abs .wia pi

Snin, const win/- )
yes ^jtt" en

yoke rf ; v_iJ nird

you (f pi) ^.jiorC df/tvi

you ( 1" sing) _.k\_irt' all

you (m pi) ^oiorf atton

you (m sing) )s^srZ all

young man p±n ■ \ \ ' laymd

young woman p^i^i . \ \ 'laymid

ZaehariasrCia \ zkaiyd

Select idioms or grammatical features:

introduces a new section or thought 3Ciii\
tub

it would be belter for pai/qdli-ud I- (see
"expedient")

for a long time tfinX, tawrd fsaggi'd)

gain strength (verb)^jt_v ' Sen/ne' Saw.

Aph a' sen to make violent
quotation: to dinciate that the phrase in

which it occurs is a quotation yA lam

a long time rfi^cu nugrd

if it is/was (a fact, true) that n orrurC
enlui d-

introduces the topic of a sentence, usually

followed by den: _^7J man uev:

man... den uev... 5e . on the one
hand... on the other hand
without limit dlalmsbdn (see "reckoning")

112

English-Syriac Vocabulary

in the twinkling of an eye rt'T^nisv temra
d-ayna, aktnetrap

113

Corrigenda and Addenda

Corrigenda to the Readings in the Grammar: p. 164, line 5: for ix'i-irx' read
rfn-jrf: p. 169. line 90: for "prUn read "prun; p. 173, line 20, end. add
rrnftCin\; p. 189, line 20: for r<'x\j_.f<\, read K'xX.^r^-

Addenda to Syriac-English Vocabulary in the Grammar: p. 199: rd^n dnia
(abs dem) blood; p. 203: )t\ .n' r r r >. hassisd'it sadly, mournfully: p. 203:
rLi^ Pa jayyeb to appoint; p. 216: rC'iftcUD^ sbiitd pi Sebwatd matter, affair;
p. 217: 3T_o Pa qarreb to make oblations, to perform the liturgy; p. 220:
>A27jjl samli see 71 \ J ; p. 222 m.^^ tiunmih astonishing.

114