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Introduction to Syriac

Key to Exercises &
English-Syriac Vocabulary

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Daniel M. Qurtner

INTRODUCTION TO SYRIAC

Key to Exercises

and

English-Syriac Vocabulary

by
Daniel M. Qurtner

JW

IB€X Publishers
Bethesdo, Maryland

Introduction to Syriac

Kev to f-xercises and l-nglish-Svriac Vocabulary

by

Daniel M. (iurtner

Copyright V 2006 Daniel M. Ciurtner

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or retransmitted in any
manner whatsoever, except in the form of a review, without written permission from the

publisher.

Manufactured in the United States of America

The paper used in this book meets the minimum requirements of the American National
Standard for Information Sen ices — Permanence of Paper for Printed Librarv Materials.

ANSIZ39.48-I984

Ibex Publishers

Post Office Box 30087

Bethesda. Maryland 20824 U.S.A.

Telephone: 301-718-8188

Facsimile: 301-907-8707

www.ibexpublishers.com

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

(iurtner. Daniel M.

Key to exercises for Wheeler M. Thackston's introduction to Syriac and Ijiglish-Syriac

\ocabulary / by Daniel M. (iurtner.

p. cm.

Answers to exercises in Syriac and romanized Syriac: readings in romanized Syriac with

l-nglish translations.

Contents: Key to exercises — Key to readings — Fnglish-Syriac vocabulary —

Corrigenda and addenda to the grammar.

ISBN 1588140458 (alk. paper)

I . Syriac language — Grammar — Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title

PJ5423 .T53 1999 Suppl.

492/.35— dc22

2006043690

Contents

Preface i

Key to Exercises

Lesson 1 1

Lesson 2 1

Lesson 3 3

Lesson 4 4

Lesson 5 5

Lesson 6 6

Lesson 7 7

Lesson 8 8

Lesson 9 10

Lesson 10 13

Lesson 1 1 14

Lesson 12 15

Lesson 13 17

Lesson 14 18

Lesson 15 21

Lesson 16 23

Lesson 17 24

Lesson 18 25

Lesson 19 27

Lesson 20 28

Key to Readings

From the Psitta 30

From Pseudo-Callisthenes' Legend of Alexander 32

The First Discovery of the True Cross 35

The Teaching of the Apostle Thaddeus 41

The Martyrdom of St. Barbara 49

From the Tale of Sinbad the Wise 53

From The Cave of Treasures 58

From Kalitag and Demnag 59

From a Metrical Sermon by Ephraem Syrus 60

From The Syriac Book of Medicines 62

A Flood in Edessa 64

From the Chronicon Syriacum of Barhebraeus,

The Taking of Babylon (Baghdad) by HiilagU Khan 67

From the Reign of Baidu Khan 69

English-Syriac Vocabulary 71

Corrigenda and Addenda to the Grammar 114

Preface

As IS THE CASE with MOST STUDENTS OF Syriac, I learned this language
almost entirely on my own. Though I am far from a Syriacist, I produced this
key primarily for those also learning Syriac on their own or in small groups.
I have also included an English-Syriac glossary to assist students with the
English to Syriac translation exercises in Thackston's grammar. I have
chosen to keep with Thackston's decision to use Estrangela font for its
simplicity, and have retained that font even where Thackston's text uses
Nestorian and Jacobite.

I would like to thank Farhad Shirzad at Ibex Publishers for immediately
taking interest in the project and his patience in seeing it to fruition. I
especially thank Prof. Wheeler M. Thackston for encouraging the production
this project, and producing translations and transliterations of the extended
readings from the end of the grammar. I also wish to thank Dr. Joseph
Trafton and Mr. Jonathan A. Loopstra who kindly agreed to review drafts of
this work for their accuracy. Thanks also goes to participants in a Syriac
grammar class which I led at Tyndale House, Cambridge (UK), specifically
Charles Echols, Peter Head, Caryn Reeder, and especially Tze-Ming Quek,
Hilary Marlow, and Jane Heath. Each have helped ensure the accuracy of
this key, though errors remain my responsibility alone. Corrections,
suggestions, or comments can be sent direction to the author by email at
syriackey@ibexpub.com.

For continuous encouragement in this project and others, I owe a debt of
gratitude to Bill Barker, Jonathan Moo, Justin Hardin, and Charles Anderson.

This modest project is dedicated to Dr. Gary D. Pratico, who first
instilled in me a rigorous ethic of studying Semitic languages and a deep
appreciation for their beauty.

Daniel M. Gurtner

Bethel Seminary

St Paul, 2006

Daniel M. Gurtner (Ph.D., University of St Andrews) is Assistant Professor of
New Testament at Bethel Seminary in St Paul, MN.

Key to Exercises

Lesson One

(a) 1. slek men mditta. He went upfront the city: 2. 'erqat I -Jura She fled to the
mountain. 3. 'raq men mditta. They (m) fled from the city 4. sleqen l-Jura. They
(f) went up to the mountain. 5. npal gabra. The man fell. 6. ketbat attta. The
woman wrote. 1. 'raq 'amma men harka. The people (in) fled from here} 8. ktjib
malka l-'amma. The king wrote to the people. 9. 'raqun men tamman. They (in)
fled from there. 1 0. sem'at_ malkta. The queen heard. 1 1 . ''erqat, attta men inditta.
The woman fled from the city. 12. 'raq gabra men malka. The man fled from the
king. 13. selqat attt_a men tamman. The woman went out from there. 14. npal
gabra men Jura. The man fell from the mountain. 15. la 'raq malka men mditta.
The king did not flee from the city. 16. la selqat_ attta men harka. The woman did
not go out from here. 1 7. la sma' 'amma. The people did not hear. 1 8. la ketbat_ I-
malka. She did not write to the king. 19. selkat malkta men 'amma. The queen
went out from the people. 20. la 'raq gabra l-tamman. The man did not flee to
there. 2 1 . selqat attta l-mditta. The woman went up to the city.

(b) 1. rt'in'^^-gi r<)s\)^ir< ^\_nT_v 'erqat attta men gabra

2. rC'TO^ i_a_i npaljura

3. rdxAlnA r^T-i^z)^ r<\ la ktjib gabra l-malka

4. r^7rv ci\ *7it rt\ la sma' 'amma

5. rt\c\\j\ PC^flj ,3^7) .^Jj rC , i~i\^.n\cn sleq gabra men mditta l-Jura

6. rdiim ,«^7J p£}ia- cldjlv' raq 'amma men harka

1. p^ -\\ > nAci rda \-71A rCyu^. C!=]^\_a kt_ab 'amma l-malka wa-l-malkt_a

8. «^_^i(\ .^Jj ClxAso sleq men tamman

9. nfi-tv^ ^J-iiiu ktaben l-gabra

10. rdii^ii kVa->:Oj kl°u /i<?£/a£ mditta l-malka

Lesson Two

(a) 1 . ebad gabra b-ar'a. The/a man perished in/on the land. 2. l-mana la nejrat,
l-namosa'l Why did she/you (in) not keep the law'? 3. sleqnan b-sapia. We went
out in the morning. 4. nep_qet_ w-ezzet l-nahra. I went forth and went to the river.

1 Here I take "the people" as a collective, thus taking the singular verb. In order for "the
people" to be the object ("He did not hear the people"), it would require the object marker
which is introduced in Chapter 2. See also #17.

Key to Exercises

5. 'bar 'al ndmdsd. They (in) transgressed against the law. 6. ktab la-ktdbd
malkd. The king wrote the hook. 1 . b-rainsd 'ham l-nahrd. In the evening we
crossed over the river. 8. wcina enirat l-gabrd atttci'l What did the woman say to
the man? 9. ezzc'l men mditta h-sapid. I went out from the city in the morning.
10. iqniqton men mditta l-Jurd. Yon went forth from the city to the mountain. 1 1.
' raq 'ammd men qritd w-ezal la-mdittd. The people fled from the village and
went to the city. 12. gabrd qtal l-malkd. The man killed the king. 13. Id 'banian
'nl ndmdsd. We did not transgress the law. 1 4. man ehad gabrd men qritd? What
did the man take from the village? 15. sleq l-Jnrd w-kwimdn elxid. They went to
the mountain and there they perished. 16. ma enirat l-'ammd? OR ma email l-
' ammd' 1 . What did she/yon (m) say to the people? 17. ebdat_ ha-qrita atttfi. The
woman perished in the village. 18. l-mdnd Id qetlat_ l-malkd wa-l-malkt_d? OR I-
nidnd Id qtalt l-malkd wa-l-malkt_d? Why did she/yon (m) not kill the king and the
queen? 19. Id sern'et l-gabrd. I did not hear/listen to the man. 20. ehdet ktjibd w-
ezzet_ l-nahrd. I seized the book and I went to the river. 21. La' raqn men qritd b-
ramsd. We did not flee from the village in the evening. 22. Id qtal l-atttd. They
(in) did not kill the woman. 23. ktjibt l-malka ktdbd. She/yon (m) wrote the book
for the king. 24. 'erqet men tainindn w-ezz.lei l-hdrkd. I fled from there and I
came here. 25. emret_ l-malkd 'al atttji. I spoke to the king about (concerning) the
woman. 26. Id emarnan l-'ammd 'al inalkd. We did not speak to the people about
the king. 27. l-mdnd la emarton l-malkd 'al ndmdsd? Why did yon not speak to
the king about the law? 28. l-malkd wa-l-malktfi qtaln. We killed the king and the
queen.

(b) i.aykdebad nurc' r?-\ ,r<

aykd ebadiin ^_c\pxr? iVt i r?
aykd ebad urC" r?"\ <K*
aykd ebaden ^i-i'trc' rdi—ifC'

2. l-mdnd Id nlart l-ndmdsd r<0DCOj_\ ^^\ > rt\ ndoA

3. 'biirnan l-nahrd b-ramsd rCr *7)\n r^inruA ^-jin\

4. emretl-atnd'al qrittd r<)s^-,\s2 Lv rf^^jrx^ ^i^r^

5. l-mdnd ezalton l-mdittd rfK^^OJ ^_O^A\K' rdl^ii

6. qtal I -inalkd b-qrittd PC^-i OXO ff/sW^ C\\\ n

7. Malkd 'bar l-nahrd w-ehad l-mdittd

8. npciqnaii w-sleqnan I -Jura b-saprd

Key to Exercises

9. ma emart l-gabra i<Tn\A it\;C7JfX' rd^Ts
\0.emretl-''amma'alnamdsar£mc£7L} Iv r<£y>\ \ ^^Cnrf

Lesson Three

(a) 1. man ezal 'ammkon. Who went with you (m. pi)? 2. nhet malka la-mditta
'am 'ammd. The king went down to the city with the people. 3. nesbet l-kespa
menndk. I took money from you (m sg). 4. ekal 'amman. They (m) ate with us. 5.
nhetton 'ad yamma. You (m. pi) went down as far as the sea. 6. 'erqe[ menneh. I
fled from him. 1. slah lwat_ malka sliha. They (m.) sent a messenger to the king.
8. nsab gabra l-puqddna mennhon. The man received the commandment from
them (m). 9. ezaln 'ad qrita. We went as far as the village. 10. man 'bad I-
lalvna? Who made the bread? 1 1 . layt l-gabra kespa. The man has no money.
1 2. sleq lwat_ gabra da-'raq men mditta d-layt bah mayya. They (m.) went out to
the man who fled from the city which had no water in it. 13. layt b-ar'a nbiya.
There is no prophet in the land. 14. layt Ian lahma b-bayta. We have no food in
the house. 1 5. la ntarnan l-p_uqdana da-nsab nbiya men turn. We did not keep the
commandment which the prophet received from the mountain. 16. nehtet men
Jura w-ezzet 'ad yamma. I came down from the mountain and went as far as the
sea. 17. man slah lak lwat_an? Who sent you to us? 18. attta d-'ebdat lahma
nepqal w-selqat 'amm w-'ammeh. The woman who made the bread went and
went up with me and with him. 19. it_ b-ar'a n a lira d-h beh mayya. There is a
river in the land in which there is water. 20. it ba-mditta malka w-malkta. There
is in the city a king and a queen. 21. slah kespa la-mditta 'am sliha. They (m.)
sent money to the city with the messenger. 22. mana emarton la-sliha da- c raq
men tamman? What did you (m. pi) say to the messenger who fled from there?
23. layt lah bayta ba-qrit_a. She does not have a house in the village. 24. ezal
nbiya Iwat ''amrna w-emar Ihon l-mana la ntarton l-namosa? The prophet went
in the presence of the people and he said to them, "Why have you (in. pi.) not
kept the law?" 25. ' raq gabra menu. The man fled from me. 26. eklet_ 'ammak
lahma. I ate the food with you (m.sg). 27. sleq men mayya. He went up from the
water. 28. npaq merman. They (f. pi) went from us. 29. man emar lak 'al kespa d-
ehad malka men 'amma? Who told you about the money which the king took
from the people? 30. nehtet la-mditta w-nesbei l-kespa men sliha. I went down to
the city and I took the money from the messenger.

(b) 1 . it b-bayta gabra r^\->\^ rrOft .-i-i ^rC'

2. man slah Iwatjion la-sliha d-ezal la-mditta

3. nehte[ l-nahra'ammah b-saprartx&^JD fh^iA. rx'imjA ift^irJ

Key to Exercises

4. layt Ian kespa rX^fm «^A^ Jf\_«A

5. nesbat l-mayyd men gabrd r^\~\ \^ ^^ ff i"tiA ^t\ ~tOn \

6. emaritn li'al lahmd d-' ekalun ^_ci\_a_v:\ K^7iyiA Ix. >A .^OTJ^rC

7. qtalun l-gabra d-''bar l-namosa (<ax\5u\ ins n ffiny^ «^£>.\\, n

8. //.«//? hMva l-ndmdsd 'al.lurd rt\c\\ \ \ rdcocOuA rV i~i l ~i(p \
9. /<7 eklatl-lahina da'badn .^_u_vn rx^uiiA ^liK' r<\

10. it_l-kon kesptl b-baytd t^\\ .t-i rtl^ma ^_£Li^ Jft-jff

Lesson Four

(a) 1. /Wrt/) malkd bduir b'eldbdbeh. Tbe king pursued bis enemy. 2. sebqet I-
'abdd d-haykld. I forgave tbe seirant of tbe temple. 3. chad l-dahb b-'eldbdb wa-
' raq la-mdittd. My enemy seized my gold and he fled to the city. 4. layt lulrkci
kespa d-dildk. There is no money here which belongs to you (m. sg.). 5. Id 'dar
Ian 'abdan. Our servant did not help us. 6. rdap gabrd l-'abdeh. Tbe man
persecuted his servant. 7. rbej 'abdd d-haykld bdtar gabrd d-ehad l-dahba d-
dileh. The seirant of the temple ran after tbe man who seized the gold which
belonged to him. 8. ezzet_ la-qritd da-nbiyd. 1 went to the village of the prophet.
9. sbaq l-'abdeh gabrd. The man forgave his servant. 10. Id 'dar li dahbdk . Your
gold did not help me. 1 1 . slab malkd la-sliheh Iwdtjik. The king sent his
messenger to you. 1 2. nsab gabrd kespa mennhon. The man took tbe money from
them. 1 3. 'bad aykannd da-pqad Ihon malkd da-mdittd. They did just as the king
of the city commanded them. 1 4. emret_ Icih aykannd d-emart li. I spoke to her
just as you spoke to me. 15. relitet batarlwn. I ran behind them (in.). OR / ran
after them (m.). 16. rdap bdneh b'eldbdba 'ad yammd w-tammdn ebad. He
pursued after the enemy as far as the sea, and there he perished. 1 7. qtal la-
Ifeldbdbeh d-malkd. They (m.) killed the king's enemy. 18. npaq nbiyd men
bayteh b-saprd wa-sleq l-turd. The prophet went forth from his house in the
morning and he went up to the mountain. 19. redjiet la-IJeldbdb ba-mdittd
kolldh. I pursued my enemy throughout the city. 20. 'dar Ian 'annua kollhon. All
of the people helped us. 21. emar li gabrd kollmeddem d-emrai leh attt_eh. The
man told me everything which his wife said to him. 22. sbaq kollmeddem d-ehad
men haykld wa- 'raq. They left everything which they (m.) seized from the temple
and they (in.) fled. 23. ehdet kollmeddem d-dil w-ezzet l-bayt. I seized eveiything
which belonged to me and I went to my house. 24. rhetnan bdtar 'abdd d-gabrd
aykannd da-pqad Ian. We ran after the man's slave just as he commanded us. 25.
ekalt kolleh lahma d-'ebdat_ Idk atttfik? Did you eat all the food that your wife
made for you? 26. l-mdnd Id 'ebchu kollmeddem d-p_aqdel lah? Why did she not

Key to Exercises

do evenlhing which I commanded her? 27. l-mana sbaq l-baython d-ba-qrita w-
ezal la-mditta? Why did they leave their house in the village and go to the city?

(b) I. sbaqn leh l-'abdan ba-qrita K^(\_iT_njD «n~i\ \ mi "7 T

1 rohtfit nifin qritch Hn-HeMhnh ,-1- nW -n m^!\_iT_D ^^3 ^V^mi

3. rdap malka batar freldbaba d-'ammeh b-kollah ar'a

rcL^iK' m\-\~i m^iv.T rf'-i-nV v -i i^\a ndiA^7) ani

4. ehad'abda l-dahbeh d-malkeh wa-'raq men ar'a

rdvitt' ^^) Xli-VO r n-\ \*7 il CTOCn.lA ft'.'UXV rUif^

5.ehadtkollmeddemddil >A:u "p:OlLi ^Xvirf

6. ehad gabra kollmeddem da-bbayteh wa-nhet l-yamma

Lesson Five

(a) I . rdap_ malke batjxr b'eldbabe 'ad mdi[thon. The kings pursued the enemies
as far as their city. 2. la sbaqnan 'abde b-haykle. We did not leave the servants
in the temples. 3. l-dahban ehad gabre wa-'raq la-mdinata. The men seized our
gold and they fled to the cities. 4. rdap_ I-' abde gabre. The men pursued the
servants. OR The men abused the slaves. 5. rhet 'abde batar gabre d-ehad l-
dahbhon dilhon. The servants ran after the men who seized their gold. 6. ezzet_ l-
qurya da-nbiye. I went to the villages of the prophets. 7. la sbaq I-' abde. They
did not forgive the seivants. 8. la 'dar lak dahbe. The gold did not help you. 9.
slah malke la-slihe Iwatan. The kings sent the messengers into our presence. 1 0.
nsab gabre l-kespe mennan. The men took the money from us. 1 1. 'bad 'abde
aykanna da-pqad Ihon malke. The sen-ants did just as the kings commanded
them. 12. emrat leh atttci aykanna d-emre lah nesse. The woman told him just as
the women told her. 13. rhet batjxrhen nesse. He ran after the women. 14. rdap
batjxr b'eldbaba 'ad yammd w-tamman li qtal. The enemy pursued me as far as
the sea, and there he killed me. 15. kad qtal l-gabra selqat_ napseh la-smayya.
When they killed the man his soul went up to heaven. 1 6. ha malake d-alaha qreb
leh la-nbiya. Behold, the angels of God drew near to the prophet. 17. sbaq la-
mditta wa-'mar ba-qrita. He left the city and lived in the village. 18. qreb I-
baytah d-emmhon. They approached the house of their mother. 19. man qtal
b'eldbabhon d-malke? Who killed the enemy of the kings? 20. qerbat malkiua
da-smayya. The kingdom of heaven drew near. 21. l-mana rda\± la-ubiye? Why-
did they persecute the prophets? 22. kad nhet men Jure ngaq w-ezal l-bayteh.
When he went down from the mountains he went to his house. 23. qtal l-napseh.
He killed himself. 24. la qtal l-napshon. They (m.) did not kill their soul (OR
themselves). 25. npaq nbiye men baytah d-attta. The prophets went forth from

Key to Exercises

the woman's house. 26. rdap_ 'ammd kollhon la-jfeldbabeh d-malka. All the
people persecuted the enemy of the king. 27. ''mar nesse b-quiyd. The women
lived in the villages. 28. kad qreb b'eldbdbd. ' raq kollhon gabre. When the
enemy drew near, all of the men fled. 29. l-ndmosd d-aldhd ntar gabrd. The man
kept the law of God. 30. nhet malake men smayya. The angels descended from
the heavens. 3 1 . ehdet lahme kollhon men baytd w-selqet_ l-lure 'am emm. I took
all the food from the house and I went to the mountains with my mother. 32.
hdkanna emar nbiyd kad nsab puqddne d-alaha. Thus spoke the prophet when he
took the commandments of God.

(b) I. ''mar gabre b-quryd d-malkuta rC'^QjA^n rdi'o n~i rt'i'n ^cii^nA.

2. nhet malake men smayya rc*'»*Vi t ^^ rdi'rCJLio o^sVjaJ

3. Layt mayya b-nahre d-ar'ci rC^.\rC2 rfim vnv? i^n )s^-A

4. 'baren nesse 'al ndmose d-malke d-malkuta

5. rdapnan /-' abde da-b' eldbabe men kollhon haykle d-ar' an

Lesson Six

(a) I. man-i hade w-manu haw. Who is this (f) and who is that (m)? 2. mehda
npitq men knustfi w-ezal l-baytdh d-emmhon. Immediately they departed from the
synagogue and they went up to their mother's house. 3. emar I eh 'al atttd d-hi
sehat ennon. They spoke to him about the woman who sent them. 4. l-mdnd la
emart li att 'al hade kolldh. Why did you not speak to me about all of this? 5.
atton-ennon mellid d-ar' a. You are the salt of the earth. 6. hade hi mdittd-y d-
malkd d-hdde ar'd. This is the city of the king of this land. 1. haw hit malkdh-tt d-
nidittd. That (man) is king of the city. 8. nianu d-dileh-i malkutjj d-smayyd. To
whom does the kingdom of heaven belong'.' 9. aykannd d-emar Ian dp_ end emret_
Hum. Just as they spoke to us, so also I spoke to them. 10. mehda kad sem'et
hade nepqet w-qerbet l-nbiyd. Immediately when I heard this I went forth and
approached the prophet. 1 1. end sliheh-nd d-aldhd. I am God's messenger. 12.
nhet men smayya malakd d-lut sliheh d-aldhd wa-dbar l-nbiyd l-madbrd. The
angel that was God's messenger descended from heaven and led the prophet to
the wilderness. 13. hdddy emmd d-'ebdat Ian lahnid hand. This is my mother,
who made this food for us. 14. l-mdnd ehdat emmdk kespd hand menndk. Why-
did your mother take this money from you? 15. dbaron-ennon la-smayyd malake.
The angels guided them to heaven. 16. b-ramsd sleqn w-ezaln la-knustd. In the
evening we left and went to the synagogue. 17. emar iso' msihd d-nahnan me/hd-
nan d-ar' a. Jesus Christ said, "we are the salt of the earth. " 18. Manu gabrd
dalkon dbar Iwdt. Who is the man who led you unto me? 19. l-mdnd la ekal I-

Key to Exercises

melha hay da-nsabn men mditta. Why did they not eat that salt which we took
from the city? 20. hade-i malktah d-ar'a hade. This is the queen of this land. 21.
aykanna da-sbaqat_ napsa l-pagra selqat rufia la-smayya. As the soul left the
body, the spirit went to heaven. 22. redpet_ la-kfaldbab l-medbra w-tamman
qetjel leh. I pursued my enemy to the wilderness and there I killed him. 23. kad
sma' la-nbiya mehda np_aq w-ezal ba[reh. When they heard the prophet,
immediately they went after him. 24. hade attta emmhoni d-halen gabre. This
woman is the mother of these men. 25. hu demar lak kollah hade slilnt d-malka
da-mditja. He that told you all this is the messenger of the king of the city. 26.
manit da-dbar-ennon l-madbra. Who is it that guided them to the wilderness? 27.
manu d-nesbat hanon puqdane menneh? Who is (the one) from whom you took
those commandments? 28. aykanna ebad b-madbra hanon? How did they perish
in the wilderness?

(b) 1 . Hade-y knusta d-kollhon ' amine d-ar'a

rdvirC.T rdiOiA. .^oml-i.T ffi\_rcuji _,ro r<xcn

2. Hanon gabre-ennon b-madbra PC' : ud:Oiz3 «.^ci_ir^ r<'i'~i\ - «^_OJm

3. It l-att l-gabra d-napjeh qetlat_ l-hi

4. Last melha b-baytan ja .-i-i rt^A^n Ji\_,A

5. Malake sleq l-smayya rdl^iiA cuiIcd rCSr^\^n

6. Slihe halen dbar ennon la-mdinam d-malke

rgS'Wn rc^'rOiA ^_curc' oizn ^_iAm rVvi >\i

7. Manu-w da-rdag batjeh la-Ueldbaba 'ad nahra

8. Gabra hand sbaq atttjh ba-qrita

Lesson Seven

(a) I . hzayn l-'edta da-bnaw b-haw atja. We saw the church which they built in
that place. 2. la etet_ Iwathon. I did not come to them. 3. b'a gabra la-nbiya b-
kollah mditta. The man searched for the prophet throughout the city. 4. l-mana
etjiyton l-harka. Why did you (m.p.) come here? 5. manu da-hzayt tamman. Who
did you (m. s.) see there? 6. batar hade sleq men 'edta kollhon da-hwaw bah.
After this all who were in the church went from it. 1. emar iso 1 da-b-koll-zban
meskene it Ikon 'ammkon li den la b-koll-zban it Ikon. Jesus said. "You always
have the poor with you, but you do not always have me with you. " 8. dabreh
Iwakin. He guided him to us. 9. manu d-qqtleh la-nbiya? Who is he who killed

Key to Exercises

the prophet? 10. bndtji d-haw gabrd Id etjiy. The daughters of that man did not
come. 1 1 . hdkannd pqadtan malktji. In this nay the queen commanded me. 1 2.
kad hzayn-ennon hdiyn b-hon. When we saw them we rejoiced in them (in. p. ). 1 3.
hana-w 'abddk d-'adran. This is your servant who helped me. 14. l-mdnd Id
sma'kon. Why did he not listen to you (m.pl.)? 15. hit nqtreh l-nuqddnd elld hi Id
ntarteh. He kept the commandment but she did not keep it. 16. ekal l-lahnid
kolleh. They ate all of the bread. 17. sbaqn (or sabqan) 'am beldbdbd. We left
with the enemy. OR He abandoned us with the enemy. 18. rdapieh atttd l-'abddh
men lwat_dh. The woman drove her servant from her presence. 19. salheh la-slihd
l-hdde mdittd malkd. The king sent the messenger to this city. 20. dahbd d-ehdeh
layt b-bayteh. The gold which he took is not in his house. 21 . kad hzaw 'edtd da-
bnd Ihon malkd da-mdittd hdi bah. When they saw the church which the king of
the city built for them they rejoiced in it. 22. hand gabrd breh-wd d-aldhd. This
man was the son of God. 23. kad ramsd-wd 'barteh l-nahrd. When it was evening
I crossed the river. 24. end nsabteh l-kespd menneh. I took the money from him.
25. b-haw atjd bnaw 'edtd l-meskene. In that place they built a church for the
poor. 26. b-hdnon yawmdtd layt-wd Ian lahmd. In those days we had no bread.

(b) 1 . emar da-b-koll-zban it_ Ian meskene 'amman

2. w-b-hanon yawmdtd hdi b- edtd da-bneh l-hon b-haw atjd

6mn ^_omi mA^n rt'^ns ~i o_i:u> rc'^Oj&.j ^_cucnaa

3. Bnayyeh d-hdnd gabrd qtal l-lfeldbdbd da-mdinathon

^omkvj-'^:! rc'-t-iaK ~i\ oA\_d r<i-i\^PClArn:\ m .in

4. l-mdiul sabqdk ba-qri[d d-layt bah mayyd

rdo273 ma ^_iAn p^H-ii nn i/v n~iT ndOiA

5. dbarteh menneh madbrd l-baytdh d-barteh

m^Tan rh^-i~i\ r<\zj.-0) m.O) m^vizn

6. Ebad 'al.turd 'ammeh kespd d-ehdeh mennhon meskene

r^'i i m*n ^_ocn_03 mruirc'n r t'oim-x rri^Lv nCici^ Ax. urc'

7. hu w-bnayndsd da-qriteh nhet 'al malkd d-qalleh l-breh

Lesson Eight

(a) 1. hddeyn-nan b-purqdnnan b-yadpdroqa. We are rejoicing in our salvation
through the savior. 2. Id-wd b-lahmd balhod haye barndsd. Man was not living

Key to Exercises

on bread alone. 3. end la saaleq-na wen bayta. I myself am not going from the
house. 4. hddyd atttd ba-brah d-la 'a bar l-ndmosd. The woman is rejoicing in
her son who is not transgressing the law. 5. eskhuh kad 'amrd ba-qrit_a hay. They
found her (while) she was living in that village. 6. maim d-bd'e att leh. For
whom are you searching? 7. kad hwd ramsd 'dbrin l-nahrd. When it was
evening, they crossed the river. 8. end saleh-nd leh l-hdna ktabd lwdt_-kon byad
hand slihd. I am sending this book to you by means of this messenger. 9. hdzeyn
atton l-hon. You are seeing them. 10. eskhet_ li atra d-bane-nd beh bayta. I found
for myself a place in which I am building a house. 1 1 . haw d-daber lak
b'edlbdbak-u. That man who is guiding you is your enemy. 1 2. end dmar-nd I-
kon d-haw d-qqtlu pdroqan-u. I am telling you. "That one who they (m) killed is
our savior. " 13. hzaw lak kad napeq men baytdk. They saw you when you were
going from your house. 14. b-saprd den dzlin-waw l-'edjd. But in the morning
they went to church. 15. qqtlin-nan l-hon kollhon. We will kill them all. 16. alalia
pares mrahhmdnuteh 'al ar'd kollah. God is spreading his mercy over all the
earth. 17. 'abdeh den d-qentrdnd had qrib-wd la-mmdi w-sma' 'al iso'. w-
saddar Iwdteh qassise da-yhuddye. hennon den kad etaw Iwat iso' ba'eyn-waw
menneh w-dmrin. rhem ger l-'amman. w-dp bet-knustd hu bnd Ian. iso' den dzel-
wd 'ammhon. kad den la saggi rahhiq men bayta. saddar Iwdteh qentrond
rahmaw. (But) the sen'ant of a certain centurion was near death. And he heard
about Jesus. And he sent to him the elders of the Jews. But when they came to
Jesus, they sought from him and said, "Indeed, he loves our people. And so the
house of the assembly (synagogue) he built for us. (But) Jesus went with them
(m.). But when he was not very far from the house. The centurion sent to him his
friends.

(b) 1 . qentrond d- abdeh qarrib la-mmdt saddar Iwateh qassise da-yhuddye da-
sma'in-waw 'al iso' .

k't". t n m^\oA i:\_r }(Oi27i\ .3_iT_o mi-m r\Lici : A 7 _LO

■vcit ■ i_^_ ciom , ^ ^ ti rd.Tcim_j^

2. b-at_rd hand bnd slihd /-' edta l-gabre wa-l-nesse d- 'aamriin bah ba-mdind

rdiliAo p^i-iy^ rC'ikA-i rc\i Aj rdin rtscn K'i^Kln

3. Saleh la-slihd Iwat malka 'lawd-sma'

\ *7u.n fV-\ \>) )&a\ rC\i\.j \ r<\r

4. Sabqan 'am b'eldbdban ~i-n\ v ~i _^ix_ J^7 IT

5. hdkannd d-malkd pqadw-ap'bad n~ls arC'o t n°> rc'-t \*m ix' nm

6. batreh kollhon npaq den menndh mdittd l-ture

rc'ic^A K'ivjrOj rh-O: ^_j^ ^_cniji nn'M cbi^jD

7. Hzaytondh l-atnd d-selqal b-saprd l-baytdh d-rdhemtah?

Key to Exercises

8. Sem'ei 'al kdrdzut_d da-nbiyd ineiinlion qassise

Lesson Nine

(a) I . gabrd hakkimd. The wise man. 2. Nes.se Jdbdhl d-seday. The good women
who are beside me. 3. malkutd hachd. The new kingdom. 4. ImtUeh saggidtd d-
dileh. His many daughters. 5. l '6dta qaddisk'i. The holy church. 6. malke rawrbe.
The great kings. 7. yauviata sappire. The beautiful days. 8. bnayndsd 'attire. The
rich people. 9. melhd bis[d. The bad salt. 10. pagreh qaddisa. His holy body. 1 1.
nihil qaddisa 2 . The holy spirit. 12. knuscUd saggi'dhl. The many synagogues. 13.
'edatd rawrbdtfi. The big churches. 14. madbrd riibii. The great desert. 15. emm
hakkimtd. My wise mother. 1 6. malake qaddise. The holy angels. 1 7. b'eldbdbe
bise. The wicked enemies. 18. 'abde.tdbe sedeh. The good seirants (are) beside
her. 19. bdtte saggi'e. The many houses. 20. puqddnhon rabbd. Their great
commandment. 2 1 . Rdhmd hdattd da-hldp_aw. The new friend which is for his
sake. OR The new friend instead of him. 22. ar'dk rabbtd. Your great land. 23.
qritd 'attirnl. The rich village. 24. qerydtd saggidtd. The many villages. 25.
lahmd saggi'd sedayk. (There is) much bread beside you. OR There is much
bread near you. 26. mdittd qaddistd. The holy city. 27. rdhme 'attire. The rich
friends. 28. qassisd yuddyd. The Jewish elder. 29. mdindtd rahhiqatji. The
distant cities. 30. baytd qarribd. The nearby house.

(b) ! . r^i-i \^ ono *fl. ■ t " hakkim-ii gabrd. The man is wise.

2 i^ri'^n fr \ ^__xjr<' «^ri!^ tdbdn-ennen nesse d-sed. The women

beside me are good.

3. rx^ o a W _,(T} rC^rUi hadjd-y malkutd. The kingdom is new.

4. crA-,^ cn&vln «^_xjr< ^_rCjj££D saggi'dn-ennen bndteh d-dileh.
Many are the daughters who belong to him. OR He has many daughters.

5. rC'^vxv _ifD nclx_j:un qnddisd-y 'edki. The church is holy.

h r v'-VW oocn ^-lini' rawrbin-waw malke. The kings were great.

1 '. v?)sCj){\-i ncim -^ • °> t sappirin-waw yawmdtfi. The days were

beautiful.
K n'r \". >-i nom rC'H-iilW ' attirin-waw bnayndsd. The people were

See Thaekston's grammar, p. 30 n. I.

10

Key to Exercises

rich.

9. rdiA^n _iO} r^T .-i bisa-y melha. The salt is bad.

10. cnT_^& citT) ,t ii_p qaddis-u pagreh. His body is holy.

1 1 . rdwcn _jCO rdr_iU3 qaddisa-y ruhci. The spirit is holy.

12. P^)(\ ▼ n > a ^ tnr / re' . \Vn unoo/'niuennpn kutiintfi TUp

synagogues are many.

13. PC^rL^. .. ^ irC* ^_^TOT rawrban-ennen ' edata. The churches are

big.

14. (X'TJDrOj ono zx\ ra£-/< madbra. The desert is great.

1 5 dirt _>no Pdin_i_a_»j Hakkima-y emm. My mother is wise.

16. ndirc^n oorn ^_lx_iXJ3 qaddisin-waw malake. The angels were
holy.

1 7. rx'-i-niV v -i noon _ _^t .-i bisin-waw b'eldbabe. The enemies were
wicked.

18. rh-inrt'^. K*.l n \ . ocirn ^^jp^jabjn-waw'abdesedeh. The servants
beside her were good.

19. rC^sva „ ^ >rx* ^_r^\£0 saggi' an-ennen batte. The houses are many.

20. ^__onuu3Cia cim rn rabb-u pukdanhon. Their commandment is
great.

21 .rnnov\vo p£5i*n ocn i\x»j Hdet_-u rahma da-hlapaw. The friend is

new for his sake.

22. irys^TK' _j<T) r<-3i rabba-y ar'ak. Your land is great.

23. K'^jT.o _»tT) f<T_.^VA_ 'attira-y qrita. The village is rich.

24. rd)^a\n „ ^ \rd ^__rC^\£D saggi "an-ennen qeryatji. The villages are

many.

25. i/y.nr*'- rt^nyiA nm _i_^p saggi-u lalnna sedayk. Much bread is
beside you.

26. rCKj-'^ -"fD r^T in_g qaddisa-y mditta. The city is holy.

27. ri^un oom «^_jT_.^a. ' attirin-waw ratline. The friends were rich.

11

Key to Exercises

28. h^t .t n ofn_j^Ofn_i yuddy-u qassisd. The elder is Jewish.

29. n^V "\ . i ^n ^ tir' n . vii' rahhiqdn-ennen mdinatd. The cities are

distant.

30. rt^ft i~i cim (<3_iT_D qarrib-u baytd. The house is nearby.

(c) 1 . bnaw l-hon c edta hadtd b-hu and. They built a new church for them in that
place. 2. iso' msihd pdrdqa-w d-'edjd qaddistd. Jesus Christ is the savior of the
holy church. 3. ' attirdn-ennen hdlen nesse. These women are rich. 4. hakkim-u
haw d-la 'dber l-jinqdane d-aldhd. Wise is he who does not/will not transgress
the commandments of God. 5. kad hzd adctm l-hawwd hdi bah saggi. When Adam
saw Eve he rejoiced much in her. 6. bis-u d-la ndter l-piiqddne d-aldhd d-ndsbin
bnayndsd men muse nbiyd. Wicked is he who does not keep the commands of
God which the people received from Moses the prophet. 1. Id hakkimin aytayhon
bneyyeh d-atttci 'attirtd. The sons of the rich woman are not wise. 8. Jdbdn
mellayhon d-nabiye. The words of the prophets are good. 9. rab-wa malkd da-
mditte lumen. The king of those cities was great. 10. mditte d-malka hand
rawrbdn-ennen. The cities of this king are great. 1 1. ndhtin-waw malke 'layhon
b'aldbabehon. The kings were descending upon their enemies. 1 2. jab aytway-wd
lahmd d-eklan b-bdttehon. The bread which we ate in their houses was good. 1 3.
b-koll-zban den et_eyn sliheway d-aldhd Iwathon bnayndsd. But the apostles of
God always come to the people. 14. et_d iso' msihd hldpayn. Jesus Christ came
for our sake. 15. aytayhon bnayndsd ba-mdittd rabtd d-malkutd. The people in
the city are the greatest of the kingdom. 1 6. bane Ian pdroqa malkutd hdettci b-
smayye. The savior is building for us a new kingdom in heaven. 17. 'bad alalia
pardisd l-kollhon bnayndsd qaddise. God made paradise for all the holy people.
1 8. kad qreb l-qrittd Id hzaw leh l-gabrd haw. When they drew near the village
they did not see that man. 19. l-nidnd qtalhaw l-nabbi. Why did they kill the
prophet? 20. dbarun l-madbrd. They guided us to the wilderness. 21. 'dar li
'abdeah. Her servants helped me. 22. hzaw Idk kad qdt_el-att Idh l-attteh. They
saw you when you were killing his wife.

(cl) 1 . Bis -aw b'aldbaban ^Ji^\\ -| rcVtm t .-i

2. rawrbdn hwaw'eddtjj hdittd d-bnaw lhayn

^_-j<rA cyan rc^^drui rf^riA. >oq} ^^ai'ciT

3. Saggi' in hwaw bnayyeh ctl^Ld ciom '\rC . s^m

4. Hditjn ennon batthon b-mdittd

5. Yehbeildh la-ktdbe d-yabt li -A ^3Q3_,n rdiii^^A &A &JDm_,

6. Rabb b-inalkuta hwaw bnayyi >_j-i3 ciciro rt'^o^ \*7in rn

12

Key to Exercises

7. Rba-ay hwa mditta hadta men haw dhyayn bah

<to y"^ 6m ^^3 iV^.tjj n^svxjiOj am >m ndai

Lesson Ten

(a) 1 . atton-ennon nuhra d-'almd. You (nip) are the light of the world. 2. kad
nhar-wa sapra dmek. They slept while the morning was bright. 3. 'raq 'abda
bissa w-la ida' mareh d-ayka-u. The wicked servant fled and his lord did not
know where he was. 4. hade-y melha sarrirta da-nbiye. This was the true word
of the prophets. 5. bdtar hade hpak kahna l-haykla 'am talmidu. After this, the
priest returned to the temple with his disciples. 6. eskahu kad yateb 'am rabbay-
kahne. They found him as he was sitting with the chief priests. 1. kad hapket l-
bayta yatbet. When I returned to the house, I sat down. 8. sarrira'h la idayn-
nan. Truly we did not know. 9. dmek 'abday malka b-haykla. The sen-ants of the
king went to sleep in the palace. 10. kad hapket hzet_ nuhra d-naher b-ideh d-
mare bayta. When I returned, I saw a light which was shining in the hand of the
master of the house. 1 1 . l-mana rdaptan men Iwatjik. Why did you drive me from
your presence? 12. saggi ba'eyn-wayn ella la eskahnay l-maran. Many of us
were searching but we did not find our master. 13. meskena had ayt d-yat_eb-wa
Iwat tar' eh d-haw 'attird. There is a poor man who was sitting before the gate of
the rich (man).. 14. b-rasit ayt-aw hwa melha. w-haw melha ayt-aw-wa Iwat
alaha. w-alaha h-aw-wa haw melha. liana h-aw-wa b-rash Iwat alalia, koll b-
ideh-wa... In the beginning was the word. And the word was with God. And God
was the word. This (one) was with God in the beginning. All (things) were
(made) by his hand...

(b) 1 . Hzayt li nahet_-na la-qrha z'ora qarrib-ah l-mditta

rx'^v^rOiA rhn_.T_o ix'tcl^ k'^-jTjqA rding" ^Ulj _iA Js\_j\->j

2. hebn 'am talmidan karribeh and

3. Rabb-wat_malkut_an b-yawmeh d-malka

4. Rdaptiw menni

5. yedet_ d-hakkimin-waw bnaynasa la b-koll-zban

^-g\\-\~i t<\ pc't \l \~i ciorn .^«*n i -\ via X^vn_i

6. Eskahneh leh b-haykla

rclLifnzi mA fnunTK 1

7. Kad res-abahatd yat_eb-wa 'amhon talmideh w-rahmeh sarrireh iqed 'edtq

13

Key to Exercises
ot^ijjTO m:\_il7i\i\ ^iniii K'omjD^-j r?)&cnnr? _ri :o

Lesson Eleven

(a) 1. end-nd rd'ydtfibd. rd'd.idbd miQseh sat am hlan 'dneh. I am the good
shepherd. The good shepherd puts down his soul for the sake of his sheep. 2.
haw den iso' (jam qddm hegmona wa-sleh hegmona w-emar leh. att-u malka da-
yhuddye. einar leh iso' att email. But then Jesus rose in front of the governor
and the governor asked him and said to him. Are you the king of the Jews? Jesus
said to him: "yon said (so)." 3. qdymin-waw den rabbay-kayne w- azzizazd' it
dklin-waw. But the chief priests were rising and they were strongly slandering
him. 4. Qam men slot_eh w-etji lwdt_ talmiday w-eskah-ennon kaddemkin. He rose
from his prayer and he came unto his disciples and he found them as they were
sleeping. 5. w-'al iso' l-oreslem l-haykla w-hzd kollmedem. And Jesus entered
Jerusalem to the temple and he saw everything. 6. b-yawme herodes malka et_aw
mguse men madnhd l-oreslem w-amrin. ayka malka da-yhudaye... hzen ger
kawkheh b-madnhd. hi the days of Herod the king magi came from the east to
Jerusalem and they said, "where is the king of the Jews, " indeed we saw his star
in the east... 1. Hdnon den kad sma' men malka ezal w-hd qddmayhon 'dammd.
d-etji qam I' el men ayka d-ayt-awjalya. But when they heard, they went out from
the king and lo, it rose before them until it came above from where the child was.

8. Mann d-sdm l-kawkbe ba-smayyd. Who is he who put the stars in the heavens?

9. Kad hzd hegmona Jalyeh w-sd'el d-mdn d-'dder leh. When the governor saw
his child, he rose and asked, "who is helping to him?" 10. Hzaw rd'awwdtd d-
mitt 'dndhon kollhdh d-dilhon. The shepherds saw all their sheep which died
which belonged to them. 1 1 . Qam nbiyd qddm-aw w-dmar d-'a'el-na l-baytdh d-
attdk. The prophet rose before the king and said. "I am entering the house of
your wife." 12. Kad hzaw kdhne nuhrd da-bmadnhd ida 'd-qd'em pdrdqa d-hu
nuhrd d-'dlmd. When the priests saw the light which is in the east they knew of
the rising of the savior who is the light of the world.

(b) \.Qdmet qddmaw 'dammd d-i[ebi2)h-i3 r£2n\± iCTKCnruo &Oi£)

2. 'aln bayteh d-gabrd btidn-nan b'eldbdban

3. Ida' mell[eh-waw da-nbiyd sarririn

^JA->\jz. m)sA^i rV .1 n nam a^n_i

4. Eskah ydtjib b-madbrd 'ammhon id' awwdtjj

14

Key to Exercises

5. Sarrird'uld xed'et_ayka hwd rc'om r£j±-,r< !kL rd\ i(\_.r<'T_.T_r.

6. Bate/ - /?««• hpak hegmond l-edteh l anmihon talmideh

7. Et_aw mguse bat in l-talyd kawkbeh hzaw b-smayyd

8. Ydtba-wayn l al l-turd I'el men l-mdittd

K'kvjj.-Cn «^3 \s \ ffT^jA Jlv ^_jCirn rdnX\_i

9. A yka mdittd d-malkd d-ar'a hade

1 0. Radpet bdtar l-b'eldbdbi lwdt_ madbra, w-ayka qqtlel hennon

^_n_iqp h\\ n r?-\ .tr* rtxarOj )i\n\ .-i-n\\"-i\ t^\_d ^^t

Lesson Twelve

(a) 1. melltd da-ktiba. The word which was written. 2. Puqdane da-pqidin I-
abaw. The commandments which were commanded to his father. 3. Lahma d-
akil. The bread which was eaten. 4. malaka d-slih l-alaha. The angel which was
sent to God. 5. dahbd d-ahid men haykla. The gold which was seized from the
temple. 6. Attta d-qtila l-ahi. The woman who killed my brother. 7. Melle d-
smi'an-way. The words which were heard. 8. talya da-ylid The child who was
born. 9. ktabe d-simin Iwat abuk. The books which were put in the presence of
your father. 10. Bayta da-bne-wd l-aho. The house which was built for his
brothers. 1 1 . kawkbe da-hzin b-smayye. The stars which were seen in the
heavens. 1 2. c ana d-ba'yd l-rd'yd. The sheep which were sought by the shepherd.
13. mrahhmanuta da-prisd 'al bnaynasa. The mercy which was spread over the
people. 14. bnayya da-rhimin l-abuhon. The sons who loved their fathers.

(b) 1. w-ehad ayti' u l-bayteh d-rab kahneh. w-sem'on et_a-wa batreh men ruhqd.
w-sdm den nurd mesa't dartd. wa-ytabin-wu hdarah. wa-yatjb-wa ap haw
senion bayndthon. w-\iezdt_eh 'laymta hdd d-yateb lwat_ nurd, w-herat beh w-
amrd. Ap hannd 'ameh-wd. Hu den kpar wemar. attta la ydde'-nd leh. ap att
mennhon att. kepa den emar Id hwet_ w-bd[dr sa'd hdd hrend emar srird'it ap
hand 'ameh-wd ap glilayd-u ger. dinar kepa, gabrd la yade-nd manna d-emar
att.

And they seized him and brought him to the house of the high priests. And
Simon was going behind him from a distance. Then they put afire in the midst of
the courtyard. And they were sitting around it. And Simon was also sitting
among them. And a certain maiden saw him who was sitting beside the fire. And
she paid heed to him (noticed him) and (she) said, This (man) was also with him.
But he denied it and said. "Woman, I do not know him" You are also from them.

15

Key to Exercises

But Peter said. I am not. And after he said (that), another said, "Truly this (man)
was also with him. for he also is a Galilean. Peter said. "Man I do not know
what you are talking about. "

2. Emar leh pilqtos. malka att. aiiiiir leh iso' . att emart d-malka end end l-hcide
Hid ena. wa-l-hdde et\et_ l-'almd.

Pilate said to him. "You are a king. " (or, "Are yon a king?"). Jesus said to
him. "You (yourself) said that I am a king. For this I was horn. And for this I
came into the world.

3. saggain -ennon awwdne bayt abi. Many are the lodgings (in) the house of my
father.

(c) I. Kadqdmeleskaheidkilmididmikin

^-> -^i -ixl^iA^u & vi s t r< £oix> a^

2. ezal l-aykd da-ylidjalyd d-kawkbeh d-hza b-madnhd

3. Hzdk ahdkydtjelnn ba-msa ' at_d-dartd 'ameh

4. Kad emar hegmdnd leh nielkd da-yhudaye? Emar, 'la emret_ d-malkd-nd.

Emart att

5. Aykdtjdye da-ylidin tamman .^^j^n , - ^ A ^ rC'iW^ r?-\ t y?

6. 'laymd heir l-'laymtd d-ra'yd l-'aneh d-abeh

(TL^jr< aiAjCn rx" ■% in rt'koi t \\ \ t_u rd^ri i\s

7. Emar Iso', dmeskene hwaw ' ammaykon b-koll-zban

8. Kad hzd l-'edtd hadtd d-bne malka l-hon. hdi rabt'h 'am-aw

a_iXii «^_omA rcS\> ^C±^^ k^\:uj r<^n-^A o\jj n_a

9. Hakannd nutlkd izaqdan ^jUD°i r?-\\y> rCucn

10. l-mdna la etavton lwat->)bc& .^ak-.^K' r<\ iXLi^iA

16

Key to Exercises
Lesson Thirteen

(a) 1. l-mdnd sdbe att l-mektal ennon. Why do you want to kill them? 2. slama
sdbeq end Ikon slama dil ydheb end. Id-wd aykannd d-yaheb 'alma end ydheb
end l-kon. Peace I am leaving with you. My peace I am giving to you. Not as the
world gives am I giving to you. 3. la meskah-na l-metji lawtdk. I am not able to
come with you. 4. sabin ennon l-mekal lehmah. They are wanting to eat bread. 5.
la meskah aytaw l-memar srdrd. He is not able to speak the truth. 6. eten l-
mesldk'al hade. They are coming to ask you about this. 1. sbd-nd la-mehzdkon. I
want to see you. 8. w-Iaykd d-ez.al end yadin-ton. w-urha yadin atton. emar leh
toma. maran Id yadin-nan l-aykd ezal att. w-aykannd meskahin-nan urha
Imedda'. emar leh iso' ennd-nd urha w-srdrd w-hayye. Id nas eta l\vat_ ab ella bi.
ellu yacf in-wayton ap_ l-abi yadin-wayton. w-men hdsd yadin atton leh. w-
hziyton-ay. And you know to where I am going. And you know the way. Thomas
said to him. Lord, we do not know where you are going. And how are we to find
the way to know? Jesus said to him, "/ am the way and the truth and the life. No
one comes to my father except through me. If you knew me you would also know
my father. And from now you (are) knowing him. And yon saw him. 9. b-had-
bsabbd den et_at_ maryam magdldy b-sapid l-be[-qburd w-hzdt_ l-kepd d-sqild men
qabrd. w-rehta[ et_at_ lwat_ sem'dn kepd. w-emard l-hon d-saklaw l-mdrdn men
haw bet_-qburd. w-npaq sem'dn w-haw talmidd hrend. w-etin-waw l-bet_-qlmrd w-
rehtin-waw tartehon akhdd. haw den talmidd rhet qadmeh l-sem'on w-etd
qadmayd l-bet qburd. But on Sunday Mary Magdelene went up in the morning to
the sepulcher and she saw the stone which was lifted from the tomb. And she ran
up to Simon Peter. And telling them that our lord was lifted from that sepulcher.
And Simon went forth and that other disciple. And they were coming to the
sepulcher and the two were running together. But that disciple ran before Simon
and he came the first to the sepulcher. 1 0. kad stem yawmdt_d hpctk l-hon. /To
den talya pas leh b-yerusalem w-ydsep w-emeh la ida'. w-la eskah-aw w-hpak I-
hon l-oreslem. w-men btjir tldtd yawmin eskah-aw b-haykld kad ydt_eb msa'td
mallpdne w-sema' mennhon. When the days were over they returned (to them).
But the child Jesus remained in Jerusalem but Joseph and his mother did not
know. But they did not find him and they returned to Jerusalem. But after three
days they found him in the temple sitting in the middle (of) teachers and listening
to them.

(b) 1 . btar tldtd yawmin, b-had-bsabbd. ezlat_ l-bet_-qburd w-esakhat l-kepd sqal-

wa

r^io-i n ^\ i-i.\ )&\\v< rx'-i t nx^j «^_i>cui rCi\A^ t^sud

om \ n j rdandiA Lnr r^o

2. Ndsin sdm l-nurd b-mes'at d-ddrtd w-it_eb hddrah

rh_iTXij cudJi\_j rc^inn ^\_v_iin k'tojlA cokd ^j-iit'

3. 'laymta hrat_ l-gabrd d-ezal b-me/at-hon w-yedat d-hwd t_almidd d-iso'

17

Key to Exercises

4. Layt Ihon l-meskene owwanci b-inadbici

5. Bdtar z'or kad ezal akhdii mesqcil l-kega men atjah

6. En lizetlakitbetlclk. v/\A ^U3^_j »aA )s\'ut ^_r?

Lesson Fourteen

(a) I . impf 3 m. pi ("they will go up") nezlon «^_cu \rdi

2. impf 3 f. sg/2 m. sg ("you will go forth") teppoq jno_a}[\

3. impv m. sg ehod (XiiK* "seize") ncLuK'

4. impf 3 f. pi nebdycin (_i:ui "they will rejoice") «^J:ui_l

5. impf 3 m. sg nedmak («ryn:\ "he will return") irCnu

6. impf 2 f. pi te'bdcin (n~is "you will make") .^vns k\

7. impf 1 com pi nehhon (J(UlJ "we will go down")«^_cui_i

8. Impf 2 f. sg tepleyn (nd\_2k "you will turn") «^_A°*i\

9. impf 2 m. sg/3 f. pi tehliot (k\-»i_i "you will go down") ^\clm^

10. impf 3 m. pi nerhtim 0&cr>\ "they will run") .^a^rma

1 1. impf 3 f. pi nebdCin (ruDrC "they will serve") «^_ap(Xli

12. impf 2 f. pi teslhan (m\.t "you will send") ^_Jiii^\

13. impf I com pi nete (K'ivK' "we will go up") rf^rdj

14. impf 1 com sg <?/<7;•(^^ 7 _J "I will keep") T^r^

15. impf 2 m. pi tetjmn l^J3^\ "you will seek") .^an^

16. impf 3 f. sg/2 m. sg tac/ad (:\_n_j "she will burn") n_nrfi\

17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.

Key to Exercises

mpf I com sg eha (n f -vi "I will see") rd^rf
mpf 2 f. sg tektbin ("you will write") ^_^~i^\_3,^\
mpf 1 com pi nehpok ("we will turn") i/\cxam_J
mpf 2 m. pi tepros (coxa "you will spread") 00OT_a^\
mpf 3 f. pi tied' an CvXj "they will know") ,^_^!n_i
mpf 2 m. pi teutn (rC'^rt' "you will come up") ^^o^vK'^
mpf 2 m./3 f. sg tebne (rr't-i "you will build") fV nfr\
mpf 1 com pi nehwa (K'om "we will be") rc'omj
mpf 3 f. pi nenhran (imj "they will shine") «^_Tfn_j_i
mpf 2 m. pi te'dnin (iii. "you will help") «^_cn:ixi(\
mpf 2 m./3 f. sg tesboq ( n-it "you will leave") n o -it X\
mpf 2 f. pi tektlan (\\ n "you will kill") .^\\, ri'frv
mpf 2 m./3 f. sg teniar (i^rC "you will say") iijrfiv

mpf 2 f. sg tedin Cvn_i "you will know") ,. ^s n^\

mpf 1 com sg etjib (v- ~i )t\ "I will seek") n&\r<'
mpf 3 m. sg /ze'Vog (jnix. "he will flee") xioi \ \
mpf 2 m. pi te'liin (W\ "you will go in, enter") ^_oi_^ii\
mpf 2 m./3 f. sg tqum Opaxi "you will rise") -pc\ja }s\
mpf 3 m. sg nenvnoi ()&-j^n "he will die") JftCOU

mpf 2 f. pi tesiman C p .m "you will put") ^ 7i"ro X\

mpf 2 m. or f. sg tehor (t_vj "he will gaze" ) icui^\

mpf 3 m. pi nelfdn (r<l\_3 "they will seek") £>>. ~> >

mpf 2 f. sg tesalin (\rdr "you will ask") «^_jAndx^\
mpf 3 m. sg tesaq (rdrofD "he will sack") xlCD^\
mpf 3 m. sg nehze (r<"U) "he will see") rduiJ

19

42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.

Key to Exercises
mpf 3 m. sg nerdon (&:n "he will pcrsuc") aani_i
mpv m. sg oto/diK" "cat!") \cu\K'
mpf 3 in. sg nerham OpjjT "ho will lnvc")'7uiT_J

mpf 2 I'. pi tesm'an (\ >>r "you will hear") ^ '**t \\

mpf 3 m. pi neskhun (w\3 "he will find") «^_£Uuuc_i

mpf 2 f. sg tedbrin (im "you will say") «^_j\i3n^\

nipt' 3 f. pi nekj)ivn (\°\-\ "they will deny") ^JLa_xJ

mpf 2 in. pi teqrlmn (_3Tjo "you will draw near") ^_cu3T_ai\

mpf 1 com sg e'ol (rC^ff "I will raise up^Aoj^rC

mpv m. pi rmr ( rfift K" "go up") o)b

mpf 1 com sg ettel cA&VJ "I will give").!^^

mpf 3 m. pi nenwsun (t <\ "they will stay, remain") n too, >

mpf 2 m./3 f. sg f/(iȣ(if\_i^n "you will die") ^\COj^\
mpf I com sg eljze (K'ui "I will see") rC\^ift'
mpf 3 m. pi nect'im (rfxj "they will know") «^_o_^.t_j
mpf I com sg chdel (i-un "I will fear") l^rC

(b) I . Three months tlatayarhe rdiii-i rCic\Air\

2. Ten years 'esrei snayyiirC^ix. rc'nrov

3. eight days tmanya yciwine rC^cL. PCLi_l^nif\

4. three hours tlatascfe rx\ i' ft'^A^

5. seven men tmanyd gabre re'^-i \^ re* . t*^

6. nine women tsa' nesse fVf \ \j )s\

7. the second month tmyyand yarha rdiji-j rcLi-ii^

8. the fourth house rbi'mci bavta rc^ >~i r? is L3T

20

Key to Exercises

9. the fifth teacher hmisaya mallpana rdsA^ r^ .t i*7uj

10. the first good word qadmaya mellta tjiba rdz]k\ rt'ivlln F? .^naxi

(c) 1. sabe-wa l-mesak. He wanted to go up. 2. la meskah ena l-mpas. He was
not able to stay. 3. Sabjn-aw l-mhar bah. They wanted to delay in in her. 4.
meskah-we[ I- mehzyeh. He is able to see him. 5. sabe bayta l-mabna. Wanting to
build a house. 6. la meskah- wa l-mditta l-mezal. He was not able to go to the
city. 1. la sabe l-mebad. Not wanting to perish. 8. sbi att namosa l-metar. You
(are) desiring to observe the law. 9. la sba li l-metleh. Not wanting me to give
him. 1 0. la sba ena le-mlektlek. I am not wanting to kill you.

(d) 1. ettol \ok\PC'. 2. nedhlun ^a\si\s. 3. tedmok i/\a>n^\. 4. tebne
r<Lm)&. 5. neppol \cva_i. nezlan ^\\rd neytan «^\_i_i. 7. tedeyn
.^A-nr^. 8. nehhot k\cuu. 9. atten ^-j^VJrf. 10. tesloq-neAw)b. 11. tqum
■pOD^\. 12. nsumun ^cpiomj. 13. ete rC^rf. 14. tehdeyn .^^k 15.

ehze rt'^rC'. 16. eti _j^\rc'. 17. la nmitun «^ oJi\_a^7i_i ixl\. 18. tpasin

^_jjLa^s\. 19. tselam ^\rCx.)^. 20. tUe r<\ ~i^\. 21. nehwon ^acimj. 22.
thor icuiiv. 23. tekolAcLir?)b.

Lesson Fifteen

(a) 1. netfew. they will build him. 2. tehodeh. you will seize her. 3. ep_qodkon. I
will visit you. 4. nepiaseh. they will spread her. 5. tesbakonan. you will leave me.
6. teslhek. you will send you. 7. etr'ew. I will keep him. 8. nemreh. they will tell
her. 9. neldew. they will beget him. 10. ed'ek. I will know you. 1 1 . teklonew. you
will eat it. 12. nedbran. they led me. 13. tebraynyew. you crossed it. 14.
nerhmekpn. they love you. 15. nesimnew. she will put him. 16. eUwe. I will seek
him. 17. nehzunan. he will see me. 18. tebneh. she will build it. 19. ehzek. I will
see you. 20. nep_rsunay. he will spread it. 21. tesboqin. you will leave us. 22.
nekfinek. they will seek you. 23. nerdpunay. they will pursue him. 24. tektbeh.
she will write her. 25. tekolew. you will eat it. 26. ektlak. I will kill you. 27.
tesbqney. you will stop him. 28. neqtlan. they will kill us. 29. tesm'ew. she will
hear him. 30. e'bdeh. I will serve him.

(b) 1. w-emar l-hon matja hand, manu mennkon gabra leh ma ' erbin. w-en
nebad had mennhon. la sbeq tefin w-tfa b-dabra. w-azal bate l-haw d-ebad
'edma d-neskahwe. w-ma d-eskheh hade, w-sakel leh 'al katpateh. w-ate I-

21

Key to Exercises

buyteh. w-qare l-rhemdw w-lsabew. w-dmar l-lum. had 'am d-eskahet 'erab d-
abid. amar enna l-kon. d-hdkannd t-ehwe hadutji b-smayyd c al had hqttdyd d-
ta" eb aw 'al tes'in. w-tefci zaddiqin d-ld metjxi'yd l-hon tydbutft.

And he told them this parable. There is a certain man among you who had
many sheep. And if one from among them perished, will he not leave behind 99
in the wilderness And he will go seeking that which perished until he found him?
And he who found him will rejoice. And he put him upon his shoulders. And went
up to his house. And he called his friends and his neighbors. And he said to
them. Rejoice with me because I found my sheep with was lost. I am saying to
them. Of thus there will be more gladness in heaven upon one sinner who
repents than upon the ninety and nine righteous for whom repentance is not
necessary.

2. b-haw den zabnd. et_o nesin emar leh 'al glildyd lianoii d-pilgos hlet d-mhon
'am debhon. w-'end iso' w-emar l-hon. sabrin atton d-hennon glildye hattayn-
waw yattir men kollhon glilciye. d-hdkannd hwd-ennon la. amar-na l-kon den.
dap kollkon en la ttiibnn. hdkannd tebbdun. aw hdnon tmdnta'sar d-npal 'alhon
magdld b-sildhcl iv-qtal ennon. sbarin atton d-hattin-wd yattir men kollhon
bnayndsd d-emrin b-oreslem. la. Amar-na d-an la ttiibun kollkon akwdthon
tabdun.

But in that time. The people went up (and) they spoke to him concerning
those Galileans whose blood Pilate mingled with their sacrifices. And Jesus
replied and said to them. "You (were) thinking that these Galileans were sinner
more than all of the Galileans. Because this happened to them? However. I am
saying to you. That also all of you if you are not good. Thus you will perish. Or
those eighteen on whom the tower in Siloam fell and killed them. You were
thinking that they were sinners more than all the people which are living in
Jerusalem. No. I say to you. that if you do not repent, all of you like them will
perish.

(c) 1 . Hand yarhd nesloni bdtar yawme hammse

vti'^na r£yia_, iiua ~po\r \ rd*jT_. rdicn

2. Hpokayn l-dreslem w-b'Oyn l-Jalyd d-pds tamman

^7i)& t °o r* .\\^\ ^jCii_ao J^jliTCir<\ ^_jjia°im

3. La yectat aykd msdm l-'erbd d- sec/la t 'al katpdtd

4. La metba'yd li d-e'ne V? \\ K'—iA r^ is "i^sOi

5. Aykannd ide'n l-tirhd b-d-tezol

6. Er/us harkd l-estdyarhe ndu^-i rC^\_rrrli rdaim CDO.&K'

7. Ellu teb'dndn teskohi b-bavteh d-abi

22

Key to Exercises

8. Ellit frayt teskahi b-bayteh ahi

yur? cn)s\ inn • *■-> tht^ _,^\ ,\ ~i aW

9. La yahbei l-ak kollmeddem d-sabe

(d) 1. ktebteh rois\ji(\_2. ektobeh fnuo^-anC'. 2. pqadti -,)s\\s12l. tepqodi
.-\c \ nov X\ 3. prasnhon «^_Cim_lCDT-a. neproshon nmmni°i t 4. qetla[eh

m)t\\Y n teqtoleh m\n\^ nV 5. rdapah rn&:n. nedropah rh^onTJ. 6.

sbaqtna ^ > ■ mr tesbaqna rdunix^N. 7. nsnhnpk . -> t-inn t nensbunek
■ ■\ i-im > t 8. eskahnak i/yLnA.rrc'. neskahnak i>\ >>i-\ trt'i 9. seltoni

_i_iO^\Ardr. /se/»7»'_jjcAxi!\. 10. ntanianakys^±j\\ \. nenttorak yr\\c\\ \.

II. ekaltah rbk\_Linc'. tekolah chiorc'^. 12. Zwe£e/i mX\ . >-i <?£/«?/? mJJDPC'.

13. b'aytan ^Jj\_irc\.-|. tetfen ^jV\ n^\. 14. hzak\j\y>s. tehzakv\Ui)&. 15.

samtonah rfua^OiXD. tsumunah &lic£j)C\£d)&. 16. //javr/ _j^\_iUj. tehzeyni

Lesson Sixteen

(a) 1. kannes eimon. He gathered them. 2. sarrit l-mallapu. I began to teach. 3.
esalla. I pray. 4. mallep-wa. He was teaching. 5. nmallun. "they will speak". 6.
msarriyen. "beginning". 7. msalleyn. "praying" 8. mkannasu. "to assemble". 9.
£a///£ ' fl/flvc. / prayed for them. 1 0. sa/t/ l-mqassayeh l-lahma. He began to break
the bread. 11. sarnat Imeshak. It began to get dark. 12. naggedeh. "he beat
him". 13. nebarrek Isameh. They blessed his name. 14. nallpluni. "they teach
me". 15. 5fl/7v mnaggdin l-hon. They began beating them. 16. ran/'? lammallalu.
I began to speak. 17. /a barrekt att. She did not bless you. 18. /<5 tjiaggdin. Do
not beat.

(b) 1 . fltf de/i e/waf d-msalle att. 'ol Itawwanek. w-ehod tar'ek. w-salla l-abok d-
b-kesya. W-abok d-haze b-kesya nparrek b-gelya.

You. however, when you pray, go into your inner room and shut your door.
And pray to your father privately, and your father, who sees in secret, will
reward you openly.

23

Key to Exercises

2. w-hwd d-kad hit insalle b-dukktd hdi. Kadslem. Emarleh. Had men talmidew:
nun ran allepayn l-insalldyu aykanna d-ap. Ydhanndn allep l-talmidew. dinar I-
hon iso'. Emart. d-insallin atton hdkannd hwayton ainrin abon db-smayyd.
Netqaddas sinak. Tattd malkutak nhawwd sebydnak aykanna. d-b-smayye an b-
ar'd.

And while he was praying in a place he rejoiced. When he finished, he said to
him. One from his disciples (said). "Master, teach us to pray just as also. John
taught his disciples. Jesus says to them, "You say. When yon are praying, you
are in this way saying. "Our father which (is) in heaven. May your name be
blessed. May your kingdom come, you will be done just as. In heaven also in
earth.

3. Sqal iso 1 ' lahmcl. W-barrek w-qsd. W-yab l-talmiddew. w-emar sob ekol hdno
pagrd

And Jesus took the bread. And he blessed and he broke (it) for his disciples.
And he said: Take. eat. This is my body.

4. mettul hand ha end msaddar end lwat_kon nbiye xv-hakkime w-sanre. mennhon
kattlin atton wzqappin atton wmennhon mnaggdin atton. b-kannustkon. W-
terdpun ennon men mdina la-mdind

For this, behold. I sent unto you prophets and wise men and scribes, from
them killing you and crucifying yon and from them beating you. in their
synagogues. And you pursued them from city to city.

5. tub den sarri-wa molten 'dl yad yamma. Etkannas Iwateh kense. saggid. Ak d-
nass ntjib leh b-spittd b-yammd w-kolleh kensd qd'em. -wd 'al ai'd c al yad
yamma

Again, however, he was beginning teaching beside the sea. And many
multitudes were gathered to him. So much so that they pressed him (to) retreat
into a boat on the sea. And all his assembly rose on the earth beside the sea.

Lesson Seventeen

(a) I. aslini meddem. You lent me something. 1. adrekdh hessokd. He overtook
darkness. 3. Ahhebayk. he loved you. 4. tahhebni. yon loved us. 5. lahhebinni.
you loved us. 6. adrekaw. he overtook him. 7. Sarri l-mahhru. He began to
bother me. 8. ehbet_eh. I loved her. 9. nehhtaw. he will send me down. 10.
nehhikon. he will give them life.

(b) I . w-emar l-hon inanu mennkon d-ayt rahnid w-nazzel Iwateh. b-[>elgnt-lelyd
w-nammer leh rahnid aselin tldt. (Srisett. Mettul d-mhmd eta Iwat men urha rc-

Netqaddas "may be blessed", the pattern of this verb and of etkannas below
will be introduced in §19.1.

24

Key to Exercises

layt. meddem d-asim leh w-haw rahmeh men l-gaww if anna w-nemar. Le. La
tjihharni d-hd t_ar' a ahid-w w-benni 'ammi. b-'arsa. La end d-equm w-ettel lak

And he said to them. Who from among them which there is to him a friend he
went up to him. in the middle of the night. And he will say to him. My friend my
lending three, loaves of bread. Because of a friend he came to me from a road,
and I do not have, anything which I can give him and that his friend to the inside
will answer and he will say. To him. Do not bother me. (For) lo. there he was
seizing and my sons with me. in bed. I am not able to rise and give (it) to him.

2. hakannd ger alaha l-'alma aykanna d-l-breh ihidaya nettel. D-kollman d-m-
haymen beh la nebad elld nehivon leh hayye d-l-alma. La tier saddar alaha I-
bareh I' alma, d-nedoniaw l-'alma. Ella b-ideh.

For God so loved the world. As he gave his only son. That the one believing
in him will not perish but there will be to him eternal life. But God did not send
his son to the world, to judge the world. But he did not give life to the world
through him.

3. emar I-hon iso'. Qallil ahrin zabnd nuhra 'emkon. hlkw 'ed it l-kon nuhrd-wd.
D-la hessokd nedrakkon. W-men d-mahlek b-hessoka. La ydle l-ayka kad it l-kon
nuhra. Haymen b-mihra d-benaw d-nuhra tahwun. halen mallei iso' w-ezal
mennhon.

Jes'is said to them, "after a while the light was with you. Walk as though (you
have) light. That your vow (is) darkness. And from which you are walking in
darkness. Not knowing to where he is going until there is no light to them. They
believe in the light. You who are my sons will be light. These (things) Jesus
spoke and he went up from them.

4. man d-sema' malli w-lo natar l-hon. ena la dan end leh. La ger. ayt d-edon I-
c alma. Ella d-ehha l-'alma.

And whoever shall hear my words, and not obseixe them, I do not judge him.
For I did not come to judge the world, but to bring life to the world. (John 1 2:47)

Lesson Eighteen

(a) I . Attta d-metaqrya maryam. The woman who is called Miriam. 2. meddem
d-met_qre mesha. Whatever is called oil. 3. Haw d-etemer li. That which was
spoken to me. 4. malkuia d-smayya d-metdmya l-'sar btulen. The kingdom of the
heaven which is like ten virgins. 5. metb'aw d-la netemar hana. It was necessary
that he not say this. 6. mane d-mezdbenen. Vessels which were bought. 1 . mle
metamran. Words which are being said. 8. gabre d-met_qarin kenen. Men who
were called just. 9. Turn d-la metpteh. A door which was not opened. 10. gabra
d-ezdqep. a man who was crucified.

(b) 1 . ap_ end amar end l-kon. sel w-netjheb l-kon. b'aw w-teskhun. q w-netjiteh l-
kon. koll ger d-sd' el ndseb. w-d-b'a meskah. w-dbdkes metjileh.

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Key to Exercises

So also I am saying to you: They asked and to yon. They sought and you
found. Knock and it will he opened to you. For all those asking (are) receiving.
And the one seeking is able. And the one knocking it will he opened to him.

2. tub sma' ton d-etemer d-rhem l-kribek. w-sni l-tf aldbdbak. end den amar end
l-kon. ahheb l-b'aldbdbkon. w-barrek l-menii d-lat l-kon. w-'ebad d-sappir d-
sand l-kon. w-sall 'al aynin d-dabbarin l-kon b-qtird w-radpin l-kon. aykannd d-
tehwon b-noe d-abokon d-blsmayye haw d-mednah semseh 'al tabe w-'al bise. w-
mhdt_ metreh 'al kene w-'al 'awwdle.

And again you heard that it was said. "Love your neighbor. And hate your
enemy. " But I am saying to you. Love your enemies, and bless those from the
ones who are cursing you. And do what is good (unto) those which hate you. And
pray for any which are leading you by force and persecuting you. That you may
be children of your father who is in heaven, who causes his sun to rise upon the
good and upon the wicked, and sends his rain upon the just people and upon the
unjust. (Matlhew 5:43-45)

3. hayden etdme malkutd d-smayye l-'sar btulen. hennen d-nsab lampedeyn I-
npaq l-ur'd hatnd w-kalltd. hammes den menhayn hakkimen-way. w-hammes
saklen. w-hennen sakkaltci nsiib lampedeyn. w-ld nsdb 'amheyn meshci. hennen
den hakkimtci nsdb b-mdne 'am lampedeyn. kad awhar den hatjid nam kollheyn
w-dmck w-pelgeh d-lelyd dhwdt q'dtd. hd hatnd atd. puqaw l-ur' eh. hayden qdm
kolhen btulte hdlen. w-taqqen lampedeyn. emam den lumen sakkaltd l-hakkimtd.
habeyn Ian men meshakin deh aif'ek Ihon lampedeyn. enney hdnnen hakkimtd w-
emam. l-md Id nespeq nespaq Ian w- 1 a ken. elld zallen Iwat aylen d-mezblan w-
zebnen taken, w-kad ezal 1-mez.ban. Ekl hatjid. w-aylen d-metayyehn-ay 'al
'ameh l-bayt hlold. ettlied tur'd. b-hartd den ayti ap_ hdnnen btjtltd hranydtd w-
emren mrdn mrdn. ptelj Ian. hu den 'nd w-amar l-hen. amen amar ennd l-ken. d-
Id yaif ne Iken.

Then the kingdom of heaven is like ten virgins. They who took their lamps
and went out to meet the bridegroom and the bride. But five from among them
were wise. And five foolish. And the foolish ones took their lamps. And they did
not take oil with them. But the wise ones took (some) in vessels with their tamps.
But when the bridegroom delayed. All of them slumbered and they slept and in
the middle of the night there was an outcry. Lo. the bridegroom comes, go out to
meet him. Then all of these virgins stood up. And they got their lamps ready. But
those foolish ones were saying to the wise ones. Sell to us from your oil. for
behold, our lamps went out. those wise ones answered and were saying. Lest
there is not sufficient for us and for you. But go unto those who sell, and buy for
yourselves And when he went up to buy. the bridegroom came. And those who
were ready went with him into the house of marriage. And he closed the door. In
the end. however, also those other virgins came saying. "Lord, lord!" Open for
us! But he answered and said to them. Truly I am saying to you. That I don't
know you. (Matlhew 25: 1 -2)

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Key to Exercises
Lesson Nineteen

(a) 1. Kense sagge d-met_kannsin. The great crowds which were being gathered
together. 2. Lampedayhen d-btulata skalta mettaqqanin-waw. Their lamps which
the foolish virgins were not being constituted. 3. Kolhneddem metjayyeb-wa.
Everything was ready. 4. Etyallag mayya l-muse. The waters were divided for
Moses. 5. La ezsahhreL I was not aware. 6. etjassi bnaynasa battehon. The men
hid themselves in their houses. 1. Metb'i-i halen d-nestallmun. Having sought
these which were completed. 8. Gabra d-la mezdahhar. The man which was not
being aware. 9. La meskah d-netmalla hand. He did not find this which we filled.
10. Nesse d-mettassin b-gaww batjhen. Women which were hiding inside their
houses.

(b) 1. Iso' den hz.ah lemmeh w-l-talmida haw d-rhem-wa d-qam. w-emar I-
emmeh attta. ha brek. w-emar l-talmida haw. ha emmak. w-men hay sa'ta
dbarah talmida haw Iwaieh. batjir halen ida' iso 1 d-koll medem estaliam. w-
dnetmalla kt_aba. emar she enna.

But Jesus saw his mother and the disciple whom he loved, standing by. And
he said to his mother, "Woman." Behold your son. And he said to that disciple.
Behold your mother. And from that hour that disciple led her unto him. After
these Jesus knew that everything was completed. And that the scripture was
fulfilled. He said. "lam thirsty". (John 19:26-28)

2. w-kad etkannas rebbota d-kense saggai aykanna d-ndayysun had l-had sarri l-
memar l-talmidey. litqdam ezdahhar b-npeskon hmira d-prise. d-aytaw nsab b-
appe. layt den meddem d-kma d-la neggli. w-la d-mettseh d-la netiddd . Koll ger
d-b-hessoka emarton b-nahhira n. w-meddem d-b-tawwane b-edne lahheston. 'al
eggare netkrez. amar enna Ikon den Irehmeh. la [edhlun men aylen d-qattlin
pagra. w-men bat_arken layt l-hon meddem yattir l-me'bed.

And when the great many multitude was gathered together as they trampled
one to another, Jesus began to speak to his disciples. First of all beware for
yourselves of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy. For there is
nothing which hidden, as will not be revealed. And there is nothing hidden that
will not be made known. For all which they say in darkness in light and
whatever you whisper in the closets in the ears it will be broadcast upon
rooftops. And to you, my friends, I say Do not fear from those who kill the body.
And aftenvards there is nothing more for them to do. (Luke 1 2: 1 -4)

3. w-kad mepjt seda. d-et_aw harsa. hwa d-kad haw seda. Mallei haw harsa. w-
etjlammar kense. nasa den menhon emar. b-lj_elzbob_ reset d-daywa meQii hana
daywa. ehrena den mensin kad mensin leh ata men smayya sctel-waw. iso' den
d-yade'-wa mahsbathon. emar l-hon. koll malku d-tetpallag nepsah tehrak. w-
bayta d-'al w-nameh metpalleg. npal. W-en satana 'al nepseh etpallag. aykanna
maklu[eh.

And when he was casting out a demon that was mute, it happened that when
the demon had gone, the mute (person) spoke. And the crowds were astonished.
But people from among them said, "By Beelzebub, the head of demons, this

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Key to Exercises

(man) drives out evil spirits. And others, to tempt him, asked him for a sign from
heaven. But Jesus knew their thoughts. He said to them. Every kingdom which is
divided upon itself will he destroyed. And a house which upon itself is divided
will fall. And if Satan is divided against himself how will his kingdom stand?

Lesson Twenty

1 . w-seleh had men resdne wemar leh. mallpdnd tdbd. mdnd e'abbed hayye
dal'dlam. dinar leh iso 1 . mdnd qdra att li tdbd. layt tdbd ellci en had alalia,
puqddne yiide' att. Id tektol. w-ld tgnr. w-ld tegnob w-ld tjished sdhdutji d-surqd.
yaqqar l-abok w-lemmak. dinar leh. hdlen kollhen neUet, ennen men talyutj. kad
sma' den iso'. emar leh. hassird Idk. zabben kollniedem d-ayt Idk. l-meskene. w-
tehwd Idk simtd b-smayye. w-td battari. hit den kad sma' hdlen. krayt leh. 'attir-
wd ger tab. w-kad hzd iso 1 d-keryet_ leh. Emar. aykannd 'atld l-aylen d-ayt l-hon
nekse. d-ne"lon l-malkuteh d-aldhd. dlild-y l-gamld d-b-hr d-b-hrdrd d-mhattd
ne'ol. aw'attird l-malkuteh d-aldhd. dmrin leh aylen d-smaw. w- meskah l-mhd.
iso' den emar. aylen d-lwat_ bnayndsd Id meskahn. lwat_ alalia meskahn l-mehaw.

And one from the noblemen asked him lie said to him. Good teacher. What
must I do to inherit eternal life? Jesus said to him, "Why are you calling me
good? No one is good except one, God. You know the commandments. You shall
not kill. And you shall not commit adultery. You shall not steal and you shall not
bear false witness. Honor your father and your mother. He said to him. All of
these I have kept from my childhood. But when Jesus heard these (words). He
said to him. You are still lacking one thing. Sell everything which there is to you.
And give to the poor. And you will have treasure in heaven. And follow after me.
But when he heard these. He was sad. For he was very rich. And when Jesus saw
his sadness. He said. How difficult is it for those who have riches to enter the
kingdom of God! It is easier for a camel to enter the eye of a needle than a rich
person the kingdom of God. Those who heard (him) said to him, "Who (then)
finds life?" Jesus said, "Those (things) which by people cannot be, with God can
be. "(Luke 18:18-27)

2. Beh b-haw yawmd qrabaw ndsd men prise, w-emren leh. puq zal Idk mekkd.
mettitl d-herddes sdbe l-meqtldk. dinar l-hon iso'.zlaw emr-aw l-ta'ld hanne. d-
lui mpaq end sede dswdtd'bad end yawmdnd w-inhdr. w-l-yawmd mestamld end.
bram w-ld li d-yawmdnd w-mhdr es'or w-l-yawmd hrend ezal. mettul d-ld
meskahd d-nbiyd nebad l-bar men oreslem. qetlat nbey w-regmat l-ayle d-slihen
Iwat-dh. kind zabnin sbit l-mekinas bnayk ak tarndgultd d-kdnesd parrugdh thet
geppedh. w-ld sbiton. ha mestbeq l-kon baytkon harba. dinar end l-kon ger. d-ld
tehzon-ni 'dammd d-tainrun. brayk-u d-etd b-smeh d-mdryd.

In that day the people came some of Pharisees and said to him. Go from
here, because of Herod wants to kill you. Jesus said to them. "Go say to that fox.
"Behold, I cast out demons and perform healings, today and tomorrow, and on
the third day I shall be consummated. However. I must labor today and
tomorrow, and on the following day I will depart, for it cannot be that a prophet
should perish away from Jerusalem. She killed the prophets and she stoned those
who were sent to her. How many times I would have gathered her children like a

28

Key to Exercises

hen which gathers her chicks below her wings, but you were not willing? Behold
your house is left to you desolate. For I say to you. That you will not see me until
you will say. Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord. (Luke 1 3:3 1 -35)

3. (26:36) Harden eta 'amhon iso' l-dukkta gedsmen. w-emar l-talmidew. tab
harka. 'ad ezal esla. (26:37) w-dkar l-kepa w-letrayhon bnay zebday, w-sre I-
metkinani w-l-mett'awu. (26:38) w-emar l-hon. kria-i lah l-nepsi 'damma l-
mawta. Waw li harka w-sahraw 'ami. (26:39). W-pdaw w-lil. w-npal 'al appaw.
w-msqlle-wa w-amar. Abi. en meskha. n'abmeh ksa hand, bram la lak d-ena
sabe end la ak att. (26:40). w-ete Iwat talmidew. w-eskah ennon kad denvnakin
w-emar l-kepa. hdkanna la eskahton hdd sat d-tesrom 'ami (26:41) ett'ir w-sall.
d-ld to' Ion l-nesyonci. ruhd mettibd. pegrd den krih. (26:42) tub ezal d-tarten
zabnen. sal w-emar. Abi. en la meskah hand ksal d-na'bar la en esteteh. 'inayhon
ger yawren-way. (26:44) w-sbaw ennon w-ezal tub sli d-alt zabnen. w-lah l-
mellta emar. (26:45) hayden eta Iwat talmed-aw. w-emar l-hon. dmek mekkel
ettnih. ha metet sa'ta. w-breh d-ensa mestlem b-yadhon d-hatteya. (26:46) vt-
wmaw nezal. ha meta haw d-meslam li.

(26:36) At that time Jesus went up with them to the place of Gethsemane. And
he said to his disciples. Sit here, while I go and pray. (26:37) And he took
Cephas and the two sons of Zebedee. and began to be dejected and sorrowful
(26:38). And he said to them. There is anguish in my soul, even unto death. Wait
for me here, and watch with me. (26:39). And retiring a little, he fell on his face,
and he prayed and said. My father. If it can be so, let this cup pass from me. Yet
not as I choose, but as you. (26:40). And he came to his disciples, and found
them asleep. And he said to Cephas. So, could you not watch with me one hour?
(26:41) Wake up and pray. Lest you fall into temptation. The spirit is willing, but
the body is weak. (26:42). Again he went away a second time. And he said. My
father, if it cannot be that this cup pass, except that I drink it, your will be done.
(26:44) And he left them, and went again and prayed a third time, and used the
same words. (26:45) At that time he came to his disciples. And he said to them.
Sleep henceforth and rest. Behold the hour has come. And the son of man will be
handed over into the hands of sinners. (26:46) Arise, let us go. Behold, he that
betrays me has come. (Matthew 26:36-42, 44-46)

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Key to Readings

From the PsittS: Kilrozutji d-mattay
The Gospel of Matthew 11:28-30

Taw Iwat kollkon layyd w-sqili mawbld. w-ena enihkon. skolaw niri 'alikon. w-
yalpaw meni. d-nih ena w-makkik b-labi. w-meskahin atton nydhd l-nepsetkon.
niri ger bassim-aw. w-niawbli qlild-y.

Come to me all of you (who are) weary, and my burden load. And I will calm
you. Take my yoke upon you. And learn from me. Because I am calm and I am
humble in my heart. And you (will) find rest for your soul. But my yoke is
pleasant. And my burden is light.

From the Psifta: Kiirozutji d-mattay
The Gospel of Matthew 7:24-27
Koll hcikel d-sme" mle hdlen w- 'ebad l-hayn. netjlammd l-gabra hakimd haw da-
bnci bnd bayteh 'al sd'a. w-nljet metra. W-ehiw nahrawwahi. wa-nsab ruhe w-
etjarraw belt b-baytcl haw. w-la npal. saiesew ger 'al sd'a simiin — way. w-koll
men da-sni 'e mle hallen w-la 'abed lliayn. netdammd l-gabra sakld d-bna bayteh
'al hold, w-nhel metra w-ekiw nahrawwdtji. w-nsab ruhe. w-enarraw b-baytd
haw. wa-npiil. W-hwdt_ mapjmlteh rabbd.

Thus everyone fully hearing these and does them. He is like a wise man who
builds his house upon the rock. The rain came down and the rivers rose. And the
winds came up and beat against that house. And it did not fall. For his
foundation was upon a rock. And everyone who has fully heard these (things)
and is not doing them. He is like a foolish man who builds his house upon sand.
And the rain came down and the rivers rose. And the winds came up. And they
beat against that house. And it fell. And there was a great collapse.

From the Psitta: Karozutji d-mattay k:a-yw
Gospel of Matthew 20:1-16

Damyd ger malkutd d-smayyd l-gabra maid bayta da-npaq b-sapra. d-nagor
pd'le I-karnwh. qas den 'am b-yawmd pa'Ie men dendrd. w-saddar ennon I-
karnieh. w-npaq ba-tldt sayyem. w-hzd Inane d-qimeyn bsuqd wa-btileyn. w-
emar l-hon. zlaw ap etjon l-karmd. w-meddem d-wdle yaheb end l-kon. hennon
den ezlaw. w-npaq tub b-set wa-btsa' sd'en. wa-'bad hdkwdt w-lapjxiy hda'sre
sd'en. npaq w-eskah hrdne d-qimeyn wa-btileyn. w-emar l-hon. niand qinieyn
a[ton yawmd kolleh w-bajtlin. amren leh. d-ld nds egam. amar l-hon. zlaw ap
atton l-karmd. w-meddem d-wdle nesbeyn atton. kad hwd den ramsd. emar
marrd karma l-rab bayteh. qri pa'Ie yah l-hon agrahon. w-srd men hrend w-
'dammd l-qadmey. w-et_aw hdnon d-hda'sre sa'in. nsab dinar dinar, w-kad sqal.
'al marrd bayta wemrin. hdlen hrdyd hdd sd'a. w-esawit_ ennon 'amman d-saqln
yuqreh d-yawhmd w-hummeh. hit den 'end w-emar l-had mention, habri Id
me'wal bdk. Id-wa b-dinar qset_ 'ami. sabdilak wzal. sdbd end den d-l-hdnd hrid
ettel ak d-ldk. aw Id slit li meddem d-sdbd end a 'bed b-dili. aw 'avnak bisd d-end

30

Key to Readings

tab end. hdkannd nehwon hreya qadmeyd. w-qadmeyd hreya. sgiayn ennon ger
qreyd w-z 'oren gabeya.

(1) But the kingdom of heaven is like a master (man) who went forth in the
morning. To hire laborers to his vineyard. (2) And he contracted with the
laborers for dinar per day. And he sent them to his vineyard. (3) And he went
forth in three hours. And he saw others standing in the market and being idle.
And he said to them. You also go to the vineyard. And what is necessary I will
give you. And they went. And again he went forth in sixth and in the ninth hour.
And he did likewise. And around about the eleventh hour. He went forth and
found others standing around and doing nothing. And he said to them. Why are
you standing around all day and doing nothing? (7) (They) say to him. (because)
nobody has hired us. (He) says to them. You also go to the vineyard. And
whatever is necessary will be given you. (8) And when it was evening. The
master of the vineyard said to his steward. Call the laborers, give them their
wages. And commence from the last unto the first. (9) And those of the eleventh
hour came. They took each a dinar.(W) And when they received (it). They
complained to the master of the house, ( 1 2) and said. These last worked one
hour. And you have made them equal with us, who have borne the burden of the
day and its heat. He then answered and said to one from among them. My friend,
I do not do ill to you. Was.it not for a dinar that you contracted with me? (14)
Take your property and go. For I am wanting to give to this last as to you. ( 1 5)
Or do I not have the authority (to do) whatever I want with my properly? Or (is)
your eye wicked, because I (am) good?(\6) Thus the last will be first. And the
first last. For many of them have been called, but few of them have been chosen.

From the PSitta: men karozuta d-luqa* b:a-k
From the gospel of Luke 2:1-20

Hwd den b-yawmtd hdnon w-npaq puqdanna men agustus qesar d-netktob kolleh
'amma d-uhdand. (b) hade maktbanuta qadmitd hwat b-hegmonuta d-qewrinos
b-surya. (g) w-ezal-wa kollnds d-netktab b-mditteh. (d) sleq-wa den ap yosep
men ndsrat mdittd d-glilaya l-ihud. l-mditteh d-dawid d-metqriyd baytlhem.
mettul d-awtwi-wa men bayteh -men sarbeteh d-dawid. (h) 'am maryam mkirteh
kad batnd d-tammdn netkteb. (w) w-hwd d-kad tamman ennon. Etmlyaw
yawmtah d-taled. (z) w-yaldet brah bukra. W- b-'azrure b-orya. mettul d-layt-wa
l-hon dukkta ayka d-srayn -waw. (h) ra'awwata den ayt-wa l-hon dukkta ayka d-
sarin-wa tamman. w-nettrin mattarta d-lelya 'al mar'yathon. (t) w-ha mlaka d-
etta Iwathon. w-tesbohteh d-marya anhret elihon. w-dhel dehlta rabta. (y) w-
emar l-hon malaka. la tadhlon. Ha ger mesbar end l-kon hdota rabta dethwa l-
kolleh 'alma, (yd) ettled l-kon ger yawmna paruka.d-it-aw marya msiha. b-
mditteh d-dawid. (yb) w-hdde l-kon ata.b-skahin atton 'wella d-karrek 'old b-
'azrure w-sim b-orya. (yg) w-men sel ethzaw. 'am mlaka saggiya haylawwatd d-
smayya kad mesbhin l-aidhd w-emrin. (yd) tesbohta l-alaha b-mromd. w- 'al ar'a
salmd. w-sabrd tba l-bnayndsd. (yh). W-hwd d-kad ezal men Iwathon mlake. mlal
r'ota had 'am had w-emren. nerde 'danxmd l-baytlhem. w-nahzd l-mellta hade d-
hwat. axk d-mand awda' Ian. (vw) w-etaw msarhbd'it w-eskah l-marvim w-l-

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Key to Readings

yosep. w-l-'awwdU'i d-sim b-dryii. (yz) w-kad hzdw. l-mellta cl-etwallet 'awhon
'alaw talyii. (yh) w-kollhon d-sma'. etdammar 'al ay ten d-etmlal r'ote. (yt)
Miryim den netrd-wat kollhen mle hallen. wmepl.imd belbah.(k) w-hpak r'ote
hdnon kad mesbahin w-mahllin. l-allahd 'al koll d-haz w-sma ' aykannd d-etmlal
'awhon.

(I) For it was in those days a decree went forth front Caesar Augustus that every
person register in his jurisdiction. (2) This was the first census in the
governorship of Quirinious in Syria. (3) And everyone went to enroll in his town.
(4) Indeed Joseph also went up from Nazareth, (a) city of Galilee to Judea. To
the city of David which is called Bethlehem. Because he was from the house and
from the lineage of David. (5) With Mary his betrothed, then pregnant, to be
enrolled. (6) And it happened when they were there, that her days to give birth
were completed. (7) And she gave birth to her first-born son. And she wrapped
in swaddling clothes. And she placed him in a manger. For there was no place
where they could lodge. (8) Then there were shepherds in the place where they
were stopping, (who) kept watch at night over their flocks. (9) and behold, an
angel of the Lord came to them. And the glory of the Lord shone upon them. And
they feared a great fear. (10) And the angel said to them. Do not be afraid. For
behold. I bring to you great gladness which will be for all people. (II) For a
savior has been bom to you today, who is the Lord Messiah. In the city of David.
(12) And this is a sign to you. You will find a baby wrapped in swaddling clothes
and being set in a manger. (13) And at once they saw. With the angel a great
host of heaven, as (they were) glorifying God and saying. (14) Gloiy to God in
the highest, and on earth peace. And good tidings to men. (15) and it was that
when the angels went from among them to heaven. They spoke tending flocks one
with another and saying. Let us go down to Bethlehem. And let us see this event
which has happened. As the Lord made known to us. (16) And they went hastily.
And they found Mary and to Joseph. And the baby setting in a manger. (17) And
when they saw. They made known the thing which was spoken unto them
concerning the child. (18) And all that they heard. They were astonished
concerning what they were told them by those keeping flocks. (19) Then Mary
kept laid up all these things, and stored them in her heart. (20) And the
shepherds returned as (they were) glorifying God and saying. To God
concerning all that they saw and heard, as it was told them.

From Pseudo-Callisthenes' Legend of Alexander

men Tas'ltii d-Aleksandros bar PllTpos

From the Story of Alexander son of Philip

Hoyden Aleksandros men tamman asqel wa-l-Maqedonya ezal. w-etcl la-thuma
d-Pares. wa-sra 'al nahra Deqlat. w-Aleksandros b-izgaddut/i lwat_ Daryus ezal.
'danmid d-'al l-Bdbel. w-ekiw Pdrsaye w-awda'(w) l-Daiyus malkd. w-kad
emar(w): w-Daryus kad l-Aleksandros hz.ci. etjken w-l-Aleksandros sged. mettul
d-scibar (h)wci da-mhTr alalia it_aw d-etjahti. wa-l-'udranci d-Pdrsdye eta mettul
d-cskemeh l-eskemcl d-aldhe msabbah (h)wCt. mettul da-klilci da-b-reseh asTr

32

Key to Readings

(h)wa l-zalllqe msabbah. wa-lbusa da-lbjs hwa b-dahbd snTnd zqTr (h)wd. w-
barzanqe d-ba-drd'aw b-sema tabd 'bjdjn (h)waw. w-msdnaw d-dahba. wa-
qmareh men marganyatd wa-zmargde 'bjd (h)wa. w-Daryus qa'em (h)wa w-b-
eskemeh metbaqqe (h)wa. w-'esrd alpTn parrase ndtray-hasseh Iwdteh qaymln
(h)waw. d-nqtore dileh 'bjdjn (h)waw. hayden l-Aleksandros sa'el (h)wa. d-att
man att. Aleksandros emar. izgaddd-nd d-Aleksandros. d-men Alekscwdros
sllhutji ayte[ lak. w-hakannd emar: d-estawhart li qraba l-me'bad. w-
Maqedondye dmiTn: d-mettul d-lebbeh d-Daryus sgel ba-qraba. 'al hade mhir
la-qrabd l-meta. hasa hakel att la tqawwe. ella sloh li d-emat sabe att [p. 155] /-
[aktosa l-met_a. hayden Daryus emar leh. da-lma att qnomak Aleksandros att u-
la hwayt izgadda. mettul d-melle saggi Ibjba'it mmallel (h)wa Aleksandros. w-la
mmallel (h)wa inha'ti ak gabrd izgadda. amar leh Daryus: end men mellayk la
metjahhab-na. att hasa ak 'ydda d-izgadde sariitji qdam(y) I 'as. mettul d-ap
Aleksandros h-izgadde dil(y) hakan 'bad. hayden Ddnus b-'arseh agges (h)wa.
w-heraw w-rawrbanaw qdamaw estmekfw). wa-l-qubleh d-Daryus Aleksandros
d-hawe izgadda. wa-bnaynasa kollhon tammihm (h)waw beh. da-b-pagreh z'or
(h)wa. w-mellaw harripdn (h)way. w-kad l'as(w). hamra b'aw. w-Aleksandros
koll mana d-dahba d-awset(w) leh. hamra 'al ar'aesad(h)wa. w-mane b-hanneh
sd'em (h)wa. hayden kad hzaw d-mana 'abed. l-Daryus awda' (h)waw. n-
Daryus kad sma'. men 'arseh qam. wa-lwdt Aleksandros e[d w-emar leh. d-d
'abed neshdne. mettul mana d-ak halen 'abed att. d-kollhon mane d-mastya b-
hannak sdmt. Aleksandros emar. mettul d-kad mar(y) Aleksandros ema[ d-saruta
l-heraw 'abed (h)wa. kollhon manay mastya d-dahba l-hon yaheb (h)wa. dp end
sabbret d-ap beh ba-znd 'abed att. ella hasa en layt lak d-ak hand 'yada. ha
manay mastyd qdamayk. pqod w-dahbak m 'attep-nd lak. hayden Daryus emar.
dp end peqdet d-dahbdk Iwdtjik narmondy. w-Pdrsaye kolhon b-Aleksandros
hayrJn (h)waw. w-kad tammihin (h)waw mettul d-mellaw hayltanydn (h)way w-
malydn ida't_d. kad hakel men marawwdtji had. d-itaw (h)wd Pusdq smeh: d-men
qdem b-izgaddiiia men Daryus l-Maqedonyd estaddar (h)wa lwdt_ Pilipos abu d-
Aleksandros: w-kad b-Aleksandros [p. 156] hattltd'i[ etbaqqi yad'eh (h)wd. wa-
b-lessand pdrsdyd l-Daryus emar (h)wa. o 'dbedtdbatji Daryus malkd. pqod da-
l-hdna izgadda b-ndtordtd zhird'H nnqttrun. mettul d-huyu qnomeh d-
Aleksandros. w-men hzdteh ydda'-nd leh w-mestakkal-na. hayden kad Daryus w-
heraw w-rawrbdnaw sma'(w). sarri(w) had 'am had la-mmalldlu w-b-
Aleksandros metbaqqeyn (h)waw. hayden Aleksandros Ida', w-men bet mestutjt
qam. wa-l-tar'a d-malkd swar. 'am hdnon kollhon manay dahba da-b-hanneh
ahid (h)wd. w- 'al tar'd d-bet malkd gabrd had nqtord eskah. kad b-ideh qaysd d-
arza had kad dleq ahid <h)wd. w-qqtleh w-nasbeh menneh. w- 'al susayeh rkeb.
wa-b-'eqbeh ba'teh. w-haw qaysd kad nurd metnabrsa (h)\va[ qddm 'aynaw d-
sftsdyd Ibjk (h)wd w-siisdyd beh b-zahra d-nilrd b-urha msarhba'i[ rhet (h)wd.
w-la-spar nahra had e[d. hayden izgadde bdtreh npaq(w) qallila'it. w-mettul
hdsokd d-lelyd sugahon b-gaww gumdse wa-b-neq'e npal(w). Aleksandros den
b-hayla d-aldhe l-nahrd haw 'bar. w-kad l-haw gabba d-nahrd 'bar. w-reglaw
qadmaydtd d-susdyd l-yabsa smek. mayyd hdnon da-mggldm (h)waw mehdd
psar (h)waw. w-reglaw hrdydtd d-susdyd b-gaww nahra nhet (h)way. w-
Aleksandros men siisaya l-yabs_a swar. w-silsdyd b-nahra tba'. hayden kad
izgadde la-spar nahra etjtw. wa-hzaw d-Aleksandros l-nahrd haw 'bar. w-

33

Key to Readings

heniion d-ne'brun butjeh Id eskah(w). hoyden tnuih(w) w-had l-had anuTn
(h)waw. d-rabbu gaddeh d-Aleksandros da-l-nahrd d-hdkan rabb ma'bartd yob
leh. w-eskah l-me'breh. w-kad pnaw. lwdt_ Dai jus ekiw. w-awda'(w) l-Daryus
'al puldteh w-ma'barteh d-Aleksandros da-l-nahrd. Darytis b-'aqtd rabbta
<h)wd. w-men selyd dt_a ethazjat_ leh. salmeh ger d-Kusraw malka. haw [p. 157]
d-Daryus rdhem (h)wd leh. b-bet_ mastyd 'al estd sTr (li)wd. w-men sel(y) etc/gel
(h)wd men estd. wa-l-'aynaw d-Daryus 'al ar'a npal. Aleksandros den men da-l-
nahrd 'bar. men rahteh w-men 'amleh ettnTh. w-qdm b-reglaw mhallek (h)wd.
wa-b-g.aww haw heskd d-lelyd l-Amoros res guddd balhodaw hzd. w-kad b-'dqtd
rabb_[d meltnl Aleksandros quern (h)wd w-bake. harden Aleksandros kollhen
melle da- 'bar 'law l-Amoros emar (h)wd.

Then Alexander set forth from there and went to Macedonia, and he came to the
border of Persia and camped by the river Tigris, and Alexander set out on an
embassy to Darius until he entered Babylon. The Persians came and informed
Darius the king, and when they told him and when Darius saw Alexander he
bowed down and prostrated himself before Alexander because he thought that he
was a skilled god who had been sent down and was come to the aid of the
Persians because his appearance was made to resemble the appearance of the
gods, for the crown that was fastened to his head was made to resemble rays, the
clothing he was wearing was formed of pure gold, the armor on his arms was
made of beautiful silver, his sandals were of gold, and his belt was made of
pearls and emeralds. And Darius was standing, scrutinizing his appearance, and
ten thousand horsemen of his bodyguard, were standing in his presence, for they
had been made his guards. Then he asked Alexander, "Who are you?"
Alexander said, "I am Alexander's envoy who have brought you a message from
Alexander, and thus he said: 'You have hesitated to do battle with me. and the
Macedonians say that Darius' heart is cowardly in battle. For this reason he
delays to come to battle. Now do not wait thus, but send me /a message, saying]
when you desire to come [p. 155] to the battlefield. ' " Then Darius said to him.
"Are you not yourself Alexander? You are no envoy. " For Alexander was
speaking very bold words and not speaking calmly like an envoy. Darius said to
him. "I am not frightened by your words. Now, according to the custom of
ambassadors, partake of a banquet in my presence, because so also did
Alexander do for my ambassadors. " Then Darius reclined on his couch, and his
noblemen and grandees reclined before him. and opposite Darius was
Alexander, who was (pretending to be] an ambassador. All the people were
astonished by him, for in body he was small, but his words were severe. When
they had partaken (of the food}, they called for wine. Every vessel of gold they
set before him, Alexander poured the wine on the ground and placed the vessel
in his lap. When they saw what he was doing, they informed Darius, and when
Darius heard, he arose from his couch and went to Alexander and said to him.
"O doer of adventures, why are you doing this, putting all the vessels of the
banquet in your lap?" Alexander said. "Because when my lord Alexander made
a banquet for his nobles, he gave them all the banquet vessels of gold. I thought
that so also in a like manner you would do too, but now. if you have no such
custom, here are the banquet vessels before you. Command, and I will return

34

Key to Readings

your gold to you. " Then Darius said. "I too order that they lay down the gold
before you. " All the Persians were looking at Alexander, and they were
astonished because his words were powerful and filled with knowledge. Then
one of the lords, whose name was Pusaq, who had previously been sent by
Darius to Macedonia to Philip, Alexander's father, when he scrutinized
Alexander accurately, [p. 156] he recognized him, and in the Persian language
he said to Darius, "O doer of good deeds. King Darius, command that they keep
this ambassador under watch securely, because he is himself Alexander, and
from the sight of him I recognize him and understand. " Then, when Darius and
his nobles and grandees heard, they began to speak with each other, scrutinizing
Alexander. Then Alexander realized, and he arose from the banquet hall and
leapt to the king 's gate along with all the golden vessels he was holding in his
lap. At the gate of the king's palace he found a guard holding a branch of cedar
in his hand as a torch. He killed him. took it (the torch) from him, mounted his
horse, and spurred it with his heel. He held the branch with the fire burning
before the horse 's eyes, and the horse ran speedily down the road by the light of
the fire. He came to the bank of a river. Then envoys set out after him swiftly, but
because of the darkness of the night many of them fell into pits and holes. Then
Alexander, with the power of the gods, crossed the river, and when he crossed to
the other side of the river and the front legs of the horse rested against the dry
land, the water, which was frozen, suddenly melted, and the hind legs of the
horse sank into the river. Alexander jumped from the horse onto the dry land,
and the horse sank into the river. Then, when the envoys came to the river bank
and saw that Alexander had crossed the river, they were unable to crossed after
him, so they were perplexed and said to each other, "Alexander's fortune is
great that found a crossing of such a large river and was able to cross. " When
they returned and came to Darius and informed Darius of Alexander's escape
and crossing of the river, Darius was in great sadness. Suddenly a vision was
seen by him, as the image of King Chosroes, [p. 157] whom Darius loved, which
was depicted on the wall in the banquet hall, suddenly became detached from the
wall and fell to the ground before Darius' eyes. Alexander then rested from
having crossed the river, from his running and his labor, and he rose and walked
on foot. In the midst of the darkness of the night he saw Amoros. the head of his
band, standing alone and weeping in great grief over Alexander. Then Alexander
told Amoros all the things that had happened to him.

The First Discovery of the True Cross
TaS'Ita da-§ka(tt_eh d-Mar(y) $lTbfl Qaddlsff: d-aykan eStkali qadmti'n b-yad
PrSWnTqS attteh da-Qlawdiyffs Qesar. Mflran, 'darayn(y) b-raftmayk, amen.
The Story of the Discovery of My Lord the Holy Cross: How It Was First

Found by Protonice, the Wife of Claudius Caesar. My Lord, help me with

your mercies. Amen.
Men batar messaqteh d-Maran Iso' d-la-smayya: beh b-zabna haw kad ezal

(h)wa Sem'dn Kepa l-R(h)ome: w-akrez tamman mellta d-alaha: sem'at (h)wcit_

ProtonJqe attteh da-Qlawdiyos Qesar: haw d-'abdeh Tiberyds trayyana b-

35

Key to Readings

malkilteh: kad dzel (h)wd d-naqreb 'am bnay Espdnyd da-mrad (h)waw 'law: hi
den hade atttu: kad Ttaw (h)wd Sew 'on b-R(h)ome: hdzyd (h)\\at_tedmra[a w-
bayle tamndhe d-sd'ar (h)wd ba-smeh d-Mdran MsTha. w-keprat b-hanputd d-
abdheh d-qdymd (h)wdt bah: wa-b-salme d-hanputd d-sagdd (h)wat l-hon. w-ba-
M.sTha Maran mhaymnd (h)wdt_ w-sdgdd (h)wdt_ leh: 'aw kollhon ay ten da-nq7p7n
(h)waw leh l-Seni'dn: w-dlida (h)wdt_ leh b-Tqarci rabbii. [p. 158]

w-men bdtjir hdkannd sbfu (h)wdt d-dp l-Oreslem tehze: w-dukkydtdaylen da-
b-hen est'ar(w) liayle tamndhe w-t_ahh7re d-Mdran Tso' MsTha. w-qdmat_ (h)wat
hpTtd'Tr: w-nehtat Idh wen R(h)dme_l-Oreslem: hi wa-trayn bneh 'awwdh wa-
hdd bartdh btjiltd. w-kad mjat_ (h)wdt_ da-t_e"6l l-Oreslem: sew' at w-nepqat
kolldh nidjttd l-tlr'dh: w-qabbluh (h)waw b-Tqdrd rabbd: ak da-l-imilktd wdr[eh
(l-atrd d-be~t-R(h)dmdye. b-zabnd den haw: Ya'qob 'bid (h)wd mdabbrdnd w-
pdqodd da-mdjttd: b-'edjd d-banyd (h)wdt Ian taw wan b-Oreslem.

w-kad sma' d-mettiilmdnd et_dt_ (h)"dt_ l-t_amman: qdw (h)wd mehdd w-ezal
sedeh. w-'al Iwdtfih aykd d-sdryd {h)wdt_: b-dpadnd rabbd d-malke d-bet_-
H erodes, w-kad hzdt_eh (h)wdt_: qabblateh (h)wdt b-hadutji rabbkl: dp leh ak da-
l-Sem'dn Kepd. w-hawwydh liayle d-asyind: dp hfi ak Sem'dn. w-emrat leh:
hawwd 17 Gdgultji: hay d-ezdqep bah Maran MsTha: wa-qaysd da-slTbtlieh d-ettlT
(h)wd beh men y(h)uddye: wa-qabrd haw d-beh ettsim. harden dinar Idh hu
Ya'qob: hdlen tldtayhon d-sdbxd malkut_ek d-tehze: diet 7d.fi ennon da-y(h)ftddye:
w-hdndn dlidjn l-hon. w-ld sdbqTn Ian d-nezal wa-nsalle tamman qddm Gagfiha
w-qabrd: w-dp-ld qaysd da-sllbeh sdbeyn d-nettlundy Ian. w-ld (h)wd hade
balhod: elld dp werdap rd dp Tn Ian: d-ld nakrez w-nsabbar ba-smeh da-MsThd:
w-zabndtd tub saggVatJi dp bet-ashe hdbsTn Ian.

w-kad sew'at hdlen hi Protoiuqe malktji: bah b-sd't_d peqdat_ w-aytl(w) la-
qddmeh l-Hunyd bar Hanndn kdhnd: w-la-Gdalyd bar Qaypd: wa-l-Y(h)udd bar
Sdldw: resd da-y(h)fiddye. w-emrat l-hon inalktd: aslem(w) GaguUd w-qabrd w-
qaysd da-sllbd l-Ya'qdb w-l-aylen d-sdlmln leh: Id nds nekle ennon wen da-
nsammsun tamman ak 'yddd d-tesmsatjwn. w-kad [p. 159] hdkannd peqdat_
fh)wat_ l-kdhne: qdnuu (h)wdt_ d-tj'zxd w-t_ehz.e ennen l-diikkyatd hdlen: w-dp d-
tjtslem atjd haw l-Ya'qdb w-l-aylen d-'ammeh. w-bdtjirken 'allot l-qabreh d-
Mdran: w-eskluU (h)wdt_ b-gawweh d-qabrd tldtji zqTpe: had d-Mdran: w-t_ren d-
hdnon gayydse da-zqTpui (h)waw 'ammeh: had wen yammmeh w-had men
semmdleh. w-beh b- 'edddnd d- 'ellot_ (h)wdt_ l-qabrd hi walktd w-bneh 'ammdh:
bdh b-sd'td nephn {h)wdt_ bartfih btfilt/i w-m7hit d-ld kebd wa-d-ld kurhdnd wa-d-
Id 'elltd meddem. w-kad hz.dt (h)wdt Protoiuqe d-mikit Idh bartjih men selyd:
berkat (h)w'dt ba-slotfi ba-bkdtd: wa-msallyd (h)wat b-gawweh d-qabrd w-dmrd
(h)wdt hdkannd: Msihd d-y(h)ab napseh l-mawtd hldp kollhon bnaynasd: w-
ezdqep b-atrd hand: w-ettsim b-qabrd hand: ak alalia malihe-koll qdw: w-aqiw
'ammeh l-saggi'e: Id nesm'un y(h)uddye zdqope w-hanpeta'ye: hdnon d-kepret
b-salmayhon w-ba-glipayhon wa-b-dehlathon d-hanputd: w-nelidon li kad
nialihlln hi w-nemrun: d-kolldh da-hwdt_ Idh hade: 'al d-kepiiU b-alldhe d-sdgdd
(li)wdt l-hon: w-awdycu ba-Msihd d-ld ydd'd (h)wcit leh: w-ezlat_ (ezzatj da-
tyaqqar dukktd d-qabreh wa-slibuteh. w-en end Id sdwyd-nd d-estma': 'al d-
segdet l-berydt_d hldpayk: bus att mettttl swdk sgidd: d-ld tub netgaddap b-otjd
hand: ak da-gaddep(w) 'layk ba-slibftttik.

36

Key to Readings

w-kad halen ba-slotah antra (h)wat: qdam aylen d-it_ (h)waw tamman: qreb
Iwdtdh brah qassisd w-dmar lah: snta'(y) meddem d-dmar-nd qdam malkittjek.
end hdkannd sdbar-nd b-re'ydn(y) wa-b-mehsbatjy): d-hand mawtd d-hdde
hatjy) d-mensel(y): la (h)wa sriqa'Jt hwa: ella su'rdnd (h)u hand tammiha: d-
aldhd mestabbah beh: w-la (h)wd resmeh netgaddap belt: ak da-sbar(w) aylen
da-sma'(w) hade: ha 'dllin l-qabrd hand da-Msiha w-eskahnan tldla zqipe: w-la
ydd'inan ayna (h)it mennhon zqipa hit d-etjli beh Msihd. hasa den b-mawtdh d-
hade hatjy) [p. 160] meskhhian d-nehze w-nelap: d-aynu zqipeh da-Msiha: Id
ger mahitte men ayleit da-mhaymnin beh. malktji den Protoniqe: kad tab ntarrird
{h)wdt_ napsdh b-' eddand haw: hdat_ (h)wat_ b-re'ydndh ak heknnah: d-kena'it
wa-tjisa'it emar brah halen. w-qerbat mehdd w-seqlat_ (h)wat hi b-ideh had men
halen zqipe: w-samtjh 'al sladdah d-bartah d-ramyd (h)wat qddnteh: w-emrat
(h)wat ba-slotah: Msihd d-hawwi hayle tammihe b-atja hand: ak d-sma'nan w-
haymeiiiian. en dilak (h)u Mdr(y) hand zqipa: wa-b-haw ettalyat ndsittdk men
marrdhe: hawwd hayla 'azziza wa-t_qipd d-alldhiitdk d-'am ndsfitdk hda (h)wat.
w-t_ahhe hade bartjy) wa-tqwn: w-nestabbah bah smdk: kad panyd napseh I-
gaww pagrdh: w-nebhtjtn zdqopayk: w-nehdpn sagodayk. w-qawwyat_ (h)wdt_
'eddand saggi 'a: men batar d-emrat_ halen. w-batarken sqaUeh (h)wdt_ la-zqipd
haw men sladdah d-bartah: w-samat (h)wdt_ haw hretta. w-emrat tub ba-slotah:
alalia haw da-b-ramzeh qaymin 'dime w-beryata: w-sdbe b-hayye d-kollhon
bnaynasd d-metjmen Iwdteh: w-la mahme men bd'u[d d-aylen d-bd'en leh. en
dilak (h)u Mdiiy) hand zqipa: hawwd hayla d-neshdnayk ak da-m'ddatt: w-
tahhe hade bart(y) wa-tqum. w-itebhttin hanpe sagday l-berydt_d hlapayk: w-
nawdon mhayntne sarrire: d-metpt_ah pttmhon l-[esbhatak qdam aylen d-kaprin
bdk. w-aggrat_ (h)wdt_ tubtawrd saggi' a: w-hayden sqaUeh (h)wat la-zqipd haw
da-t_ren men bandit: w-samat haw da-data 'al bandit, w-kad ba'yd (h)wdt da-
tjlm 'ayneh la-smayya: w-tep_tah piimah ba-slota: bah b-sd'ta w-beh b-' eddand:
ak met ran temrd d-'ayna: da-qreb (h)wa zqipa haw la-sladda d-bandh: hydt
(h)wdt bartdh men selyd w-qamat. wa-msabbha (h)wat la-Msihd: d-ahhydh ba-
zqipeh.

malktd den Protoniqe: kad hzdt (h)wdt d-aykannd hydt bart_ah: ettzi'al w-
etjahhbatjdb: w-msabbha (h)wdt la-Msihd d-haymnat_ beh: [p. 161] d-breh (h)u
d-aldha hayye. dinar lah brah: hzayt mdrt(y): d-elltt hade la hwdt yawmdna:
gadsd d-sdbqin (h)wayn zqipa hand da-Msiha da-hydt_ beh hai(y): w-ahdin
(h)wayn wa-myaqqrin (h)wayn d-had men hdnon gayydse qdtole. ella hdsd ha
hdzeit w-hadeynan b-hdde. w-alaha d-sa 'rah l-hdde: yattird 'it estabbah bah. w-
sqaltelt malktd Protoniqe la-zqipeh da-Msiha: w-y(h)ab±eh (h)wdt_ l-Ya'qob: ak
d-netntar b-iqdrd rabbd. w-peqdat (h)wdt_ d-netbne benydnd rabba wa-sbihd 'al
Gdgiiltd vi - 'al qabrd: ak d-netyaqqrdn dukkydta halen da-zqipd wa-d-qabrd: w-
nehwe tamman bet_-wa'da la-knttsld d-{esmest_d. malkd den kad ktzdt_ (h)wdt_: d-
kensat ndsftta kollhon da-mdittd l-hz.dt_d d-su 'rdnd hand: peqdat_ da-d-ld tahpita
d-iqdrd d-malkdtd tezal (h)wat bartdh 'ammdh galyd 'it l-dpadnd d-malka haw d-
sdn-d (h)wdt beh: ak d-nehze kollnds wa-nsabbah l-alaha. 'ammd den da-
y(h)ttddye wa-d-hanpe: hennon da-hdi(w) (h)waw b-surdydh d-hdde: etkmar
(h)waw b-suldmah d-hdde. tab ger mndhin (h)waw ellu la hwdt hade: d-hazen
(h)waw d-saggi'e mennhon haymen (h)waw belt ba-Msiha. yattird' i[ den d-
hdzeyn (h)waw d-saggi'dn (h)way dtwat_a w-tedtnrdt_d d-hawydn (h)way men

37

Key to Readings

bdt_ar suldqeh: yattir men hdnen d-hdwydn (h)way men qdam suldqeh. w-dp I-
atjawwdtd rahhiqe ezal (h)wd Jebbeh d-su'rdnd hand: w-dp_ la-slihe kollhon
aylen dci-msabbhn (h)waw la-Msihd. w-hwd (h)wd selyd b-'edtd d-Oreslem: w-
ba-mdindt_d da-hddreh. w-aylen d-ld hzaw cita hade: 'am aylen da-hzaw: dp
hennon msabbhin (h)waw l-aldhd.

w-kad selqat_ malktjt Pmtoniqe men Oreslem !-R(hh~>me mdittdh: koll mdittd
aydd d-'dlld (h)wdt Idh: la-hzdnl d-bartjih hdbsin (h)waw ndsd d-nehzdn. w-kad
'allot l-R(h)dme: esta"yat_ qdam Qlawdiyos Qesar [p. 162] koll hen hdlen d-
est'or (h)way sedeh: d-aykan mitat bailah \\-bdt_arken hyot w-kad sma' (h)wa
Qesar hdlen: pqad (l\)wa d-neppqun kollhon y(h)uddye men R(h)ome u-men
and d-ltalyd. kad b-kolleh atj_d haw sii'rdnd hand metjnallal (h)wd men
saggi'e: wa-qddm Sem'on Kep_d esta"yat (h)wdt_ hi Pmtoniqe tedniiirta hade: w-
koll meddem d-s'ar (h)waw slihe habraw. w-qddm kollnds makjzin (h)waw: d-
nesm'nn an aylen d-ld sma'(w) w-ida'(w): w-nedd'un aylen da-b-idan s'ar w-
sd 'or Mdian galyd 'it: d-nestabbah smeh d-Mdran men kollnds I- 'dlam 'dlmJn:
amen.

hdlen hdkel da-Uiayt ennon qddmaykon: d-tedd'un w-t_etbayyniin da-kmd
rabbd hayinmtteh da-Msihd: l-aylen da-nqipjn leh sarrird'it. dQ Ya'qdb den
mdabbrdna d-'edtd d-Oreslem: haw d-hu b-'aynaw hzd l-su'rdnd hand: hit an
katbeh w-saddreh la-slihe habraw: la-mdittd d-it (h)way b-at_rawwdt_hon. w-dp_
hennon slihe kttibfw) w-awdo'(w) I- Ya'qdb kollmeddem da-'bad Msihd b-
idayhon: w-met_qreyn (h)waw qdam kolleh kensd d-'edtd wa-qddm kolleh
'ammo, sldmd.

After the ascension of Our Lord Jesns into heaven, at the time when Simon
Peter went to Rome and preached there the word of God. he was heard by
Protonice. the wife of Claudius Caesar, the one whom Tiberius made second in
his kingdom when he went to fight with the Spaniards who had revolted against
him. This woman, then, while Simon was in Rome, saw the miracles of amazing
powers that he did in the name of Our Lord Christ. She renounced the paganism
of her fathers which she practiced and the idols of paganism which she
worshiped, and she believed in Christ Our Lord and worshiped him along with
all those who followed Simon, and she held him in great honor, [p. 158]

After this she wanted to see Jerusalem and those places in which the amazing
and marvelous powers of Our Lord Jesus Christ had been done. She arose
earnestly and went down from Rome to Jerusalem, she and two sons with her
and one virgin daughter. When she was about to enter Jerusalem, all the city
heard (of her approach] and went out to greet her. and they received her with
great honor, as for the queen, the lady of the land belonging to the Empire of the
Romans. At that time Jacob had been made the leader and commander of the city
in the church that had been built for us there in Jerusalem.

When he heard why she had come there, he arose at once and went to her. He
came to her where she was staying, in the great palace of the kings of the House
of Herod. When she saw him. she received him with great gladness, as she had
/received] Simon Peter. He too, like Simon, showed her powers of healing. She
said to him. "Show me Golgotha, where Our Lord Christ was crucified, and the

38

Key to Readings

wood of the cross on which he was raised by the Jews, and the tomb in which he
was placed. " Then Jacob said to her, "These three which Your Majesty wants to
see are under the control of the Jews, and they have seized them. They do not let
us go and pray there before Golgotha and the tomb. Neither do they want to give
us the wood of the cross. Not only this, but also they persecute us so that we not
preach or spread the word in the name of Christ, and very many times they
imprison us in prison.

When Protonice heard these things, she immediately gave a command, and
they brought before her Huniah son of Hannan the priest, Gedaliah son of
Caiaphas, and Judah son of Shalom, the chief of the Jews. To them she said,
"Hand over Golgotha, the tomb, and the wood of the cross to Jacob and to those
who follow him. Let no one prevent them from serving there in accordance with
the customs of their service. " When [p. 159] she had commanded thus to the
priests, she arose and went to see those places and to hand over that place to
Jacob and those who were with him. Afterwards she entered the tomb of Our
Lord, and she found inside the tomb three crosses: one of Our Lord and two of
those thieves who were crucified with him, one on his right and one on his left.
As soon as the queen and her sons entered the tomb, her virgin daughter
immediately fell down and died without disease, sickness, or malady of any kind.
When Protonice saw that her daughter had died suddenly, she knelt down in
prayer and weeping, and she prayed inside the tomb and spoke thus: "The
Messiah who gave himself to death for all people and was crucified in this place
and was placed in this tomb arose like God, the giver of life to all, and caused
many to arise with him. Let not the crucifying Jews and lost pagans hear — those
whose idols, carvings, and pagan fear I have renounced — and let them not
rejoice in me and mock me and say that all this that has happened was because
she renounced the gods she had worshiped and confessed a Messiah she knew
not and went to honor the place of his tomb and crucifixion. If I am not worthy to
be heard because I have worshiped creatures instead of You, have pity for the
sake of your worshiped name lest they revile this place as they reviled you by
crucifying you. "

And as she was saying these things in prayer, her elder son approached her
and said to her, "Hear what 1 say to Your Majesty. I think in my mind and
thought that the sudden death of this my sister is not in vain, but this is a
marvelous deed by which God is praised and not something by which he is
reviled, as those who heard of this thought. Here we have come into this tomb of
Christ, and we have found three crosses. We do not know which of them is the
cross on which Christ was raised. Now, by the death of this my sister [p. 160] we
are able to see and learn which is the cross of Christ. He does not neglect those
who believe in him. " Queen Protonice, whose soul was very bitter at that time,
rejoiced in her mind and in her wisdom because her son had spoken these things
in truth and righteousness. Suddenly she approached and picked one of the
crosses up in her hands and placed it on the body of her daughter, which was
lying before her. In prayer she said, "O Messiah who showed amazing powers in
this place, as we have heard and believe, if this cross is yours. Lord, and upon
this one was raised your humanity by the arrogant, show the great and
increasing power of your divinity, which is one with your humanity, and bring

39

Key to Readings

this my daughter to life that she may arise and we may glorify your name
through her when her soul returns to her body and so that your crucifiers may he
confounded. " She waited a long time after saying these things, and then she
removed the cross from her daughter's body and placed another. Again she said
in prayer. "O God, at whose sign worlds and creatures exist and who desires life
for all people who turn to him, and who does not neglect the entreaty of those
who entreat him, if this cross is yours. Lord, show the power of your victories as
you are accustomed to do and bring to life this my daughter. Let her arise, let
the pagans who worship creatures instead of you be confounded, and let the true
believers confess as they open their mouths to praise you before those who
disbelieve in you. " And again she waited a long time, and then she removed the
second cross from her daughter and placed on her the third. As she was about to
raise her eyes to heaven and open her mouth in prayer, immediately and at once,
in the twinkling of an eye. as soon as this cross came near her daughter's body,
she came to life at once and stood up, praising Christ, who had brought her to
life through his cross.

When Queen Protonice saw how her daughter had come to life, she was very
terrified and frightened, but she praised the Messiah in whom she believed, [p.
161] who is the son of the living God. Her son said to her, "Did you see, my
lady, that if this had not happened today, perhaps we would have left this the
Messiah 's cross, by which my sister has come to life, and taken and honored one
of those thieving murderers. But now we see and rejoice in this one. and God,
who has done this thing, is even more glorified thereby. " Queen Protonice
picked up Christ's cross and gave it to Jacob so that it could be kept in great
honor, and she ordered that a great and glorious building be built over
Golgotha and the tomb, that these places of the cross and tomb be honored and
that there be there an assembly hall for the congregation of service. Then, when
the queen saw that all the people of the city had gathered to see this thing, she
commanded that her daughter go out with her openly without the veil of honor of
queens to the palace of the king where she was staying, so that everyone could
see and praise God. The Jews and pagans who had rejoiced at the beginning of
this affair were saddened by the end of the affair. They would have been very
happy had this not happened, for they saw many of them believing in the
Messiah. Many were the signs and miracles that happened after his ascension —
more than those that had happened before his ascension. The renown of this
event went to far-away places and to all the apostles who were spreading the
word of the Messiah. And there was peace in the church in Jerusalem and in the
cities around it. Those who had not seen this sign praised God together with
those who had seen it.

And when Queen Protonice departed from Jerusalem for her city, Rome, I in I
every city she entered people gathered to see her daughter. When she entered
Rome she related to Claudius Caesar [p. 162] all those things that had been
done in her sight: how her daughter had died and then came to life. When
Caesar heard these things, he ordered that all the Jews leave Rome and Italy.
Since in every place this event was spoken of by many, and Protonice related this
miracle to Simon Peter and everything that the apostles his friends had done,
and they preached before everyone in order that those who had not heard or

40

Key to Readings

known might hear and know those things that Our Lord has done and does
openly through our hands in order that the name of Our Lord may be praised by
all people for ever and ever. Amen.

These things that I have related to you are that you may know and reflect how
great faith in the Messiah is for those who believe in him truly. Jacob, the leader
of the church in Jerusalem, who saw this event with his own eyes, also wrote it
and sent it to his friends the apostles in the cities in which they were. The
apostles too wrote and made known to Jacob everything that the Messiah had
done through their hands, and they were read out before eveiy congregation of
the church and before all the people. Peace.

The Teaching of the Apostle Thaddeus
MallQflnata d-Adday SlihCt

B-satta tldtmd w-arb'in wa-t_ldt_ l-malkiltd d-Yawndye wa-b-malku[eh d-Mdran
Tibenos Qesar d-R(h)dmdye wa-b-malku[eh d-Abgar malka bar Ma 'nu malkd b-
irah tesri qdem b-yawm tre'sar: saddar (h)wd Abgar Ukdmd l-Maryab w-Ia-
Smesgram: resdne wa-myaqqre d-malkut_eh: wa-l-Hanndn Tabbulara sarrird
'amhon: [p. 163] la-mdittd aydd d-metqaiyd Elewtjrdpolis w-armd'it_ den Bet,
Gubrin: lwdt_ myaqqra Sebinos bar Ewstargis Apitrdpd d-mdran Qesar: haw d-
hu slit (h)wd 'al Suiya w-'al Puniqe w-'al Palestine w-'al atja kolleh d-Bet
Nahrin. w-awbel(w) (h)waw leh eggrata mettul sebwata d-malkuta: w-kad
ezal(w) (h)waw Iwateh qabbel (h)wa ennon b-hezwata w-b-iqara. wa-hwaw
Iwateh yawmat_a 'esrin w-hamsa. wa-kuib (h)wa l-hon pehma d-eggrat_a w-
saddar (h)wa ennon lwat_ Abgar. malka. w-kad ngaq(w) (h)waw men Iwateh.
hzaq(w) (h)waw w-et_aw b-urha l-qubal Oreslem. wa-hzaw (h)waw nasa saggi'a
d-ateyn (h)waw men ruhqa: d-nehzon la-Msiha: mettul da-ngaq (h)watebba d-
ledmrata d-neshanaw b-at_rawwat_a mab'de. w-kad hzaw l-nasa hanon Maryab
wa-Smesgram w-Hannan Tabbulara: etaw (h)waw ap_ hanon 'amhon l-Oreslem.
w-kad 'al(w) (h)waw l-Oreslem: hza'u (h)waw la-Msiha wa-hdi(w) 'am kense d-
laweyn (h)waw leh. w-hzaw (h)waw ap. l-y(h)udaye: d-qaymin (h)waw kensin
kensin: w-methassbin (h)waw d-mana ne'bdun leh. m'aqin (h)waw ger: d-
hazeyn (h)waw d-suga d-nasuta d-mennhon mawdeyn (h)waw beh. wa-hwaw
tamman b-Oreslem yawmata 'esre. w-ktab (h)wa Hannan Tabbulara
kollmeddem d-haze (h)wa d-'asar (h)wa Msiha: dp sarka d-meddem da-'bid
(h)wa leh tamman: (h)waw qdam d-nezlun 1-tamman: wa-hzaq(w) (h)waw w-
etjxw (h)waw l-Urhay. w-'al(w) (h).waw qdam Abgar malka marhon d-saddar
(h)wa ennon. w-yabjw) (h)waw leh pehma d-eggrat_a d-awbel(w) (h)waw
'amhon. w-men batar d-et_qri (h)way eggratjH: sarri(w) (h)wawd-nesta"on qdam
malka koll meddem da-hzaw: w-koll meddem da- 'bad (h)wa Msiha b-Oreslem.
wa-qra (h)wa Hannan Tabbulara qdamaw koll meddem da-ktab (h)wa w-ayti
'ammeh. w-kad sma' (h)wd Abgar malka: tmah (h)wa w-etdammar: dp
rawrbdnaw d-qdymin (h)waw qdamaw. w-emar l-hon Abgar. hdlen hayle la
hwaw da-bnay nasa: mettul d-layt d-nahhe mite elld d-alahd balhod. sdbe (h)wd
den Abgar: d-hu qnomeh ne'bar <h)wd w-nezal l-Palestine w-nehze (h)wd b-
'aynaw koll meddem da-'bad (h)wd Msiha. w-mettul d-ld eskah d-ne'bar l-atrd

41

Key to Readings

d-R(h)omdye d-ldn dileh (h)wd: dci-lnul [p. 164] 'elltfi hade tec/re (h)wdl la-
b'eldbcibfitd snik'i: kkib (h)wd eggarkl w-saddar (h)wd la-Msihd b-ideh d-
Hanndn Tabbiildrd. wa-npaq (h)wa men Urhdy b-arba'sre b-Addr. w-'al (h)wd
l-Oreslem b-kirta'sre b-nisdn b-arb'd b-sabbd. w-eskheh (h)wd la-Msihd bet_
Gamaliel rabbd da-y(h)uddye. \v-e[qaiyat (h)wdt eggarkl qddmaw aydd da-ktiba
(h)wdt_ hdkannd. Abgar Okdmd l-lso' dsydtdbd d-ethzi b-at_rd d-Oreslem. indi(y)
slam, sebnet 'layk w-'al dsyiiklk d-la (h)wd b-saniindne wa-b-'eqqdre masse an:
elld b-mellhlk m 'awwre minittah att. wa-la-hgjre mhallek an. ua-l-garbe mdakke
att. wa-l-harse insamma' att. wa-l-nihe wa-l-bareggare mappeq att wa-msannqe
bah b-melbdk masse att. dp mite mqim att. w-kad hdlen tawwihdtd ranrbdtd
sem'et d-'dbed att: samel b-re'ydn(y): d-aw aldhd att da-nhett men smayyd wa-
'badt hdlen: aw breh att d-aldhd: d-hdlen kalhen 'abed att. mettul hand ket_bet
b 'el memidk: d-tete IwdKy) kad sdged-nd Idk. w-kebd meddem d-it li tasse ak d-
haymnel bdk. dp hade tub sem'et,. da-y(h)uddye rdtnin 'layk w-rd dp in Idk: w-dp
d-nezqpwidk bd'eyn: wa-l-mesrah bdk hdyrin. mdittd hdd z'orta ahid-nd: w-la-
tjen sdpqd l-me'mar bah b-selyd. w-kad qabbldh (h)wd Iso' l-eggartd be~l kdhne
da-y(h)tiddye: emar leh l-Hamum Tabbiildrd: zel w-emar leh l-mdrdk d-saddrdk
sed(y):.tubayk d-kad la hzaytan hayment bi. ktjb ger 'lay: d-aylen d-hdzeyn li Id
nhaymnim bi. w-da-habt li d-ete Iwdtjtk: haw meddem d-estaddret_ 'law l-hdrkd
mekkel etjallaq leh. w-sdleq-nd li lwdt_ dbjy) d-saddran: w-md d-selqel Iwdtjeh:
msaddar-nd Idk l-had men talmiday: d-kebd meddem d-d Idk nas.se w-nahlem.
wa-l-koll man d-it_ Iwdtjik. napne ennon l-hayye da-l-'dlam. w-karkdk nehwe
brik. wa-b'eldbdbd tub Id nestallet belt l-'dlam. kad den hzd (h)wd Hanndn
Tabbiildrd: d-hakannd emar (h)wd leh Iso'. wa-b-yad d-sayydrd (h)wa d-malkd.
sqal (h)wa w-sdr salmeh d-lso' b-semmdne gbayyd. w-ayti (h)wa Hanndn [p.
165] Tabbnldrd 'ammeh l-Abgar malkd mdreh. w-kad hzay (h)wd Abgar malkd
l-salmd haw qabbleh (h)wd b-hez.wdhl rablnd: w-sdmeh (h)wd b-iqdrd rabbd: b-
had men bdtte d-dpadnd dileh. w-esta"i (h)wd leh kollmeddem da-sma' (h)wd
men Iso': kad 'biddn (h)way leh mellaw ba-ktdbe. w-men bdtar d-estallaq (h)wd
Msihd la-smayyd: saddar (h)wd Y(h)ndd toinci Iwdl Abgar l-Adday sliha: haw d-
ikiw (h)wd men sab'in wa-t_ren slihin. w-kad eld Adday l-karkd d-Urhdy. sn
(h)wd bC'l Tolryd bar Tobyd y(h)uddyd: haw d-ikiw (h)wd men Palestine, w-
estma' (h)wd 'law b-kolleh karkd. w-'al (h)wd had men heraw dileh d-Abgar w-
emar (h)wd 'law d-Adday: hu da-smeh (h)wd 'Abdit bar 'Abdu: men resdne d-
ydtbay-wa'dd dileh d-Abgar. d-hd eld izgaddd wa-srd hdrkd: haw da-slah (h)wd
Idk 'law Iso': da-msaddar-nd Iwdtjik had men talmiday. w-kad sma' (h)wa
Abgar hennen hdlen w-gabrawwdld rawrbdld d-'dbed (h)wd Adday w-dswdhl
tammihdt_d d-masse (h)wd: sdm (h)wd b-re'ydneh w-emar: d-sarrird'h haw hu
da-slah (It)wti leh Iso': d-md d-selqel la-smayyd: esaddar Idk l-had men
talmiday: w-kebdk nasse. w-saddar (h)wd den Abgar wa-qray l-Tobyd w-emar
(h)wd leh: sem'et_ d-gabrd had haylk'md ekl wa-srd b-baytdk. assqeh IwdKy). Jdk
nestkah li so bra sappird d-hidmdnd men Iwdtftk. w-qaddem (h)wd Toby a I-
yawmd hrend w-dabreh (h)wd l-Adday slihd w-assqeh Iwdl Abgar: kad ydda'
(h)wd hu Adday: da-b-hayld d-aldhd msaddar (h)wd lwdt_eh. w-kad sleq (h)wd
Adday w-'al (h)wd Iwdl Abgar: kad qdymin heraw Iwdteh: beh b-ma'ldnd da-
Iwdtjh hezwd tammihd etlizi (h)wd leh l-Abgar men parsopeh d-Adday. w-bdh b-
sd'tfi da-hzd (h)wd Abgar hezwd haw: npal (h)wd wa-sged (h)wd l-Adday. w-

42

Key to Readings

temha rabba ehad (h)wa l-kollhon hanon d-qaymin (h)waw qdamaw. hennon ger
l_a hzaw l-hezwa haw d-ethzi (h)wa leh l-Abgar. hayden emar leh Abgar l-
Adday: d-sarrird'it talmideh att d-Iso' haw gabbar hayla breh d-alaha: haw da-
slah (h)wd li da-msaddar-na lak l-had men talmiday l-asyiita wa-l-hayye. emar
leh Adday. mettul d-men qdjm hayment (h)wayt b-man [p. 166] d-saddran
Iwatak: mettid (h)u haw estlaht sedayk: w-kad tub thaymen beh: koll meddem
da-thaymen beh nehwe lak. emar leh Abgar. hakanna haymnet beh: d-la-
y(h)udaye hanon d-zaqpuy (h)waw: b'et_ (h)wet_ d-edabbar li hayla: w-ezal ehrob
ennon. w-mettul malkuta hay d-R(h)omaye etnakkget ba-qyama d-sayna da-
mqam li 'am maran Qesar Tiberyos ak abahay qadmaye. emar leh Adday.
maran sebyana (h)u d-abfi samli. w-kad slem sebyana d-yalndeh: ettrim lwat_
abu: w-i[eb 'ammeh ba-smayya: haw d-itaw (h)wa beh men 'alam. emar leh
Abgar ag. end mhaymen-na beh w-b-abu. emar leh Adday. mettul d-hakanna
hayment: sa'em-na id(y) 'layk ba-smeh d-haw d-hayment beh. w-bah b-sa_'t_a d-
sam (h)wa ideh 'law: etassi men nekyana d-keba d-it (h)wa leh nugra. w-tmah
(h)wa Abgar w-et_dammar d-aykanna da-smi' (h)wa leh 'al Iso': d-'abed (h)wa
w-masse: hakanna w-a^ hu Adday d-la samma meddem masse (h)wa ba-smeh d-
Iso'. w-an l-'Abdu bar 'Abdu petgara h (h)wa leh b-reglaw. w-a/z hu qarreb
(h)wa leh reglaw. w-sam (h)wa ideh 'layhen w-assyeh (h)wa. w-tub la hwat leh
petgara w-ap_ ba-mditta kollah aswata rawrbata masse (h)wa. w-hayle tammihe
mhawwe (h)wa bah. emar leh Abgar. hasa d-yada' koll nas: da-b-hayleh d-Iso'
Msiha halen tedmrat_a 'abed att: w-ha tammihm hnan ba-'badayk. ba'e-na hakel
mennak: d-testa"e Ian 'al metyateh da-Msiha d-aykanna hwat: w-'al hayleh
sbiha w-'al tedmrata aylen da-smi' (h)wa li d-'abed (h)wa. ay ten d-ena hzet
ennen 'am sarka d-habrayk. emar leh Adday. men hade la sateq-na d-akrez. d-
mettul hade (h)u ger estaddret l-harka d-emar w-ellep_. l-koll man d-sabe da-
nhaymen akwatak. la-mhar kannes li kollah mditta w-ezro' bah mellta d-hayye
b-karozilta d-makrez-na qdamaykpn. w-bat_ar yawma haw pqad (h)wa Abgar l-
'Abdu bar 'Abdu haw d-etassi (h)wa men keba marrira d-reglaw da-nsaddar
(h)wa karoza: w-neqre (h)wa b-kollah mditta: w-tetkannas (h)wat nasfita kollah
gabre w-nesse l-dukk[a hay d-melqarya Be[ Tbara: [p. 167] l-atja rawwiha d-
Bet 'wida: d-nesm'un (h)waw mallpanut_eh d-Adday sliha. w-kad etkannsa[
kollah mditta gabre w-nesse alien l-hon Adday sliha 'al haymmrta d-Maran Iso'
Msiha w-emar l-hon: aylen d-qabbel(w) melUeh da-Msiha nqawwdn sedayn: w-
ap_ aylen d-sabeyn d-nestawtpun 'amman ba-slot_a: w-ken neton l-battayhon. w-
hdi <h)wa b-hada (h)u Adday sliha: da-hza (h)wa d-sug'a d-nasut_a da-mditta
pasat lah Iwateh. w-dallile (h)waw aylen d-la qawwi(w) (h)waw b-haw 'eddana:
kad ap hennon halen dallile bat_ar yqwmata qallil qabbel(w) (h)waw l-mellaw w-
haymen(w) (h)waw ba-sbarta d-kardzu[eh da-Msiha. w-kad hza (h)wa Abgar
malka: d-kollah mditta hedya[ (h)wat_ b-mallpanut_eh. emar leh ap hu Abgar
malka l-Adday sliha: mekkel koll ayka d-sahe att. bni 'edta bet-sawba d-aylen d-
haymen(w) wa-mhaymnJn b-mellayk w-ak ma da-pqid lak men maran. hwayt
msammes att b-'eddane tkila'it. w-aylen d-haweyn 'amman mallpane ba-sbatfa
hade: resane rawrbe mtayyeb-na d-ettel l-hon. d-meddem 'am tesmesta la nehwe
l-hon 'bada hrena. w-koll meddem d-metb'e lak l-nepqateh d-bayta end yaheb
lak d-la husban. kad hawya melltak slita wa-mamlka b-karka hand, wa-d-la nas
hrena hwayt 'a el att Iwatjy) msallta'h l-apadna d-iqareh d-malku[(y). w-kad

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nlii'l (hhva Abgar nialka. l-dpadnd d-malkitt_eh hade (hhva hit w-rawrbdnaw
'ammeh wa-b-hadflt_d d-lebbhon msabbhhi (h)waw dp heiuwn l-aldhd: d-apni
(hhva re'ydnhon Iwdteh: kad kdprhi (hhvaw b-hanputa d-qdymm (h)waw bah:
w-mawdeyn (h)waw ba-sbaiieh da-Msiha. w-kad bna (hhva Adday 'edjci:
mqarrbjn (hhvaw bah nedre w-qnrbdne: lieniion w-iidsnki da-mditta. w-tjvwnan
insammsTn (h)waw koll yawmay hayyayhon. Swidd den wa-'Bednebbo rese d-
kiimre d-karkd hand: kad hzaw (h)waw dt_wdt_d d-'dbed (hhva Adday: rhet(w)
(hhvaw wa-'qaiiw) (h)waw 'alawwdtji: da-'layhen indabbhTn (hhvaw qdam
Nebbd w-Bel alldhayhon l-bar men 'latfi rabbtd d-mes'at karkd. w-qd'eyn
(h)waw w-dinrin. d-sarrira'h hand d-haw rabba mhird wa-sbiha. da-sma'n
(h)wayn koll rabbtfi d-'dbed (h)wd b-atrd d-Palcstine. w-koll aylen talniide da-
ndiaynmln (h)waw ba-Msihd: [p. 168] mqabbel (h)wa l-hon Adday aylen w-
ma'bed (h)wd l-hon b-sem aba wa-brd w-nlhd d-qndsd. dp. y(h)nddye ydd'ay I-
Milse wa-nbiye aylen d-rakkike mzabbnin (h)waw: dp hennon etjpis(w) (h)waw
w-e1Jalinad_(w) w-awdi(w) (h)waw ba-Msihd da-breh (h)u d-aldhd hayyd. Id den
Abgar nialka w-ld Adday slihd 'use (hhva l-nds da-qtird'h (by force) nhaymen
(h)wd beh ba-Msihd. Aggay den 'abed serdye w-hewwdre d-malkd w-Palliit w-
'Absldmd w-Bar Semya 'am sarka d-hrdne habrayhon naqpu ( hhvaw I -Adday
slihd. w-qabbel (h)wd ennon w-kiwtep ennon 'amnieh b-tesmesn'i: kad qdreyn
(h)waw b-diyateqe 'attiqtji wa-hdatja w-ba-nbiye wa-b-sn'rdnayhon da-slihe
kollyawm b-hon metjiaggeyn (hhvaw.

w-men biihir snayyd da-bnd (hhva Adday slihd 'edtd b-Urhdy w-akjiidh (hhva
b-koll meddeni d-zddeq (hhva Idh: w-kilmed (h)wd l-sng'd d-ndsiitji da-mditta
w-dp b-quryd hranydtji d-rahhiqdn wa-d-qarriban bna (h)wd 'eddtd w-kallel w-
sahbet wa-msammsdne w-qassise aqim (hhva b-hen. wa-d-qdreyn (h)waw ktdbe
allep (h)wd b-hen. w-takse d-[esmesta l-gaww wa-l-bar allep (hhva. lunar hdlen
kollhen etkreh (h)wd km hand d-ndpeq (h)\vd beh men 'alma hand, wa-qrd (hhva
l-Aggay qdam kolleh kensd d-'edkl w-qarreb (hhva wa-'abdeh (hhva qassisa.
wa-l-'Absldmd d-sdpra (hhva. 'abdeh (hhva msammsdna. w-men bdkir tldkl
yawmin hrdnin da-sma' (hhva w-qabbel sahdilta d-inallpdnfnd d-kdrdzuteh men
bnay tesmesteh qdam here kollhon npaq (hhva leh men 'alma hand, w-haw
(h)wd yawmd hamsd b-sabbd. b-arb'esre b-ayydr yarhd. w-b-ebld rabba wa-b-
hassd marrird liwdt_ 'law kolldh mdittd. la (hhva den krislyane balhod m'dqin
(h)waw 'law: ellci dp y(h)nddye w-hanpe d-it. (h)wd beh b-karkd hand. Abgar den
nialka yattir men koll nds m'dq (h)wd 'law. hn w-rawrbdne d-nuilkilteh. wa-b-
karyut_d d-re'ydneh sat (h)wd wa-sabqeh l-iqdrd d-malkfiteh b-haw yawmd. wa-
b-dem'e hnigdtfi bake (hhva leh 'am koll nds. w-'ammd kolleh da-mditta d-hdze
[p. 169] (h)wd leh: inet_danimar (h)wd beh da-kmd hd'es {hhva 'law. w-b-iqdrd
rabba wa-myattrd zayyah (h)wd w-qabreh ak had men rawrbdne ma d-md'e[
(h)wd w-sdmeh (h)wa b-qabrd rabba da-gldpe d-sebte haw aynd d-siniTn (hhvaw
beh d-bei Aryu abdhdui d-abil d-Abgar malkd. tamman sdmeh (h)wd hassisd'i[
b-karyfitji wa-b-'dqtji rabbtd. w-'ammd kolleh d-'echd ezal (h)wa men 'eddana I-
'edddnd wa-msalle (h)wd tamman hpitd'it w-dnkrdnd d- 'iihddneh 'dbdin (hhvaw
men sua la-snd ak pnqddnd w-ynlpdnd da-mqabbel (h)wd l-hon men Adday slihd
w-ak melheh d-Aggay: d-hn hwd mdabbrdnd w-pdqddd w-ydrt_d d-knrsyeh men
bdl_reh b-idd d-kdhnut_d d-qabbel (hhva menneh qdam koll nds.

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//( the year 343 of the kingdom of the Greeks, in the reign of Our Lord Tiberius
Caesar of the Romans, and in the reign of King Ahgar, son of King Ma 'nu, in the
month of October on the thirteenth day, Abgar the Black sent Maiyab and
Shmeshgram, chiefs and honored men of his kingdom, and the trusted Hannan
Tabularius with them [p. 163] to the city which is called Heliopolis, or in
Aramaic Beth Gubrin, to the honored Sevinus, son of Eustargis, the procurator
of our lord Caesar who was governing over Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine, and
over all the land of Mesopotamia. They took to him letters conceiving affairs of
the kingdom, and when they came to him he received them with joy and honor.
They were with him for twenty-five days. He wrote for them answers to the
letters and sent them to King Abgar. When they departed from him, they set forth
and came on the road to opposite Jerusalem. They saw many people coming
from afar in order to see the Messiah because the fame of his victories had gone
foith to far-away places. When Maryab. Shmeshgram, and Hannan Tabularius
saw the people, they too went with them to Jerusalem. When they entered
Jerusalem, they saw the Messiah, and they rejoiced with the crowds that
followed him. They also saw the Jews who were standing in multitudes and
plotting what they would do to him. for they were seeing that many people from
among them were confessing him. And they were there in Jerusalem for ten days.
Hannan Tabularius wrote down everything he saw the Messiah doing and also
the rest of what had been done by him before they arrived there. They departed
and came to Edessa, and they entered before King Abgar, their lord who had
sent them. They gave him the replies to the letters they had brought with them.
After the replies were read they began to relate before the king everything they
had seen and everything the Messiah had done in Jerusalem. Hanna Tabularius
read before him everything he had written and brought with him. When King
Abgar heard, he was amazed and maneled, and so also his grandees who were
standing before him. Abgar said to them, "These powers were not of humans
because there is no one who can bring the dead to life other than God alone. "
Abgar then desired to go himself and descend to Palestine and see with his own
eyes everything the Messiah had done, but because he was not able to cross into
the territory of the Romans, which did not belong to him, lest [p. 164] this be
considered a cause for odious enmity, he wrote a letter and sent it to the Messiah
by the hand of Hannan Tabularius. He departed from Edessa on the fourteenth
of March and entered Jerusalem on the twelfth of April on a Wednesday. He
found the Messiah at the house of Gamaliel, the chief of the Jews. The letter was
read out before him. as it was written thus: "Abgar the Black to Jesus, the good
healer who has been seen in the place of Jerusalem. My lord, greetings. I have
become a follower of yours and of your healing, for you do not heal through
drugs or herbs, but by your word you cause to be opened [the eyes of J those who
have been blinded, you cause the lame to walk, you make lepers whole, and you
make the deaf hear, you cast out spirits and demons, and you heal with your
word those who are in pain. You also raise the dead. Since I have heard of these
great mangels that you are doing, I put it in my mind that either you are God
come down from heaven and doing these things or your are the son of God that
you you do all these things. For this reason I have written and summoned you
that you come to me, for I worship you, and you will heal for me any sickness

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Key to Readings

that I have because I have believed in you. Also this have I heard that the Jews
are muttering against you and persecuting you, and they are seeking to crucify
you and looking to do you harm. I hold this little city, and it is sufficient for two
to live in it in tranquility. " When Jesus received the letter in the house of the
priests of the Jews, he said to Hannan Tabularius. "Go and tell your lord who
sent you to me: Blessed are you that without seeing me you believed in me. for it
is written: 'They who see me will not believe in me. ' that you have written to me
to come to you. the thing for which I was sent will be accomplished here
henceforth, and I will ascend to my father who sent me. As soon as I ascend to
him. I will send you one of my disciples to heal and cure whatever sickness you
have. All those who are with you he will lead to life eternal. May your town be
blessed, and may no enemy gain dominion over it ever. " When Hannan
Tabularius saw that Jesus spoke thus to him. and inasmuch as he was the king 's
portraitist, he took down and drew a picture of Jesus in choice pigments.
Hannan brought [the picture] [p. 165] with him to his lord King Abgar. When
King Abgar saw that portrait, he received it with great joy and set it in great
honor in one of the rooms of his palace. And he (Hannan) related to him
everything that he had heard of Jesus, as his words had been made into books.
After the Messiah was taken up into heaven. Judas Thomas sent the apostle to
Abgar Thaddeus, he who was one of the seventy-two apostles. When Thaddeus
came to the town of Edessa, he took up residence in the house of Tobias son of
Tobias the Jew. who was from Palestine. His reputation was heard of in the
whole city, and one of Abgar' s nobles, he whose name was Abdu son of Abdu
and who was one of the chiefs of Abgar's pages, entered and said about
Thaddeus, "Here an envoy has come and has taken up residence here. He is the
one about whom Jesus sent (word) to you, (saying) 7 will send to you one of my
disciples. ' " When Abgar heard these words and the great deeds that Thaddeus
was doing and the marvelous cures that he was effecting, he put it in his mind
and said. "Truly this is he whom Jesus sent (when he said,) 'As soon as I ascend
to heaven I will sent to you one of my disciples, and he will cure your
sickness. ' " Abgar then sent and summoned Tobias and said to him. "I have
heard that a powerful man has come and taken up residence in your house. Have
him come to me. Perhaps good patience will be found for me for health from
you. " The next day Tobias led Thaddeus the apostle to Abgar. Since Thaddeus
knew that he had been sent to him by the power of God, and when he went and
entered into Abgar's presence, with his companions standing around him. at his
entrance unto him an astonishing vision was seen by Abgar from Thaddeus'
countenance, and immediately Abgar saw that vision he fell down and worshiped
Thaddeus. and great astonishment seized all those who were standing before
him. for they did not see the vision that was seen by Abgar. Then Abgar said to
Thaddeus, "Truly you are the disciple of Jesus, that mighty man of power, son of
God, he who sent word to me (saying.) 7 will send to you one of my disciples for
healing and for life. ' " Thaddeus said to him. "Because you believed long ago in
him [p. 166] who sent me to you. because of this was I sent to you. Since you
believe in him. everything that you believe in will be yours. " Abgar said to him,
"Thus have I believed in him that I have sought to lead out a force and go to
destroy the Jews who crucified him, but on account of the kingdom of the

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Key to Readings

Rowans I am ashamed of the peace treaty that has been concluded by me with
our lord Caesar Tiberius as (did) my forefathers. " Thaddeus said to him. "Our
lord, the nil! of his father has been done. When the will of his father was
accomplished he was raised to his father and sat with him in heaven, he who will
be forever. " Abgar said to him, "1 have believed in him and in his father. "
Thaddeus said to him, " Because you have thus believed, I will place my hand
upon you in the name of him in whom you have believed. " As soon as he placed
his hand upon him he was healed of the pain of the illness he had had for a long
time. Abgar was astonished, for just as it had been heard by him about Jesus,
that he worked and healed, thus too was Thaddeus, who healed without any drug
in the name of Jesus. So too Abdu son of Abdu had gout in his feet, and he too
brought his feet near, and he placed his hand upon them and healed him, and he
no longer had gout. So also did he effect great healings in all the city and
showed astonishing powers there. Abgar said to him, "Now that everyone knows
that you work these miracles through the power of Jesus Christ, and here we are
astonished by your deeds, I request of you that tell us about the coming of the
Messiah, how it was, about his glorious power and about the miracles which
have been heard by me which he performed — these things which I have seen,
along with the rest of your friends." Thaddeus said to him, "Of this 1 am not
silent to preach, since for this I have been sent here in order that I speak and
teach everyone who desires to believe like you. Tomorrow assemble for me all
the city, and I will disseminate therein the word of life through the preaching
that I will preach before yon. " After that day Abgar ordered Abdu son of Abdu,
the one who was healed of the bitter disease in his feet, that he send a herald and
summon the entire city, and that all the people, men and women, should be
gathered in the place called Beth T'vara, [p. 167] /'/; the open space of Beth
Awida. in order that they hear the teaching of Thaddeus the apostle. When all
the city, men and women, were assembled, Thaddeus the apostle taught about
faith in Our Lord Jesus Christ and said to them, "Those who have received the
word of the Messiah will remain beside us, and also those who desire to share
with us in prayer, and then they will go to their homes. " And Thaddeus the
aostle rejoiced in that he saw that many people of the city remained with him,
and few were those who did not remain at that time. When even theosefew. after
a few days, accepted his words and believed in the tidings of his preaching of the
Messiah, and when King Abgar saw that the whole city rejoiced in his teaching,
King Abgar said to Thaddeus the apostle, "Henceforth, wherever you desire,
build a church, a meeting place of those who have believed and believe in your
words, and as you have been commanded by Our Lord, you will serve faithfully
at [various] times. I am making preparations to give those who are teachers with
us in these tidings great nobles so that they will have no other duty aside from
service, and everything you require for household expenses 1 will give you
without reckoning, for your word will be permitted and sovereign in this city,
and to the exclusion of anyone else you will enter into my presence
authoritatively in the palace of the honor of my kingdom. " When King Abgar
went down to the palace of his kingdom, he rejoiced, and his nobles with him.
and in the joy of their hearts they too glorified God, who had turned their minds
to Him. When they had disavowed the paganism in which they had stood and

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Key to Readings

confessed the tidings of the Messiah, and when Thaddens had built a church,
they celebrated vows and oblations, they and the people of the city. And there
they seired all the days of their lives.

Then Shwida and Ebednebbo. chiefs of the priests of this town, when they saw
the signs that Thaddens was producing, they ran and ripped up the altars upon
which they had sacrificed to Nebho and Baal, except for the great altar in the
middle of the town, and they were crying out and saying. "Truly this is the great
and glorious skilled one of whom we have heard every great thing he did in the
land of Palestine. " All those disciples who believed in the Messiah [p. 168]
Thaddens received and put to work in the name of the Father, the Son. and the
Holy Ghost. The Jews too who knew Moses and the prophets, they who sold
silks, they too were persuaded and became disciples and confessed the Messiah
who is the son of the living God. Neither King Abgar nor Thaddens the apostle
compelled anyone by force to believe in the Messiah.

Then Aggai. the king's maker of silks and white stuffs. Pal Int. Abshlama. and
Bar-Semya. with the rest of their other friends, joined Thaddens the apostle, and
he received them and caused them to share with him in service. As they read the
Old and New Testaments, the Prophets, and the Acts of the Apostles even day.
they meditated upon them.

Years after Thaddens the apostle built the church in Edessa and set it in order
with everything that was appropriate to it. and after he had made disciples of
many of the people of the city and had built churches in other villages that were
far away and near-by, surrounded them with walls, set them in order, and
established in them deacons and priests and those who read and taught books
and the rites of service inside and outside — after all these things he was afflicted
with the illness with which he would depart from this world. He summoned
Aggai before all the congregation of the church, celebrated the liturgy, and
made him priest. Abshlama, who was a scribe, he made deacon. After three days
more, during which he heard and received testimony of the teaching of his
preaching from the clergy before all the noblemen, he departed from this world.
It was on the fifth day of the week, the fourteenth of the month of May. In great
mourning and bitter sorrow was all the city: not only were the Christians
distressed over him but also the Jews and pagans who were in this town. More
than anyone was King Abgar distressed over him. he and his the grandees of his
kingdom. With distress of mind he became deplorable and abandoned the honor
of his kingship on that day, ami with doleful tears he wept along with all the
people. All the inhabitants of the city who saw [p. 169] him were astonished by
how he sorrowed over him. With great honor and dignity he went in procession
and buried him as he would one of his grandees who had died, and he placed
him in a large tomb with carved ornamentation, in which King Abgar's
forefathers of the House of Aryu had been placed. There he placed him sadly
with distress and great sorrow. And all the people of the church went from time
to time and prayed there earnestly, and memorials of commemoration of him
they made from year to year according to the commandment and doctrine they
had received from Thaddens the apostle and according to the word of Aggai.
who was the leader, commander, and inheritor of his seat after him, by virtue of

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Key to Readings

the priesthood he had received from him before everyone.

The Martyrdom of St. Barbara
Sfihdiita d-Qaddista Barbara

B-zabne hdnon: da-b-hon mamlek (h)wd Maksemydnos haw rassi'a w-'annd[a:
b-hegmdnfnd d-Marqyanos hegmond: hwd rdupyd rabba 'al kollhon krestyane.
it_ (h)wa gabrd had rabba b-atrd d-Eliopolis ba-qritd da-smah Daldsun: w-
parriqa men Antyokya mile tre'sar: wa-smeh itaw (h)wd Dyosquros. hand 'attir
(h)wajab: bram den itaw (h)wa hanpd. it (h)wd leh den band hdd ihidiia: da-
smah Barbara: w-sappird (h)wdUab. hit den abuh mahheb (h)wd lah saggi: wa-
bna lah magdld had rabba: w-habsah beh. aykanna d-la tethze la-bnayndsa:
mettul sugrah rabba: wa-hdirfrta d-parsopah. etaw den nasin men rawrbane: w-
mellel(w) 'am abuh mettuhah: aykanna [p. 170] d-nettllh l-gabra. hu den 'al
Iwatah w-emar lah: bartjy): nasin men rawrbane mallei 'amm(y) mettuhek:
ettlek l-gabra. aykanna sabya att: bartjy) hbibatiy): emar(y) li. hi den kad harat
beh b-rugza: arimat 'ayneh la-smayya w-emrat_d-la tallsan dbjy): d-hade es'or.
w-ella hwayt yada': d-ena naps(y) l-mawtd yahba-na. hu den sanni: wa-npaq
men Iwatah. metemen (h)wa den b-balanay d-menneh ba-smah metbanya (h)wat_.
aqim (h)wa bah den fimane sug'a: aykanna da-ba-' gal w-qallila'it testamle. kad
den pqad ennon l-umane hit Dyosquros abuh: d-aykanna zddeq l-hon d-ne 'bdun:
w-yab l-kollhad mennhon agreh msamlya: sanni (h)wd l-atra rahhiqa: w-
tainman awhar zabnd saggi 'a. nehtat_ den hi amteh da-Msiha Barbara: aykanna
d-tehze benyana dilah d-balanay. w-kad harat_ ba-pnha taymnaytji: w-etbaqqyat
d-tarten kawwin balhod ptah(w) bah fimane. 'ndt w-emrat_ l-hon l-ardekle: I-
mana balhod tarten kawwin ptahton ? 'naw w-emar(w) lah: d-abilk pqad Ian d-
ne'bad hakanna. w-emntf l-hon den sahedteh da-Msiha Barbara: haw ma d-
amra-na l-kon s'or d-la dehld: w-mehda ba-'gal w-qallila'it_ aqim(w) li harka
kawwta hreta. w-emar(w) lah hennon: mana: dahlinan w-men d-dalma kad nete
abuk w-nehz.e: (man la meskhlnan la-mqam qdam hemmteh. dmra l-hon amteh d-
alaha Barbara: haw meddem d-ena amra-na l-kon s'or d-la dehla. w-kad nete
abjy). end mappisa-na leh 'alhade. hennon den sam'uh: wa-'bad(w) ap_ kawwtji
hreta: aykanna d-peqdat. l-hon.

kad den mattyat_ hi qaddista wa-d-la mum l-wa'deh d-uzna d-sahhine:
et])anya[ l-madnha w-resnuu b-seb'ah 'al sTsa Jupseh da-slibd yaqqira. w-
qayyam haw rusmeh da-sliba 'law d-sTsa 'damma l-yawmdna: l-tedmurt_a d-
aylen d-hazeyn: wa-l-t,esbuhta d-alaha. kad den 'allal l-balanay dilah: ap_
demwdta qaddisdt_a d-'eqbdtah: bah b-ar'a hay ettba'. [p. 171] w-men dukkta
hay: kollnas naseb dahhiha l-hitlmana wa-l-'udrana. hada (h)i mashuta d-
etdammyat l-Yordnan: d-bdh hu Markoll Iso' Msiha arken (h)wa reseh qaddisa:
w-qabbel (h)wa 'mada men Yohanndn kdrozeh wa-m'ammdana. hada (h)i
ma'modlta (pool) d-et_dammyat la-m'Tna d-Siloha: b-bah samya d-men kres
emmeh asig: l-ma'mddjta d-Bethesda: d-bdh msarryd b-mellta etassi. hddd (h)i
ma 'modjta: d-i[ bah mayyd hayye: halen d-selat men Mdran attt_a hay Sdmrdytd.

tub den b-had men yawmin: kad 'dbrd (h)wat d-tjzal lah l-balanay hi sdhedjeh
da-Msiha Barbara: hza{ ptakre (idols) da-l-hon saged (h)wd abuh dauyd: w-

49

Key to Readings

etjmilytil (hlwdi rfihd d-qudsa: haw mabbu'd d-jdbdtji w-ydhobd d-sukdne wa-
ni'adrdnd d-seirrire: hi hade sdhedteh da-Msihd: w-manjgd (h)wdt_ b-sun_rd: da-
zktit w-ddseU l-dkelqarsd. kad hdkel lizd[ la-pHikre hdnon liarse: raqqat_ b-
appayhon kad dmrd l-hon: d-akwiitkon nehwon 'dbddaykon: w-aylen da-tkilin
'laykon. w-kad selqat_ tub l-magdld d-beh hit 'dmrd (h)wftf: ba-slot_d da-lwdt_
alalia bell amiiici'it 'anyCi (h)wat.

kad den estamli benydnd w-ettaqqan diliih d-balanay: pad men urheh haw
rassi'd abfih Dyosqnros. w-'al (h)wd l-balanay aknian d-nehzih: wa-hzd tldt
kawwin qayydmdn. wa-'nd w-emar l-umdne: tlcit kawwin aqimton? ainrin leh
finulne: bartfik (h)ii peqdat_ Ian d-hdkanna ne'bad. w-etjmi lwdt_ bart_eh w-emar:
att pqadt ennon l-umdne: da-tlat kawwin nepjlnin? 'nat w-emnu leh: en dbjy):
sappir peqdet mettul da-tlat ennen kawwin manhrdn l-koll bamdsa d-ate I-
'ulmd: w-tjaten ballwd 'ammuldtji ennen. w-na.sbdh (h)wd abflh wa-nhet I-
balanay. w-emnrt leh: kind yattir men tarten manhrdn nassihd'i[ hdlen tldt_. w-
emrat_ tub Iwdteh amteh da-Msih_a Barbara: etbayyan hdsd dbfy) wa-hzi: hd ger
[p. 172] aba: w-hd bra: w-lid nihil qaddisd.

w-kad sma' hdlen abflh: etjnli hemmtd w-rugzd saggi'a. wa-smql saypd da-
'law tie <h)wd: akman d-neqtlih. w-sallyat den qaddistji Barbara: w-etjHithat_
senna hay d-ldh qarribd (h)wd[: w-qabbld[dh b-gawwdh. w-mehdd appqdtjih
(h)wal Iwdt.Hlrd haw d-tamman i[ (h)wd la-mqabbliltdh rd'awwdtfi tren: d-
rd'eyn (h)waw b-turd haw: w-hza'fih kad 'drqd. w-kad etqarrab abflh Iwdtjum:
msa"el (h)wa l-hon: enhu da-hza'tlh l-barteh. w-had mennhon: mettul d-sdbe
(h)wd d-lestawzab: mawmdtd ydme (h)wa d-ld hzd Idh. w-haw hrend den pdset
(h)wd seb'eh: w-l-abuh mhawwe (h)wd Idh. kad den hzdt__ qaddistd meddem da-
'bad: Iqtdteh (h)wdtj w-mehdd hwd hn w-'erbaw habsu.sydtd. w-hd kni.siin
habsusyd[d hdlen 'al qabrdh d-qaddistji 'dammd l-yawmdnd. w-kad saleq (h)wd
abilh bdtjah l-tfird haw: w-eskhdh (h)wa l-qaddistji w-naggddh marrird'h: w-
ahddh b-sa'rd d-resdh w-gd'ar (h)wd Idh. w-ahludh (h)wa men haw. turd: w-
a"ldh (h)wd w-habsdh b-baytd had slid: w-ehad wa-hkim h-appeh b-'ezqieh. w-
aqlm 'leh ndtdrd: aykannd d-ld neskah nds ne"ol Iwdt/ih: 'dammd d-ezal w-
awda' 'leh l-Marqydnos hegmond: aykannd d-nawbdlh.

kad den eta hegmond: pqad d-naytdndh Iwdtjh. kad den eta ahull 'am
Gerantos Qon\irisa appqfih men baytd haw d-beh hbisd (h)wdtj w-asbnfih I-
hegmdnd: kad mawme leh abflh b-alldhe: da-b-sende qsayyd nawbdlh. hayden
iteb hegmond 'al hem dileh: w-kad hd'ar b-suprdh emar Idh: mdnd sdbyd att?
bus 'al najisek: w-dabbah l-alldhe. w-elld tdabbhln: l-negde marrire maslem-nd
lek. 'ndt_ den w-emrat leh sdhedteh da-Msihd: d-end mtayybd-nd: d-end qnom(y)
debhd d-tjiwdltfi etqarrab l-aldhd pdrdqa d-koll: haw [p. 173] da-' bad smayyd
w-ar'd w-koll da-b-hon. mettul den alldhayk nbiyd ddwTd dinar: d-pume it_ l-hon
w-ld nunalhlui: 'ayne it_ l-hon w-ld hdzeyn: ide it l-hon w-ld mdysJn: regie it_ I-
hon w-ld mhallkjn: akwdthon nehwdn 'dbddayhon: w-aylen da-tkilJn'layhon:
hayden hegmond etmli hemnud: wa-nqad d-neslhundh: wa-l-pagrCih d-ld-
hawsdn b-negde nbasbsfin: wa-b-menne d-sa'rd netharkdn mahwdtji d-'al
gusmdh. wa-'bad(w) Idh hdkannd: 'dammd d-kolleh gusmdh etjndpal ba-dmd.
pqad (h)wd d-tjzal l-be[-hbusyd: 'ad inetha.ssab da-b-aynd mawtd nawbdlh. b-
pelgeh den d-lelyd: dnah (h)wd 'leh nuhrd rabbet: w-etltzi Idh pdroqan kad

50

Key to Readings

amar: ethayyal w-etjabbab sahecha dil(y) hblbta. '[Ida ger d-mettuUek: hadiitq
rabbta jehwe ba-smayya w-b-ar'a b-neshanek. la tedhlin men liihamaw da-
truna hand: ena ger hawe-na 'ammek: w-epcissek wen liihamaw. kad halen emar
lah: assi la-mahwatah: w-la ethzi menhen 'al pagrah. ella hadya (h)wat_ w-
rawza hi sahedta qaddist_a: b-lubaba da-hwa lah men Maran.

In the times during which Maximian, that impious and wicked one, was ruling,
during the governorship of Marcian the governor, there was a great persecution
of all Christians. There was a great man in the land of Heliopolis in a village
named Dalasun — and it was thirteen miles distant from Antioch — and his name
was Dioscorus. He was very rich, but he was a pagan. He had an only daughter
whose name was Barbara, and she was very beautiful. Her father loved her
greatly, and he built for her a great tower and closed her up in it so that she
could not been seen by anyone on account of her great beauty and the
comeliness of her visage. People from the nobles came and spoke for her with
her father, that [p. 170] he should give her to a husband. Therefore he went to
her and said to her, "My daughter, people from among the nobles have spoken
with me for you that 1 should give you to a husband. How do you desire, my
beloved daughter? Tell me. " She looked at him with hatred, raised her eyes to
heaven, and said, "Do not force me. father, to do this. If you do, you may know
that I will give myself to death. " He then departed and left her. He was attending
to a bath that was being built by him in her name. He established into many
workers so that it would be finished quickly and swiftly. When then Dioscorus,
her father, ordered the workers how it was right for them to do and gave every
one of them his full wage, he departed for a far-away place, and there he tarried
a long time. Then the maid of Christ, Barbara, went down to see the bath
building of hers, and when she looked in the southern direction and discerned
that the workmen had opened only two apertures in it, she said to the master
builders, "Why have you opened only two apertures?" They replied to her.
saying, "Your father ordered us to do thus. " The martyr to Christ. Barbara, said
to them, "This is what I am telling you: act without fear and quickly and swiftly
make for me another aperture. " They said to her, "We are afraid that when your
father comes and sees, we will not be able to stand before his anger. " The
handmaiden of God Barbara said to them, "This is what I tell you: do it without
fear, and when my father comes I will convince him of this. " They then heard her
and made another apertures as she had ordered them.

When the holy and spotless [maid] arrived at the location of the cistern of hot
[waters/, she turned to the east and drew with her finger on the marble the sign
of the honored cross, and that sign of the cross remains on it until today to the
wonder of those who see it and to the glory of God. When she entered the bath
belonging to her the blessed prints of her heels were imprinted in the ground, [p.
171] From this place evenone takes some dust for healing and aid. This is the
bathing that resembles the Jordan, in which the Lord of All Jesus Christ lowered
his holy head and received baptism from John, his preacher and baptizer. This is
a pool that resembles the pool at Siloah in which the man blind from his
mother's womb washed, the pool at Bethesda in which the paralyzed man was

51

Key to Readings

healed by a word. This is the pool in which is the water of life, that which the
Samaritan woman asked of Our Lord.

Then one day. when the Martyr to Christ Barbara was going to the bath, she
saw the idols which her wretched father worshiped, and this Martyr to Christ,
who was shining with beauty, who overcame and trampled on the Devil, was
filled with the Holy Spirit, that source of good things, giver of grace, and help to
those who are true. When she saw those mute idols thus, she spat in their faces
while saying to them. "Like you be your makers and those who trust in you. "
And when she departed to the tower in which she lived, in her prayer with God
she was constantly responded to.

When her bath building was finished and made ready, her wicked father
Dioscorus returned from his trip and entered the bath as one who would see it
and saw three apertures existing, he said to the workmen: "Have you made three
apertures?" The workmen said to him, "Your daughter ordered us to do so."
And he turned to his daughter and said. "Did you order the workmen to open
three apertures'" She replied and said to him. "Yes. father. Indeed I ordered it
because three are the apertures shining for eveiy human being who comes into
the world, and two alone are dark. " Her father took her and went into the bath,
and she said to him. "How much more brilliantly than two are these three
shining!" Then the handmaiden of Christ, Barbara, said, "Consider now, father,
and see: here is the Father, [p. 172] and here the son, and here the Holy Ghost. "

When her father heard these words, he was filled with great anger and rage,
and he drew the sword that was hung about him as though to kill her. Then the
holy Barbara prayed, and the mountain top near which she was opened up and
took her inside, and it put her out on a mountain where there were two
shepherds tending their flocks to receive her, and they saw her fleeing. When her
father approached them, he asked them if they had seen his daughter. One of
them, because he wanted her to escape, swore oaths that he had not seen her.
The other, however, pointed his finger and indicated her to her father. When the
blessed woman saw what he did. she cursed him, and immediately he and his
sheep became beetles — and thus these beetles are gathered over the saint's tomb
until today. When her father went after her on the mountain and found her, he
scourged her bitterly and grabbed her by the hair on her head and dragged her.
He took her down from the mounain and put her in prison in a mean room, and
he stopped up and sealed her mouth with his signet and stationed a guard over
her so that no one could go in to her while he went and informed Marcian the
governor, how to put her to death.

When the governor came he ordered them to bring her to him. When her father
came with Gerontius Comtris ('.'). they took her out of the room in which she was
imprisoned and turned her over to the governor. When her father swore by the
gods that he should put her to death with cruel tortures, the governor sat on his
seat of judgment. When he looked upon her beauty, he said to her, "What do you
desire'.' Have mercy upon yourself and sacrifice to the gods. If you do not
sacrifice. I will turn yon over to bitter scourges. " The martyr to Christ replied
and said to him. "I am prepared, for I myself am a sacrifice of confession I
sacrifice to God. the savior of all. he [p. 173] who made the heavens and the

52

Key to Readings

earth and all who are in them. For the sake of your gods did the prophet David
say, 'Mouths they have, and they do not speak. Eyes they have, and they do not
see. Hands they have, and they do not touch. Feet they have, and they do not
walk. ' Like them be their makers and those who trust in them. " then the
governor was filled with anger and ordered them to strip her and tear her flesh
to pieces with scourges without pity, and to burn the wounds that were on her
body with strands of hair. Thus they did to her until all her body was drenched in
blood. He ordered her to go to the prison while he considered by what sort of
death he should put her to death. However, in the middle of the night a great
light shone upon her. and Our Savior appeared to her, saying, "Be strong and
take heart, my beloved martyr, for prepared it is that for you there shall be great
joy in heaven and earth for your victory. Do not fear the threats of this tyrant,
for I shall be with you and I shall save you from his threats. " When he said these
things to her. he healed her wounds, and none of them could be seen on her
body, but she, this holy martyr, rejoiced and was glad in the encouragement that
she had from Our Lord.

From the Tale of Sindban the Wise
Men Tas'Ita d-Sindban HakkTma

It_ (h)wd malka had da-smeh (h)wa Kures. w-men yawmay hayaw bra la hwa
leh w-h (h)wd leh nesse sba'. w-qam w-salli wa-ndar nedra. wa-msah napseh.
wa-sba alalia, w-yab leh bra had. wa-rbd Jalyd w-swali ak arzd. w-yabeh [l-
sdpreh] [p. 174] d-nallep hekmtji. wa-hwa tlat_ snln lwat_ sdpreh w-meddem la
Hep. w-emar den malka. d-hdnd talya en nehwe sed sdpreh rebbo snln. meddem
Id Hep. ella ettllw l-Sindbdn hakklmd. metlul d-itaw gabrd hakklmd. wa-myattar
men kollhon pilosope. wa-qrd malka l-Sindban w-emar leh: aykanna sabe-tt d-
tallpjw l-talya eniar li. wa-'na Sindban w-emar l-malka. mallep-na l-talya b-
yarhe esta. 'damma d-nedros 'am koll pilosop d-it thet uhddnak. w-enhu d-la
msamle-nd meddem d-emret nebdun hayyay men ar'a. w-koll d-qane-na lak
nehwe. yelpet_ ger d-malke ak nurd hayhon. w-emal d-hemte l-nas awqd_ateh.
ehawwe lak d-maltep-nd la-brak mdr(y) malka w-kad nsamle yulpdneh. tettel li
hit meddem d-etba ' menndk.

w-emar malka haw d-ba'ett ettel lak. dinar Sindban kollmeddem d-ld rahem
att d-nes'or nds lwat_dk. la tes'rdy lwdt_ hrend. wa-ktab(w) kt_abd bayndtjwn. w-
yab Sindban yammind l-malkd. w-aslem Jalya l-Sindban. w-paqdeh w-emar leh.
d-men bdtjxr std yarhln w-t_arten sd'Jn. nete talya Iwdl abu w-ld nkattar sd't_d hdd
ella nesqol reseh d-Sindbdn.

w-ehad Sindban b-ideh d-talyd. w-awbleh l-bayteh wa-bna leh baytd rawwihd.
w-kallseh w-hawwreh wa-kjab 'al essaw. w-iteb Sindbddden [= Sindban den]
lwd[eh. w-mallep (h)wd leh. w-beh b-baytd h (h)wa l-hon mekla w-mestyd w-ld
'bar 'edddna had men protesmid d-sdmeh bayndtjwn. w-bfuar std yarhln Hep
Jalyd [p. 175] haw meddem d-ld msd nds men bnayndsd d-nelap akwdtjh. w-men
meddem yawmd had saddar malk_d lwdt_ Sindban w-emar leh. mand it lwdt_dk w-
panni hu w-emar leh. haw meddem d-rdhem-att. la-mhdr mayte-nd leh l-talya
Iwdtdk b-' edddna d-iarten sd'ln en man a nesbe. wa-hdi malkd w-et]isah wa-

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Key to Readings

Iil2.dk Sindban lwd[ Jolyd w-emar leli. sdbe-att do-b-hdnd lelyd. etliossob 'al
ntolwdsdk. b-luiy d-bd'e-nd d-awbldk Iwvt abflk.

w-men bcikir d-hdr b-malwdseh d-Jalyd. hz.d d-ld zadeq da-nmallel 'damma I-
sab'd yawniTn. mettiil d-ddhel (h)wd 'law d-lci nnu'it. w-kad hzd Sindban ar'el
idow w-reglaw w-et'assoq 'law. wo-hzd Jolyd l-rabbeh d-ett'iq w-emar leli. ma
Idk d-et_qossi 'layk liana sit 'rand, mettitl d-en pdqed-ott li d-ld emallel yorhd had
'dbed-nd elld pqod li haw meddem d-rdhem-att. w-emar Sindban: kad aqimel
qydmd 'am abflk d-la-mhdr nete brdk Iwdtdk. w-ld zadeq li d-elipok belt, w-ld
bd'e-nd d-eliwe lwdt_ abftk daggdld. end mekkel end meUasse-nd. hzi att bariy) la
tmallel 'damma d- 'dbrln sta yawmJn. wa-l-yawnid d-la-mhar pqad leli l-talyd d-
nez.al lwd[ abil.

abfl den men Hiemteh lwdt_ breli. kannes leli habre aylen d-ydtbln (li)waw
'cimmeh. wa- 'bad leli msatyd. hoyden qrdy abfl w-qarrbeh lwdt_eh w-nasqeh. w-
mallel 'ammeh. hit Id mallei 'am abfl- w-sarri mesal leli w-lm Id panni petjgama.
hoyden emar molkd l-aylen da-hddrow. mdnd ikiw sarbeh d-ber(y).

wa-'nd had w-emar d-'eqqdrd msah leli rabbeh da-nsattet belt [p. 176]
yiilpdneh w-men haw 'eqqdrd pklr l-senneh. w-etksi sarbeh d-talyd 'al molkd. w-
kad hz.d men nessaw d-malkd. emrat leli sboqdy aykd d-ydtba-nd. end w-haw
balhod kbor mowdo' li sarbeh. mettiil do-tkjl (h)wd 'lay men qaddim. w-meddem
d-l-emmeh Id mhawwe (h)wd. li den mhawwe w-gdle. mettiil d-emmeh d-talyd
m'Tqd (h)wdl 'al setqeh. w-sqaheh att [a l-talyd w-awbldteh l-baytdh. w-sarryat
tmallel 'ammeh. hn Id mallei 'aninidh. w-ld panni Idh petjgdmd. harden emrat leli
d-ld ydd'd-nd laksakld. w-dp. Id itjiyk molkd. w-ld pdlet att men 'enydn(y). amra-
nd Idk meddem. w-ld sdbqd-nd lak 'damma do-s'art leli. w-en Jalya i[oyk. w-en
sdbe att 'bad meddem d-amrd-nd Idk. ydd'd-nd d-abflk sd'eb w-etmahhal w-
etjappi w-end qdtjd-nd leli l-abflk. w-hdwe att molkd hldpaw. w-sdqel att li b-
nesse. w-hwet. end Idk otttd. w-men bdkir d-emrat l-talyd hulen estahhaq sahqd
rabbd. w-emar Idh: do' d-ld mmallel-na 'ommek w-ld 'am nds hrend 'damma d-
'dbrTn sob'd yawmdtd. w-mehdd sam'd att pfindy-petgdmd menn(y) 'al mellayk.
w-men bdtar d-sem'at hdlen yed'at d-neplat men iqdreh. w-dehlat w-ethossbfU.
d-mdnd te 'bad leli.

hoyden arnmU qaldh Jab. wa-mhdt_ 'al appeh. w-telhoimdneh. wo-sma' molkd
qdldh wo-qrdh. w-saldh w-emar Idh ma lek. hoyden emrat leli end antra (h)we[
lo-brdk da-nmallel 'amni(y). hoyden mensel(y) npal 'lay wa-sba d-nebzoh bi. w-
hdret ennen l-oppay w-ydd'd (h)wet d-kallhon mftme it_ beh. w-hdnd muntd Id
ydd'd (li)wet_beh. [p. 177]

w-kad hdlen emrat_ l-molkd. psaqjdbtd men breh. wo-pqod d-netqlel. gdos den
w-ii (h)wd leli l-malkd mdloke pilosope Id ok do-b-snrhdbd sd'or (h)wd meddem.
'damma d-metjnlek (h)wd b-hnn. w-kad sma'(w) hdlen. da-pqad molkd d-netqtel
breh. w-ld etjnlek b-hon. etliossab(w) b-napshon. d-haw meddem da-pqod molkd
bo-shdqd 'bod d-hoymen l-atneh. w-emar(w) pilosope Id zadeq d-netqlel. w-ld
zadeq l-malkd d-neqtol la-breh. mejjnl do-l-hartd l-napseh 'ddel. w-lan marheq
men Iwdtjeh. elld netjiarras oykonnd da-nsowzeb l-Jalyd men mawtd. hoyden
emar hod mennhon d-kollhad mention nqi'im. nsowzeb beh. yawmd hod. w-ezal
how w- 'al Iwdt molkd wo-sged leli w-emar d-ld zadeq d-ne'bdfln molke meddem.
'damma d-qdymln 'al srdrd.

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Key to Readings

pilosopd qadmdyd emar mdr(y) malka hyi da-sml' li: d-it (h)wd ba-zban malka
had. d-ld rhhn (h)wd 'law meddem ak rehmat-nesse w-adjq wa-hza b-had men
yawmm atna sappTrta. w-'allat rehmtdh b-lebbeh w-ahhbdh. w-saddar b-had
men yawmatd w-qrd l-gabrdh b-su'rdnd. harden ezal malka lwdt_ attta hay. wa-
b'd mennah d-nezne bah. hi den b-hemmtah emrat l-malkd. mdr(y) emtak it(y).
w-koll ma d-.sdbe att 'bad. w-it (h)wa ktdbd had l-ba'ldh da-mzahhar (h)wd 'al
zanyuta saggi. em rat l-malka. qri b-hdnd ktaba. wa-nsab malka wa-qrd wa-hza
da-mzahhar saggi 'al zdnyut_d. hayden qam malka rhlbd'h w-ezal. w-ne[)lat
'ezqtjh thet_ 'arsa: w-hu npaq w-atnd estawzbat: eta gabrah w-it_eb 'al 'arsa. wa-
hza l-'ezqt_a w-estawd'ah w-hay attta la rgisa hwat bah. w-emar gabra b-
napseh: d-malkd 'al wa-npal 'am attat. w-za" men malka. w-la 'al 'leh zabna [p.
178] saggT'a. hayden saddrat_ atna lwat_ abfm w-awd'ateh. d-gabrd dil(y) et_nakri
menn(y). w-ezal abtih lwdt_ malka. w-emar: ar'a it_ (h)wa li. wa-l-hand yabjqh d-
ne^lhlh wa-glah bah zabna. w-hasa etnakri mennah w-la palah bah w-sabeq lah.
emar malka I-gabra d-atna: att mand amar att? wa-'na haw w-emar: sarrira'it
maiiy) ar'a yab li. w-la mahmay li men tuqandh kma d-mesyat_ hay la. wa-gdas
b-had men yawmm 'allei lah wa-hzet bah sbjla d-parst_a d-and. w-dehlet men
ana d-ehpok e ' 'al lah. emar malka l-gabra: sarrira 'it 'al lah ella la srah bah
meddem. zel 'ol l-ar 'akplohdh taba 'it_ w-la tedhal.

w-tjib i[ (h)wa gabra had wa-zban parahta da-mmalhla b-lessana d-nasd. w-
sdmdh b-qapsd had. wa-tjah b-bayta dileh. wa-^aqdah d-tawda ' leh kollmeddem
d-sd'rd attteh. wa-ngaq w-ezal b-urha. w-eta rdhmdh d-hay attta wa-npal
'ammdh. w-kad hzdt hay parahta yed'at_ kollmeddem d-sa'rm (h)waw. w-men
bdt_ar d-et_a gabra d-hay atna. emrat leh pdraht_d koll meddem d-se 'rat atnd. w-
la sebqat da-fizdt d-la emrat. wa-npaq men lwdt_dh w-ethassab 'leh. w-emrat
atna b-nansah emra[ awd'at_ l-gabrd. w-emrat l-ctmtah: att emart I -gabra dil(y)
meddem d-se 'ret? w-imat_ amt_d d-la emret leh. hayden attta b'dt_ pnrsd d-te'bad
l-pdrahtd daggdhd. hayden seqlat l-qag_sd. w-sdnneh kolleh lelyd lwdt_dh. wa-
mkarrkd (h)wat rahyd b-iddh zban zban. wa-mqarr_bd (h)wdt_ mehzltd mennah.
w-adlqatqerydnd wa-zban mhawwyd (h)wdt leh wa-zban mkassyd (h)wat leh. w-
rdssd hwdt mayyd 'al qag_sd. wa-mhawwyd (h)wdt hdkan kolleh lelyd. 'dammd d-
emrat parahta b-napsdh barqd den [p. 179] w-ra'me w-metrd hwd kolleh lelyd.
w-md d-et_a gabra b-sapt-a et_dh l-paraht_d w-saldh d-mdnd hzayt b-hdnd lelyd
titikos. amrd leh parahta. d-barqe w-metre w-ra'me la sabqun d-ehze meddem,
w-men da-sma ' gabra hdlen men parahta. ida ' koll d-emrat parahta 'al attat
bqttild Uaw. mettul d-metrd Id (h)wd kolleh lelyd hand. wa-ba-snT'Fitd w-bjsut_d
se'rat_ hdlen attta w-'ebdat_ l-parahtd daggdhd. w-appqdh mdrah w-qatldh w-
ra ' 'i l-atttd.

There was a king whose name was Cyrus. In (all) the days of his life he had no
son, but he had seven wives. He arose, prayed, made a vow, and anointed
himself. God so desired and gave him a son. The child grew and shot up like a
cedar. He gave him [to his scribe] [p. 174] for him to teach (him) wisdom. He
was with the scribe for three years, and he learned nothing. Then the king said,
"If this child were with the scribe for many years, he wouldn 7 learn anything.
Rather, give him to Sindban the Wise because he is a wise man and is honored

55

Key to Readings

by all philosophers. " So the king summoned Sindban and said to him. "Tell me
how you wish to teach the child. " Sindban replied and said to the king, "I will
teach the child in six months so that he will be able to dispute with every
philosopher under your jurisdiction. If I do not carry out what I have said, may
my life cease to exist in the world, and all that I have acquired will be yours, for
I have learned that kings are like fire: when it touches anyone it burns him. I will
show yon that I will teach your son, my lord king, and when his instruction is
completed you will give me whatever I ask of you. "

The king said, "That which you ask I will give you. " Sindban said.
"Everything that yon do not desire people to do to you. do not do to another. "
And they concluded a pact between themselves, and Sindban made an oath to the
king, and he turned the child over to Sinban and ordered him. saying, "After six
months and two hours let the child come to her father, and let him not delay one
hour, or else we will remove Sindban 's head. "

Sindban took the child by the hand and led him to his house, and there he built
him a spacious chamber, and he plastered it. whitewashed it. and wrote on the
walls. Then Sindban sat with him and taught him. There were in the house food
and drink for them, and not once did any appointed time ever pass that he placed
between them (?}. After six months the child had learned [p. 175] what no
human being had ever been able to learn as he had. One day the king sent to
Sindban and said to him. "What do you have?" And he replied and said to him,
"That which you desire. Tomorrow I will bring you the child at the time of two
hours, if the Lord wills. " The king rejoiced and was glad, and Sindban returned
to the child and said to him, "Do you desire that this night I calculate your
horoscope, for I am seeking to take you to your father? "

After he looked at the child's horoscope, he saw that it was incumbent that he
not speak for seven days because he feared for him lest he die. When Sindban
saw this, it made his hands and feet tremble, and he was vexed for his sake. The
child saw that his master was troubled, and he said to him, "What is wrong with
you that this thing is grievous upon you? If you command me not to speak for a
month, I will do it. but order me what you like. " Sindban said. "Since I made a
promise to your father, /saying that] tomorrow your son will come to you, it is
incumbent upon me that I not break it, and I do not seek to be deceitful with your
father. Henceforth I will be concealed. You see to it. my son, that you do not
speak for six days. " And the next day I ordered the child to go to his father.

Out of his love for his son. his father gathered for him friends, those who were
sitting with him, and made a banquet for him. then his father summoned him and
drew him close and kissed him. He spoke to him. but he did not speak to his
father. He began to ask him (questions), but he did not address a word to him.
then the king said to whose who were around him, "What is wrong with my
son ? "

One answered and said, "His master annointed him with an herb so that he
would plant his instruction firmly, [p. 176] and from this herb his teeth are
locked. This was burdensome for the king. When he saw one of the king's wives,
she said. "Leave him [with me I as I am sitting. [When} he and I are alone,
doubtless he will make his story known to me because he has trusted me for a

56

Key to Readings

long time, and what he would not reveal to his mother he will reveal openly to
me. " Because the child's mother was distressed over his silence, the woman
picked the child up and took him to her room. She began to speak with him, but
he did not speak to her and did not address a word to her. Then she said to him,
"I know you are not a fool, and you are not the king. Neither will you escape
from conversing with me. I will tell you somehting, and I will not let you go until
you have done it, even if you are a child. If you want, do what I tell you. I know
that your father is growing old, feeble, and weak. I am going to kill you father,
and you will be king in his stead. You will take me to wife, and I will be your
wife. " After she said these things to the child, he was greatly troubled and said
to her, "Know that I will not speak to you or anyone else until seven days have
passed, and immediately [thereupon] you will hear an answer from me to your
words. " After she heard these things, she knew that she had fallen from his
respect, and she was afraid and calculated what she should do to him.

Then she gave out a loud en- and smote her face and rent her clothes. The king
heard her cry and summoned her. He asked her what was wrong with her. Then
she said, "I was talking to your son so that he would speak with me. All of a
sudden he fell upon me and wanted to penetrate me. He made these scratches on
mxface. 1 knew that he possessed all flaws, but this flaw I did not know in him. "
[p. 177]

When she said these things to the king, he abandoned his good opinion of his
son and ordered him to be killed. It happened that the king had philosopher
advisors so that he would not do anything in haste without being advised by
them. When they heard these things, that the king had ordered that his son be
killed without being advised by them, they thought among themselves that this
thing the king had ordered in adversity he had done because he believed the
woman. The philosophers said. "It is not right that he should be killed, and it is
not right that the king should kill his son because in the end he will find fault
with himself and drive us away from himself. But we should plan how we can
save the child from death. " Then one of them said, "Each of us will undertake to
save him for one day. " This one went to the king, bowed to him, and said, "It is
not right for kings to do anything until they are standing upon the truth. "

The first philosopher said. "My lord king, it has been heard by me that once
upon a time there was a king to whom nothing was as beloved as the love of
women. He looked out and saw one day a beautiful woman, and love for him
entered his heart and he loved her. One day he sent and summoned her husband
on an errand. Then the king went to the woman and asked her to commit
adultery with him. In her wrath she said to the king. "My lord, I am your
senwit. Do what you wish. " There was a book belonging to her husband that
warned greatly against adulten; so the king arose hastily and departed, but his
signet ring fell under the bed. He left, and the woman was saved. Her husband
came and sat on the bed. He saw the ring and recognized it. but the woman was
not aware of it. The man said to himself, "The king entered and slept with my
wife. " He was terrified of the king, and he did not go to her for a long time. [p.
178] Then the woman sent to her father and informed him, f saying. J "My
husband has become estranged from me. " Her father went to the king and said,

57

Key to Readings

"/ had a plot of land, and I gave it /to someone I to till, and he tilled it for a time.
Now he is estranged from it. does not till it, and he abandoned it. " The king said
to the woman's husband. "What say you?" He replied and said. "Truly, my lord,
he gave me land, and its cultivation was not neglected by me insofar as possible.
But it happened one day that I went to it and saw on it a lion's paw print. I was
too afraid of the lion to return and enter it. " The king said to the husband,
"Truly he went to her. but he did her no harm. Go. enter your land, till it well,
and fear not. "

Again there was a man who bought a bird that talked in the language of
people. He set it in a cage and hung it in his house. He ordered it to inform him
of everything his wife did. and he departed an went on a journey. The wife 's
lover came and slept with her. When the bird saw: it knew everything they were
doing. After the husband of the woman came, the bird told him everything his
wife had done, and it did not omit anything it had seen without telling it. He
departed from it and thought about it. The wife said to herself "My maid has
informed the man. " She said to the maid, "Did you tell my husband what I did?"
The maid said. "I did not tell him. " then the woman sought for a plan to do to
the treacherous bird. Then she took out the cage and put in before herself all
night long. She tinned a gristmill with her hand from time to time, and brought a
mirror close to (the bird) and lit a lamp, and sometimes she showed such things
all through the night until the bird said to itself. "There have been lightning, [p.
179] thunder, and rain all night. " When the man came in the morning, he went
to the bird and asked it. "What did you see during the night, parrot?" The bird
said to him, "The lightning, rain., and thunder did not let me see anything. "
Inasmuch as the man heard these things from the bird, he realized that all the
bird had said about his wife was false because there had been no rain during all
that night. In cunning and evil did the woman do these things and did [thus I to
the treacherous parrot. The [bird 'si master took it out and killed it. and he
appeased the woman.

From The Cave of Treasures
men Ktjibfl da-M'arrat_-Gazz&

W-armi alalia sentji 'al Adam wa-dmek: wa-nsab lidd el' a men gabbeh d-
yammind w-'abddh l-Hawwd menneh. w-kad ett'ir Adam men senteh wa-hzdh I-
Hawwa hdi belli saggi. wa-hwaw Adam w-Hawwd b-gaww pardisa IbTsJn subhd
w-mapi-gin b-teshohkl tldt sd'Tn: haw den hand pardisa Val iww wa-m 'allay men
kollhon jure rclme. tldtjn zartln ba-msohnl d-ruha d-qudsa wa-hadar l-kolldh
a r'd.

eniar den Mdse nbiyd aykannd da-nsab mdryd alalia hayhdnd pardisa b-gaww
'den: w-sdm tamman l-Adam da-gbal. 'den den itch Jupsd d- 'edtd ba-srdrd w-
' edict itch mrahhmdnuieh d-alahd: hay da- 'fid (h)wd alalia d-ne/jros 'al [p. 180]
kollhon bnayndsd: mettitl d-ida' alalia ak niqaddinut_-ida'teh meddem d-etjiassab
Sdtdnd 'al Adam b-gaww 'uhbd da-mrahhmdiiFiteh qaddem sdindh. ak da-
mzamniar (h)wd Jubdnd DdwTd: d-mdryd bclt-ma'mrd hwet_ Ian l-ddr ddrui.
Iiiinaw den da-b-gaww iiirahhmdnutdk 'badt Ian. w-kad mappis leh l-aldha hldp.

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Key to Readings

purqana da-bnaynasa emar etdakkar 'edtak d-qanya men qdjm. hanaw den. I-
hay mrahhmanuta da- 'tjdatt d-tepros 'al gensan mhayyla.

'den iteh 'edta qaddista. w-pardisa da-b-gawwah atja da-nyahta w-yartut_a d-
hayye hay d-Jayyeb alalia 1-kollhon bnayndsa qaddfse.

w-mettul d-itaw (h)wa Adam kahna w-malka wa-nbiya a"leh alalia l-pardisa
da-nsammes b-gaww 'den ak kahna b-'echa qaddista: ak d-mashed 'lawtubana
Mose. d-neplhii lam l-alaha b-yad tesmestji kahnaytji b-t_esbohta. wa-nettrlw l-
Qiiqdana haw d-etg 'el I eh b-yad mrahhrnanuteh d-alaha. w-asri ennon alalia l-
Adam w-Hawwa b-gardisa wa-nsab alalia ilana d-hayye ba-msa'tjh d-^ardisa.
w-sarrira (h)y mellta hade w-makrzat-srara d-haw ilana d-hayye ba-msa'teh d-
pardisa la-sllb pardqana mqaddam-sa'ar (h)wa. etjiseb tamman ba-msa'tjeh d-
pardisa u-hana hit d-etqba' ba-insa'tah d-ar'a. [p. 181]

God cast sleep upon Adam, and he slept. And He took a rib from his right side
and made Eve from it. When Adam awoke from his sleep and saw Eve, he
rejoiced in her greatly, and Adam and Eve were inside paradise clothed in glory
and shining with praise for three hours. This paradise is above and raised above
all the high mountains, by three cubits of the measurement of the Holy Ghost,
and surrounding all the earth.

The Prophet Moses told how the Lord God Almighty planted paradise inside
Eden, and he placed there Adam, whom he had made. Eden is a symbol of the
church truly, and the church is God's mercy, which God is prepared to spread
over [p. 180] all people because God knew with his foreknowledge within the
bosom of his mercy what Satan plotted against Adam before he placed him there,
as the Blessed David has sung: "Lord, thou hast been our dwelling-place in all
generations." These things, which were inside your mercy, you did for us. And
when God was persuaded to save people, he said. "Remember your church,
which is redeemed from long ago." Theses are the things, then, for this mercy,
that you are prepared to spread over our comforted species. "

Eden is the Holy Church, and paradise, which is inside it, is a place of rest
and inheritance of life, which God has prepared for all holy people.

Because Adam was priest, king, and prophet, God raised him to paradise so
that he would sene inside Eden as priest in the holy church, as the Blessed
Moses testifies: "Let them work for God through priestly seirice in praise, and
let them keep this commandment, which was made for him through the mercy of
God. " And God caused Adam and Eve to dwell in paradise, and God planted the
tree of life in the middle of paradise, and true is this word and the preaching of
the truth that this tree of life in the middle of paradise was a prefiguration of the
savior's cross. It was planted there in the middle of paradise, and this is the one
that was set up in the middle of the earth, [p. 181]

From Kalilag and Demnag
men Ktaba d-Kalllag w-Demnag

Tagra meskena it (h)wa. w-ezal ba-tg.urta l-at_ra hrena. w-it_ (h)wa leh ma

59

Key to Readings

manycln parzld. mettul d-nds baytdyd layt (h)wd leh: aslmeh l-gabrd yad'eh d-
nezdahhar bell wa-hzaq. w-kad Jap. b' ay l-i±arz.ld men yad'eh. w-jnirzla zabbneh
w-appeq 'al napseli w-dmar l-tdgrd d-parzld a kill 'uqbre. w-tcigra b-hay d-lcl
naqnet yad'eh w-nadliel emar leh. Hidden sarrira hay d-dmrJii d-layt b-arb'a[
regie: w-la b-nuten: d-harripjn seimaw men d-'uqbrd. ella kad hade hwctf:
eskliet_ d-att hlini att. husrdnd da-'bad(w) 'uqbre mett'e. w-hu hdi b-hay d-tdgrd
leh etjpis. w-kad z.ammneh d-nel'as l-yawmd b-bayteh. w-dbar tdgra l-bar
yad'eh w-ezal Jassyeh. emar leh yad'eh. kad dbartdy l-ber(y) maud 'badt leh?
dinar leh tdgrd d-end brdk Id debre[. ella hit eta (h)wd bd[aiiy): wa-hzei da-nhe[
bdz w-hajpeh. w-ydd'eh aylel wa-qrd b-genn malkd: kad nihabbet resell w-
hadyeh w-dmar. aykd etluizyal aw estant'at_ d-bdz msa d-nehto£.talyd? w-tfigrd
emar leh. aykd d- 'uqbre etjmi d-neklun ma manye parzld. mdden an bdz da-l-
inld bdlen law saggi rabbd. hayden emar yad'eh: dh(y): parzldk end ekaheh w-
ekh'l mrare: Jimaw sab: w-hab li ber(y). [p. 182]

There was a poor merchant, and he went to another place on a business trip.
He had a hundred pounds of iron. Because he had no household member, he
turned it over to a man he knew to watch over it, and he departed. When he came
back, he asked for the iron from his acquaintance. He had sold the iron and
spent [the proceeds I on himself So lie said to the merchant, "The iron was eaten
by mice. " The merchant, in order not to make his acquaintance anxious or
frighten him, said. "How true is what they say that there is nothing with four
feet, or with two, with teeth as sharp as those of mice. However, since this has
happened, I have found that you are correct. The loss the mice have made is
negligible. " The /other person} rejoiced in that the merchant had been
convinced by him. When he invited him to partake of food that day in his house,
the merchant led his acquaintance 's son away and went off and hid him. His
acquaintance said to him, " When you led my son away, what did you do with
him?" the merchant said to him, "I did not lead your son away, but he came
after me, and I saw a hawk come down and snatch him off. " The acquaintance
wailed and called for the king's protection, as he was beating his head and
breast and saying. "When has it ever been seen or heard that a hawk was able to
snatch a child?" The merchant said to him, "Just as mice were able to eat a
hundred pound of iron, so too is it not much greater for a hawk to snatch an
elephant. " 771c acquaintance then said, "My brother, I stole your iron and was
galled. Take its price and give me my son. " [p. 182]

From a Metrical Sermon by Ephraem Syrus

Men Memra d-'al Maksilnntji wa-$lotJi

dileh d'Jubanu Miir(y) A^rint

Men rawmd rddeyn rahme.
kollan nehur la-mrawmd.
men smay smayyd (h)ti purqdnd.
nawde I- 'dinar ba-sma\\a.

60

Key to Readings

ba-zmirt_eh emar DawTd

mellta da-sldt_a (h)y kollah:

da-lwatak mar(y) arhnet

'aynay 'amar ba-smayya

w-makkek napseh d-akwdteh

hnan netmakkak ba-srdra

ak 'aynay 'abde da-lwat

marayhon talyan kollsa'

d-nehzon enhii da-kmirin

nehwon zhire wa-kmire.

w-enhu da-gsihin ennon

an 'abde b-hezM'd nehwon.

w-awseg tub DawTd w-rattem [p. 183]

petgama ak qadmaya

d-ak 'ayneh d-amta Iwatah

d-martah hay ran koll'eddan

d-enhu da-gsiha (h)y qerba[

lwa[ parsogah hadya 'it

w-en marta tehwe kmira

amta dahla w-metjassya

da-hz.a[ da-kmiran appeh

mestarrde men z 'iputah.

hakanna law ap_ 'aynay

Iwatjik marya allahan

d-la inse-na emar DawTd

d-edfis w-ehde qdcim appayk

'damma da-tjahhem 'alayn

da-hzet da-z 'ip_ parsopak.

wa-lman hay hade d-DawTd

nethassab nerne w-nemar:

rahhem 'alayn alalia

w-att marya rahhem 'alayn. [p. 184]

From on high arise mercies.
All of us are looking at the height.
From the heaven of heavens is salvation.
We acknowledge him who lives in heaven.
In his psalm David said
a word that is all prayer:
"Unto thee Lord I lifted
my eyes, [O you who] dwell in heaven. "

61

Key to Readings

And he humbled himself so that like him

we may he humbled truly.

As the eyes ofseirants to the presence of

their lords are always fixed

that they may see if they are gloomy.

they (the sen-ants) will be wary and sad.

But if they are happy

the servants too will be I happy] in their sight.

And David continued and said gently [p. 183]

a word like the former:

As the eyes of the maid in the presence of

the mistress are looking always.

If she is happy, she (the maid) approaches

near her countenance joyfully.

And if the mistress is gloomy.

the maid fears and hides herself

since she has seen that her I mistress's I face is gloomy,

she is terrified by her anger.

Thus also my eyes

to the Lord our God

I am not able, said David.

to exult and rejoice before your face

until you have mercy upon us.

for I have seen that your countenance is angry,

and this /saying] of David

we contemplate, meditate, and say:

have mercy upon us, God.

and you. Lord, have mercy upon us. [p. 184]

From the Syriac Book of Medicines

Res a da-Tldta

'al KurhanS Kollhon d-Haweyn b-Resd

Chapter Three
On All Diseases that Occur in the Head
W-qadma'h 'al nek) cine w-ma'hddnwdhl mlildtd: ethawwyat ger men qdim: d-
kollhen ma'bddnwdtji d -(nigra: la-tjen pursdne metjxillgan. l-naiisdnydtd w-la-
kydnydkl:: w-hclneyn napsdnydtd: nietjuillgdn la-mlildtd wa-l-margsdnydid w-la-
m:J'dnyd[d. w-euimrat tub da-l-napsdnydtji haw muhhd sd'ar l-hen. menhen b-
yad mes'dyfitfi d-hadddme hrene. menhen (h)u qnomeh sd'ar l-hen. d-itayhen
lumen inlildtd::

'tjdjnan den d-nallenb-resd hand, 'al nekydne d-gddsln l-ma'bddnwdtji lumen
mlildtd:: hdnaw den: l-hdnen d-metta'bddn men tldtd 'ubbaw d-muhhd::
cjadmdynl it_eh: hay d-mctjuiggdgd w-nietf/arryd pai(tasiyd: wa-d-tarten hay d-
meihassbd w-met_kannyd sukld:: w-da-tjdt_: hay d-mefahhdfi: w-niestanimhd
'ululdnd:: hit den muhhd: l_a hwd organon margsdnd balhod etjaqqan men

Key to Readings

kyana: ella ragsa d-regse (h)wa men hers it. w-hay da-b-yad grade: hit mithha
msaddar hay la margsana l-kollhon haddamaw d-gagra: idi'a (h)y galya'h: men
hay d-kad nestappaq gyada arna d-hit: bar sa'ta d-la rgestfi hwa haddama haw.
b-yad d-metkle hayla haw d-nahet (h)wa leh: men mithha w-metjiallag heh::
galya (h)y den tub idi'a' it: w-ag men hay da-b-senntji. aw la-gmar bqttalln [p.
185] regse: aw tab 'ammuta'it_ ma'bdjn:: idi'a (h)y hakel d-qallil (h)u rade
harden hayla w-nahet_ men reset l-haddame. w-hade metjtmra ba-'yada:
'ammiqah w-la 'ammiqa'h. iteh kmayutah sennta I girt d-mardTta:: hade den
gadsa d-d-ak hakanna ger rade w-nahet ag kma d-iteh ag sennta b- 'ammiqut_a::
dame hakel da-b-zabna kolleh d -sennta: hawe mnah hayla haw nagsana'i[: w-
ma'bad taqqiga'rt haw kyanaya:: metjad'at_ den hade: men hay d-ma d-la'e
hayla hand: 'am d-damek bar sa'teh methayyal. w-yattira"tt_ ma d-batar saybarta
mmassahta nedmak. w-men hay tub d-ba-zban sennta: hawe psara sappira 'it b-
kolleh pagra. law b-karsa Ihod:: ella zadqa'it harden mettnih:_ag haddama haw
d-beh haw resah d-nagsa mlilta. lebba ger methazya d-qallil qallil sa'ar (h)wa.
ak d-la nestneq zabna naggira la-nyaht_eh:: muhha den law hakanna: ella b-
'int[a ma'bad b-kollzban. b-sennt_a den sale:: w-badgon sennta 'ammiqta nagla
'al aylen d-metdansln saggi'a'h. ak man d-yattira'h rade hayla. w-etjmwsas
men resa kad metdarrsm (h)waw. mettul sugaqa hakel d-hayla haw d-estammar
men mithha: w-mettul lefita d-lay b-ma'bdanwata saggi'ata. 'al nycihta sniq
akhad 'al huyala: : akzna hakel d-men bat_ar dursa damkm psiqa 'it w- 'asqa 'it. w-
hakanna w-ag kad nqabblun saybarta: w-ag kollma d-tehwe rqttiba ba-kyaneh:
d-ak hakanna damkjn yattir hah ba-dmftta w-ag kad neston hmara yattira: ag
kad neshon mashwata d-mayya sahhine d-metnaslm 'al resayhon: damkjn
yattira 'it:: kollhen ger halen d-methazyan d-malyan leh l-muhha da- 'leh d-hdde
malyiila sniq: ma da-'mil wa-myabbes h-ma'bdanuta saggha. w-men halen
kollhen metyad'a: d-muhha [p. 186] ma d-'mal tab w-nestbe d-nettnih: harden
'abed sennta kyanay[a w-rattira'h enhu d-hayla haw mtarsyana d-beh: masah
leh rqttibftta aw men qarririitja saggha neqqar. harden sennm (h)y da-b-tula'e
wa-b-metnassranuta hauya. w-kollhon basse hrene d-d-ak halen.

First on injuries and mental functions. It has been shown previously that all
functions of the body are divided into two divisions, the psychological and the
natural. The psychological ones are divided into those pertaining to the mind,
those pertaining to the senses, and those pertaining to motion. It has also been
said that it is the brain that peiforms the operations of the mind, some through
the intermediary of other members, and some, which pertain to the mind, it
performs itself.

We are ready then to teach in this chapter about injuries that happen to these
mental functions, which are caused by the three cavities of the brain. First is the
one that imagines, and it is called imagination; second is the one that thinks, and
it is called intelligence: and third is the one that remembers, and it is called
memory. The brain was not constituted by nature to be an organ of perception
only, but it has been the principal sensor of sensations from the beginning.
Through nerves the brain sends the power to feel to all members of the body.
This is known clearly from the fact that when a neire is severed, wherever it is,

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Key to Readings

immediately the member it serves becomes without feeling because the power
that descended to it from the brain and was distributed throughout it has been
withdrawn from it. This is obviously clear from the fact that during sleep the
senses either are utterly idle [p. 185] or they work obscurely. It is thus known
that the power that ascends and descends from the head to the body does so in a
small quantity. These I two kinds of sleep] are customarily said to be /sleeping]
"deeply" and /sleeping] "lightly. " The amount of sleep varies in proportion to
the amount of power that comes down (from the head]. It happens that as the
power that ascends and descends {varies], so does sleep in depth. It seems
therefore that during the whole period of sleep the psychological power is at
rest, and the natural (power) works intensely. This then is known. When this
power is weary, as soon as lone] lies down it is immediately made strong again,
even more so if lone] lies after moderate nourishment. Moreover, during the
time of sleep, digestion takes place nicely throughout the whole body and not in
the belly only: and moreover, very properly, that member also in which [is
seated] the chief of the rational soul is rested. Now it is seen that the heart works
very slowly f during sleep], since it has no need of a lengthy period for its rest;
with the brain, however, it is not so. for it works without cessation always in
wakefulness, and during sleep it is drawn out. For this reason deep sleep falls
upon those who exercise greatly, because the power ascends more and is wasted
away from the head while they are exercising. Because of the emptying thus of
the power that is sent from the brain and because of the fatigue caused by
excessive exertions, he is in need of rest as well as of strength. Likewise
therefore after exertion I people] sleep easily and heavily, and so also when they
have received nourishment — and more so when it (the nourishment) is moist in
its nature. They also sleep more in form and also when they drink much wine,
and when they bathe with hot water poured over their heads they sleep more. All
these things are seen to fill the brain, which is need of this fullness when it is
overworked and dried up by great exertion. From all these things it is known
that when the brain [p. 186] has worked much and needs to rest, then it creates a
natural sleep, more especially if it has within itself the power for nourishment,
/or if I it has anointed itself with moisture or I if] it is very cold, then the sleep is
as in a stupor and senselessness. All other senses are like these.

A Flood in Edessa

Tub men Tas'yatJI d-Su 'raitfl ak da-b-Pasiqiftfi

From the Stories of Events in Brief

Ba-snal hammesma wa-llcitji'sre b-malkuteh d-Seweros wa-b-malkrneh d-Abgar
malkci bar Ma'nu malkd h-irah tesrin hrcly 'sen (h)wd mabbu'a d-mayyci da-
npaq men cipadna rabbet d-Abgar malkci rabbd wa-'sen wa-sfeq ak 'ycideh
qadmayd wa-mlci (h)wci wa-spa' l-koll gabbln. w-sarri (h)waw darcltji w-estwe
w-batte d-malkutd d-netjnldn mayyd. w-kad hzd Abgar malka. sleq (h)wd leh I-
taqncl d-turCt da-t'el men cipadna dileh aykcl d-ycitbTn w-'dmrm 'dbday 'badcl
dilclh d-inalkilkl. w-kad hakkime metliassbln (h)waw: d-mcincl ne'bdun l-hon I-
mayyii yattire d-ettawsap (h)waw. gdas wa-hwei melrd rabbd w-'assind b-lelyd.

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Key to Readings

w-etd Daysdn d-ld b-yawmeh wa-d-la b-yarheh. w-etaw mayya nukraye. w-eskah
ennon l-qqtaraqte kad ahidjn b-garz.le rawrbe da-qrimln (h)waw wa-b-mokle d-
garzld da-msamrln (h)waw. wa-d-la estkah l-hon ma 'land l-mayya. hwd leh
yammd rabba l-bar men sureh da-mditta. w-sarri (h)waw mayya ndhtln men bet
ya'yata d-sttrd la-mditta. w-Abgar malka kad qd'em (h)wd b-gurkdsd rabba d-
metjqre d-gdrsdyd. hza (h)wd b-lampede d-nurd l-mayya. wa-gqad (h)wa. w-
estqel (h)waw tar'e w-qqtaraqte tmanya d-sura ma'rbaya da-mditta men ayka
da-n\mq nahra. w-bah b-sa'ta tar' aw (h)waw mayya l-Sura ma'rbaya wa-
'qar(w) l-apadna rabba w-gaya da-mditta. w- 'al l-gaww mditta d-maran malka.
wa-sqal (h)waw koll meddem d-estkah (h)wa qdamayhon benyane rgige w-paya
da-mditta. koll meddem d-qarrib (h)wa l-nahra men taymnayah w-garbyayah.
wa-srah [p. 187] (h)waw tub b-haykla d-'edta da-kristyane. w-mh (h)waw b-
hana 'bada yattir men tren alpln da-bnaynasa. saggi'e den mennhon. kad
ddmkTn (h)waw b-lelya 'al 'layhon mayya men selya w-ethneq (b)waw. kad
malya (h)wcit mditta qala d-yallata. w-kad hza Abgar malka surhana liana da-
hwa (h)wa. pqad (h)wa d-kollhon umane da-mditta narhqfm (h)waw hanwathon
men lwat_ nahra. w-nas lwat_ nahra la nebne leh hanfi[a. wa-b-hekmta d-masohe
w-yadp'e ettsim hanwa[a da-kma nehwe ptaya d-nahra. w-awseg (h)waw 'al
mushateh qadmayla. agen ger mayya saggi'Jn (h)waw w-'assfnln. ella ap hit
pt_ayeh d-nahra z'or (h)wa. d-mayya d-reglata 'esrm w-hammes mqabbel (h)wa
ba-knisillhen d-men koll gabbln. wa-gqad (h)wa Abgar malka. d-kollhon hanon
d-yatbjn b-estwa w-gallvn luqbal nahra. d-men tesrin qdem wa- 'damma 1-nTsan
la hwaw baytjn b-hanwat_hon. ella gziraye d-nqtrTn mditta. hamsa mennhon
hwaw baytjn b-sura I'el men dukkt_a d-'allln bah mayya la-mditta kolleh zabna
d-satwa. w-ma d-arges b-lelya wa-sma' qala d-mayya nukraye d-sarri d-ne"lun
la-mditta... w-kpllman d-sama' qala w-mahme w-la napeq. ha mayya tab' in
menneh besyana d-sqt puqdaneh d-malka. w-ettsim (h)wa liana pitqdand men
hand zabna da-hwa beh hcikanna 'damma l-yawmat_ 'alma, maran den Abgar
malka pqad (h)wa w-etbni leh benyana l-ma'mra d-malkuteh bet_ satwa Bet
Tbara. w-tamman 'amar (h)wa kolleh zabna d-satwa. wa-b-qaytd nhet_ (h)wa leh
l-apadna hdatta d-etbni (h)wa leh 'al res mabbu'a. w-ag hennon here dileh
bnaw l-hon benyane l-ma 'marhon ba-sbabiita d-hawe bah malka b-suqa rama d-
nietqre Be[ Sahraye. w-mettul d-netqayyam (h)wa saynah da-mditta qadmdya.
pqad (h)wci Abgar malka w-estbeq hawbata da-tba'ta men gawwaye da-mditta.
w-men aylen d-'amrln b-qurya w-b-agorse w-et_kalyat tba'ta mennhon hammes
snln. 'damma d-'etjat_ \p. 188] mditta b-ndsuta w-etkallalat ba-bnayndsd.

In the year 513 of the kingdom of Severius and during the reign of King
Abgar, the son of King Ma'nu. in the month of November the water source
erupted and went out from King Abgar's great palace, and it gained strength,
going beyond its former custom, and it filled and overflowed its banks. The
courtyards, porches, and houses of the kingdom began to be filled with water.
When King Abgar saw this, he went out to the tableland that was above his
palace, where the workers of the kingdom dwelt and lived. While the wise men
were considering what they should do about the great waters, which were
increasing, it happed that a great and violent rain came during the night. The
Daisan (river) came out of season, and there was unheard-of water. It found the

65

Key to Readings

cataracts closed with large [pieces of] iron, which were overlaid with bars of
iron that were reinforcing. Since no entrance for the water was found, there was
formed a large sea outside the wall of the city. The water began to go down into
the city over the battlements. While King Abgar was standing on the great tower
called the Persian (Tower), he saw the water by lamp light, and he gave an
order, and the gates and the eight cataracts of the western wall of the city were
removed from where the river went out. Immediately the water broke through the
western wall and destroyed the great and beautiful palace of the city. It entered
the city of our lord the king and carried away everything that was found before
the delightful and lovely buildings of the city., everything that was near the river
on its southern and northern sides, and it damaged [p. 187] also the church of
the Christians. During this event more then three thousand people died. While
many of them were asleep during the night, the water entered upon them
suddenly, and they drowned, as the city was filled with cries of distress. When
King Abgar saw this damage that was being done, he ordered that all the
workmen of the cits' should remove their shops from next to the river and that no
one should build a shop by the river, and with the wisdom of suneyors and
experts the shops were placed so that however much the river's breadth was.
they increased its former measurement. Even if the water was great and violent,
except where the breadth of the river was small, it would accommodate the
water of twenty-five floods in its total on all sides. And King Abgar ordered that
all those who dwelt in the portico and worked opposite the river should not
spend the night in their shops from October until April, excepting the policemen
who guarded the city, five of whom would spend the night on the wall above the
place at which the water entered the city throughout the winter. Whenever they
perceived (anything) during the night and heard the sound of unusual water that
was starting to enter the city, all who heard the sound and was negligent and did
not go out. the water would exact from him a fine for having treated the king's
command with contempt. This command was placed from this time such that it
has remained thus for all the days of the world. Our lord King Abgar then gave
an order, and a building was built for him for an abode in the winter at Beth
T'vara. and there he dwent all the time during the winter. In the summer he went
down to the new palace that was built for him at the head of the spring. So also
did his companions build for themselves buildings for dwelling in the
neighborhood in which the king was in the high market that is called Beth
Sahraye. Because the former prosperity of the city was re-established. King
Abgar gave an order, and tax debts were forgiven for those inside the city and
for those who were living in the villages and fields, and they were exempted from
taxes for five years until [p. 188] the city was enriched by humanity and adored
with people.

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Key to Readings

From the Chronicle of Times by Barhebraeus

On the Taking of Babylon

Men Ktjlbfl d-Maktbtintit Zabned-Bar 'Ebraya

Mejtul Mesqla d-Babel

Nhet_ mlek malke Huldku 'al Bagdad: wa-mtd dp Baju men Bet R(h)omaye. wa-
npaq haylawwdtji d-Bagddddye l-bar d-nepg'un b-Tdt_drdye. w-itayhon (h)waw
d-qdymJn b-resayhon: amTra rabbd kurddyd d-metqre Bar Kurar: w-DawTtddr
z'ord 'abdct d-kallpah. w-pds trayhon gabbe luqbal hdddd: kad la dr'Jn: 'esrln
wa-tjdtji yawmln: mehdd b-ydm arb'a tmdndyd b-yarha qadmaya d-Tayydye:
snat setjna w-hammsln w-setj d-hi snat ANST d-Yawndye: etjjarrab qadmd'U
Baju Ndydn w-haylawwdt_eh l-dukkt_d d-metqarya qabrd d-Ahmad b-gabba
ma'rbaya d-Bagdd_d: w-qreb an Bagdadaye. wa-pga '(w) ba-hddde: w-etjbar
gabba d-Bdjfi Noyan: w-etjiassah b-zdkutd Bagdadaye. w-haw (h)wd amTra
Sulaywdn Sah 'am hayld dileh ' al sure d-Bagddd. [p. 189]

w-kad hwd ramsd: emar Bar Kurar sdbd I-Dawltddrjalyd: d-hdsd d-aldhd yab
Ian zakutji: zddeq d-ne"ol l-bdttayn w-net_tnlh: w-ken neppoq mendres w-nepga'.
haw den esta'li w-ld sbd d-ne"ol: w-bdt_ kollhon l-bar. w-mettul da-b-dukk[a
mmakkefad sdreyn (h)waw bennon Bagdadaye: ezal Tdtdrdye wa-tja' 'laybon
tur'ta d-rgelta rabbtd d-mayyd men Deqlatj w-qtip ennon mayya b-palgeh d-
lelyd. w-sarri 'drqln men gaww mayya: wa-tri dp qestatjwn w-gerayhon w-tjqe
d-saypayhon. w-kad nhar saprd: pnaw 'layhon Tataraye bnay gabba d-Huldkil:
w-aggar qrdba 'damma la-tja' sd'ln d-ydm hammsa: w-hab w-awhel gabba d-
Bagddddye: w-et_qlel Bar Kurar: wa- 'raq Daw'nddr w- 'al la-mdjtta.

hayden Baju w-haylawwdt_eh et_aw sraw b-gabba ma'rbaya d-Bagdad. w-
Huldkft srd b-gabbd madnhayd: b-ydm tren tldta 'sar b-yarha qadmaya: w-aqlm
qrdba qasyd 'leh da-mdittd: luqbal taga d-ddr1Ji d-kallpah. w-kad psaq sabra Im
Musta'sem kdllpah ddwyd: qrd l-Bar 'AlqamT wazird dileh: wa-l-Najm-aldTn
'Abd-alganl bar Darn us wa-l-Mdr(y) Makklkd qdtolTqd: wa-pqad l-bon d-
nessbun sag' a d-dahba: w-' el lata malkdydta: w-rakse ardbiqo: w-nappqiin l-
izgadde d-Tdtdraye men hbusyd: w-nalbsun ennon: w-nettlun l-hon mawhbdtd
sappirdtji: w-nezlun 'ammbon Iwat mlek malke. w-netb'on melUd l-hayyaw d-
kdllpah w-da-bnaw wa-d-baytdyaw: wa-nappqun rawhd: d-bdnon d-hway: b-yad
mdldke bise bway. w-en nehhdn mekkel w-nettel l-hon hayayhon: 'abde hdweyn
wa-msa'bde w-ydbbay madatd. w-kad npaq hennon hdlen Iwat mlek malke: w-
samli izgaddudion: 'akkar ennon w-ld appes l-hon d-nehpkun lwdt_ kdlTpah. w-
a'sneh [p. 190] la-qrdbd: wa-tja' Tdtdrdye tur'ta rabbtd b-burgd d-'ajamayd:
wa-'al(w) la-mdjtta: b-ydm 'rubtd 'esrln w-hammsd b-yarha qadmaya. w-
ethayyal 'laybon bnay mdittd: w-appeq ennon mendres l-bar. w-tub taqqen
Tdtdrdye: wa-l-yawmd d-batreh: kemat b-ydm sabbtd: estallqt 'al kollhon sure,
wa-'raq Bagdadaye: w-etjassi b-bdtte w-huldne da-thot_ ar'd. w-beh b-ydm
sabbtd: npaq trayhon bnaw d-kallpah l-bar sed mlek malke: w-bd[ar sd'td npaq
dp hit kdlipah. wa-pqad mlek malke: w-armi beh parzle: w-qdm 'law ndtore b-
hdd men ydrl'dt_d sab' a yawmm. 'damma d-'al hit mlek malke qndmd'it l-ddrtd
d-kallpah. wa-bassi l-gazze wa-mtassydta w-simata 'attiqdtd w-hadtdtd: w-galli
kollhen w-appeq. wa-smqt mdgldye saypayhon: wa-qtal l-kolleh 'ammd d-
Bagdddaye rebbwdtd da-bnayndsd: yattira'h Iberdye 'bad qqtld saggi'd. w-

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Key to Readings

qdtolTqd kannes la-krestydne kolthon I- 'edtd d-suqd da-tjdt_d: w-t_amman nqttar
emioii: w-ld nds men krestydne etakki. uq. 'attire d-Taxydye sug'd d-neksayhon
lwd[ qalollqa ayti: d-dam en nestawzbun nqaddon dillwn: w-kollhon etqlel.

bdhirken den kad etbhel qcillil mlek malke: qarrbeh l-kdlTi±ah ddwyd qddmaw:
w-ddneh w-bayxbeh l-mawtd. wa-pcjad w-sdmu b-saqqd w-hqt 'law: wa-b-reiise
d-reglayhon qqtlfi. b-hay d-ndsTn Tayyaye adhlft la-mlek malke kad dmrln: d-en
neh'sed men dmeh d-hdnd 'al ar'd: lei tub nci/iet metro: 'leh an gumre d-nurd
nehhbdn nienndh. w-harka nesbat_ sulmd malkutji d-'Abbiisaye: dp. sarkd d-
malkfitci d-Tayyciye sturi l-mezd'za'u. w-qamat \v-et_nassbal malkutji d-Moglaye
b-atjawwatji lidlen da-l-bar: ak d-an b-atjawwala hanoii da-l-gawu: [p. 191]

The King of Kings Hiiliigii descended upon Baghdad, and also Baju arrived from
Anatolia, and the forces of the Baghdadis went out to fight the Tatars, Standing
at their head were the great Kurdish amir called Ibn Kurar and the younger
Dawitdar, the seirant of the caliph. Both sides remained facing each other, not
meeting for twenty-three days. Suddenly on Wednesday, the eighth of the first
month of the Arabs, the year 656, which is the year 1569 of the Greeks, Baju
Noyau and his forces approached the place called Ahmad' s Tomb on the western
side of Baghdad, and the Baghdadis also drew near, and they attacked each
other. Baju Noyau's side was broken through, and the Baghdadis were
triumphant in victory. Amir Sulaxnian Shah was with his force on the walls of
Baghdad, [p. 189]

When it was evening, the aged Ibn Kurar said to the young Dawitdar, "Now
that God has given us victoiy. it is appropriate that we go to our houses and
rest, and then we will go out anew and attack. " The other, however, was
arrogant and did not want to go in, so they all spent the night outside. Because
the Baghdadis were staying in a low-lying place, the Tatars went down and
caused a great flood of water from the Tigris to break in upon them, and the
water overwhelmed them in the middle of the night. They began to flee through
the water, and their bows, arrows, and the scabbords of their swords got wet.
When morning broke, the Tatars who were on Hiildgii's side returned, and the
battle continued for nine hours on Thursday, and the side of the Baghdadis
burned out and became exhausted. Ibn Kurar was killed, and Dawitdar fled and
entered the city.

Then Baju and his forces came and camped on the western side of Baghdad.
Hiildgii camped on the eastern side on Monday the thirteenth of the first month,
and he initiated a fierce battle against the city opposite the crown of the caliph 's
courtyard. When the wretched caliph Mnsta'sim lost hope, he called Ibn
'Alqami, his vizier, and Najm al-Din Abd al-Ghani Ibn Damns and the
Catholicos Mar Makkika, and he ordered that they should set out a lot of gold,
regal implements, and Arabian horses, set free the ambassadors of the Tatars
from prison, clothe them, and give them beautiful gifts, and that they should go
with them to the King of Kings and request a promise for the life of the caliph,
his sons, and his household and for them to escape with their lives, because the
things that had taken place had happened because of bad advice. If they lived
henceforth and [Hiildgii] granted them their lives, they would be servants.

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Key to Readings

reduced to servitude, and givers of tribute. When these persons went out to the
King of Kings and fulfilled their mission, he detained them and did not allow
them to return to the caliph. And he intensified [p. 190] the battle, and the Tatars
made a huge breach in the Ajamiyya Tower and entered the city on Friday, the
twenty-fifth of the first month. They overwhelmed the people of the city and sent
them outside again. The Tatars got ready, and on the next day, i.e. Saturday,
they gained dominion over all the walls. The Baghdadis fled and hid in houses
and holes beneath the earth. On Saturday both the caliph 's sons went out to the
presence of the King of Kings, and after a while the caliph also went out himself.
The King of Kings gave and order and had iron [shackles] thrown on him. and
guards stood over him in one of the tents for seven days until the King of Kings
himself entered the caliph 's courtyard and sought for the treasuries, hidden
things, and treasures old and new. He revealed them all and had them taken out.
The Mongols drew their swords and killed all the people of Baghdad, myriads of
people. Mostly the Georgians did the great killing. The catholicos gathered all
the Christians in the Church of the Tuesday Market, and their he kept them
under guard, and none of the Christians was harmed. The rich of the Arabs too
brought much of their wealth to the catholicos. thinking if they escaped they
would retain possession of them, but they were all killed.

Then, when the King of Kings calmed down a little, he had the wretched caliph
brought near in his presence, and he judged him and condemned him to death.
He gave an order, and they placed him in a sack and sewed him up in it, and
with kicks of their feet they killed him because Arab people had frightened the
King of Kings when they said that if any of the blood of this person was shed
upon the ground, the rain would not fall again but rather upon it (the ground)
burning coals of fire would burn from it. Here the kingdom of the Abbasids came
to an end, and so also did the kingdom of the Arabs begin to totter. The kingdom
of the Mongols arose and was victorious in those places outside, as also in these
places which were within, [p. 191]

From the Reign of Baidu Khan

W-mettul da-b-zabna liana kollhon Mogldye rawrbe w-daqdqe b-kollayuthon
ahgar(w): w-menkadfi etgzar(w): w-ba-sydgdtji wa-slawwata d-dildnTn I-
maslmane.tab etmahhaiiw): hu tub Baydu kad spar l-hon ahgar: wa-hdi(w) beh
.tab .tab kollhon rawrbane d-malkirteh. elld men 'enyan krestyane la metjnse
(h)wa d-netqpes: w-netjkel 'al nas barnasa b-kpllhon pursane d-malkut_d star
mennhon Id metdne (h)wa. w-men hand sarri mahgar 'al trayhon qupse. la-
krestydne man dinar (h)wd da-krestydna <h)u: wa-.slJbd tie b-sureh. I-Tayydye
den mhawwe (h)wd d-maslmdna (h)u: elld law metjnse (h)wd l-melap tawdhhon
w-qdymln la-slot_d: hu Baydtl la-breh msaddar (h)wd da-nsalle 'ammhon. wa-b-
hdde msayyen (h)wd tar'ithon: wa-mrayyah rugzhon. brain Id methappe (be
hidden from) (h)wd 'layhon d-Tayydye d-la-p_nit_ krestyane yattir mestle w-
methanne (rely), w-qarribfitd d-yarhe hainmsd b-hiipdke d-ak hdlen dbar
malkuteh.

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Key to Readings

Because at this time all the Mongols, great and small, in their entirety
had become Muslim and were already circumcised and were quite skilled in the
ablutions and prayers of the Muslims, Baidu too. as it seemed to them, had
become Muslim, and all the grandees of his kingdom rejoiced in him greatly.
However, from the society of Christians he was not able to withdraw, and he
would not assent to trust anyone in all the affairs of the kingdom aside from
them. From this he began to stumble on two pebbles: for the Christians there
were those who said that he was Christian and a cross was hung on the wall; to
the Arabs, however, he showed himself as a Muslim, but he was not able to learn
their confession, and when they were standing for prayer Baidu would send his
brother to pray with them. By this he would appease their minds and calm their
rage. However, it was hidden from the Arabs that he was more inclined in the
direction of the Christians and relied [more on them I. For nearly five months
with manners like these he led his kingdom.

70

English-Syriac Vocabulary

Aaron ^a\mr? alnon

abandon (verb) n-i t sbaq/nesboq:

Ethpe estbeq to be abandoned (see
"leave")

Abbasid r^ ■ mrt'-i v 'abbasaya
Abd al-Ghani (pr n) >_l\^ rCn ~i \ 'afcrf

Abdnebo n-i ti-i\ c abdnebo
Abgar TJ^K" abgar (pr n)
Abijah rdiarC" abiya
able >■ •> t *n meskah (/- + inf or d- +

impf. to do):r<'_^) msa/nemse: pass

part mse/masya able: Ethpe erm.w to
be able

ablution rc^ \^. t syagta

abode rxli ore" awwana: rC'T^nv *w

mfl'mra
above \ \ \ /'e/

Abshlama rCyAjunjJabslama

abundant \ ■"> t 1/x': abundance

rt'&vn iW malyuta

accompany (verb) rt'oA Iwa/nelwe:

accompany in procession (verb) no \
Pa :myali
according to 1\^> metwl ; meuul d- for.

because; \«Y *n variant spelling of

mettui. XvW^^n meillal - form of
mefful when followed by enclitic
pronouns II: ^ciaA //;i/f

accurate k\_iiiUj liattit

accuse (verb) it* t_d qarsa

accustomed ^*" m'ad
acknowledge (verb) rX"n_i Aph awdi
acquaintance r^:\_i yad'a
acquire (verb) KlLD qna/neqne
act rd\A_n£D su'rana
Adam ~p^rC adam
add (verb) °>f" ■ Aph awsep
Addai (=Thaddaeus) _inrf aA/ov

admonition ir^n imi'n maksanuta

adorned (to be adorned with) (verb) Ethpa
etkcillal b-

adultery (verb) rC^s\ci_i_i\ zanyuta; \cx\^

gar/ngur

advent rrt\_i k\ rd^i metita

adventurer^ Ui —J neshana

adversity KLclyix shaqa

advise v^\y> mlak/nemlok: Ethpe eimlek

b- to be advised by: advisor rclanAi)
maloka
affair rdccncva pursana

afraid (verb) \ . vin dahluhXu*

dhel/nedlml; Aph otMe/ to make afraid

after tJ(\_3 batar. afterwards ___}ii(\-3
batarken

again tin'n ;;;?;; d-ms (see "head");

against (to go against) (verb) ^ivmJ

nljet/nehhat +'/ : preposition IaJo/
(with pron encl II. ''/-)
Aggai (pr n) ■ \f< aggax

71

agree (verb) ^CA^ Ethpe eidni: ,-<— □

qas/neqqos' am
Ahmad (pr n) :OuiK' ahmud

aid rdrvycuJ' udrcma

Alexander mnii imi W aleksandros

alive _iai /jrtvv

all (+ eniph or pron end) -\^i koll: all

around ffinaw l-lmdrd; all the
more yattim'it (see "more than")
allow cocoa Aprw/p/v.?

alone rtcuiA Ihod: ncuAn halhod

(takes pron end ID

already "i •> '*" nienkadu

altar 7<tf<7 pi ' lawwiiia (see "cause."
"reason." "thing." "article"):

r£un:0) madbhd: Con_icnk\

although ^^rx^ tip en

always \ t \ -\ koll.sd 1 : ki-ifVy ■ v nrt'

ambassador rt"n_\ji_i r<" izgadda

amen „ ^rt* «/;/('/;

among (preposition) ^\ i~i ben ^__^~i

/otvh (+ pron mc\ II): ^ » -~i bayniit
( + pron end I )
A moms CDCncOirt' amoros

amount r<h o_i^TLi kmdymd

ancient "p_iX£] qaddim : men qdim of

old. long ago. from eternity: >J>>:i_n
qadmay
and o uia)-; and so «^_a ken: and

then _ _i ken

English-Syriac Vocabulary

angel rdi rdl^n malakd

anger rt^a n q. . -. > z'iptttd: angry

°i i s \ .-'/'/)
animal r<^\a_oj liayyutd pi - vnw/« :

living things, life (collective)
announce \\ji Aph akrez: announcer

r^oi^i kdrdzd

anoint " t -n msah/nemsah: anointed

"■▼*•" m.silr. m.siha the Christ
answer (verb) Pa panni (see "return."
"come back"): rxliv' nd/ne'ne;
pitnay-pei-gama (see "return"):
answer to a letter r^nvi°i pehma

Antioch re* ■ -\n .y trc' antyokya

anxious (to make anxious) (verb) \^ > n

Aph uqnei
anything -pXZn meddem

aperture rrtftCLa kawwta p\ kawuv (abs

kawwd pi kamvin) (f)
apostle rC*\ ■ \ t slilw

appearance rdn , ^fniX* eskemd
appease (verb) Pa m" i (see "tend."
"keep." "rule"):^_ojc Pasayyen

appoint (verb) iXj^ Pix.iayyeb

appointed place K'.v^a ua'dd

approach (verb) zdtjd qivb/neqrab I- :

Ethpa eiqarrab I- to approach
appropriate to _ 1 _iA_..T dildndy I-

April <p ■ > nisdn

Arab rC . .y hiyydyd

Arabian (horse) n n .-lir^ ardbiqo

72

English-Syriac Vocabulary

Aramaic (in Aramaic) k\_.rcl>nr<'

drama 'it
arc K'^.r n qestd pi -e/-dtd
archangel res-malake (see "head")
arise (verb) 71x1 qam;~paja qdm/nqnm

arm itlvin did' a (f)

aroma n^ifm besmd

aromatic spice r^nciTm herdma

around about l-appay (see "countenance")

arrive (verb) r<\"n mtd/nemte Pa maul

I- to arrive at
arrogant (to be arrogant) Eshtaph esta'li

(see "exalt." "raise"): arrogant Aii^n

marrah

arrowrCiiXlN^gera

article rrtfvlsJ'W/ffl pi rtO< \ \ \ v 'elldta

as (conj) Xi kad

ascension rdnActfD sitldqd: rrt ft nfn> i

/W7SSfl<Jtffl

ashamed (verb) k\cro bhet/nebhat

aside from i\tn .««/• men

ask (verb) \rdx sel/nescil : Pa sa ' 'el I-

to ask questions of
ass rC'TJ^ui limdrd

assembly rf^_i.o_Li knutsa:

r<)&\±J edta; assembly hall

ft'xx.o^Uin bet-wa'da

assent (verb) rCn Ethpe etdni

assiduous^ i°m hpit; earnestly lipitd'it
assistance (to be of assistance) (verb)
i \i-''dar/ne'dar

astonished \2tj:i Ethpe etdammar.
m_i2nis\ tammilr. crCn)s\
tmah/netmalv. astonishment rtVrCnift
temha;r?\cn)s\ tahrd and tehra

astonishing m^n)h tammih

astray (to go astray) (verb) r£±\
t'a/net'e:t'e/ta'yd

atr:Wfl)-: at (time) nb(a)-: at hand (to be
at hand) Ethpa ettayyab (see
"prepare"): at once rCAz selyd,
men selyd, men-sel(y): at such time as
3 v^n ma d-\ at the same time

^^jXjrn bay den

attack (verb) -v\^ pga'/nepga'

attention r<\\a\-x±.'intta

attire n£n .tropC" eskema

audacious, bold ~> .-i\ Ibib

Augustus con\ 7 rD(x\j< dgustos

author rdia^vjOj maktbana

authoritative, in authority \^\t *n msallat

authority (to put in authority) (verb) \, \ t

Pa Hal let
aware t . ■ \i rgis

babyrdicw 'welld

Babylon \-i~i babel

backslide (verb) rf \_D qarsd

bad t i~i bis

Baidu Khan. Ilkhan ruler. AD 1295 on .-1

baydu

Baju (pr n) cl\j<=) bdju

73

band rtxcd^gitdii

bank rr'Sovm spend

banquet rC)s\ t *t> mastyd ; rrtftOT-i.

saruia: rt'VnkjO) mestutd pi -

nr<7/o: banquet hall rc'^vo^ t ~~n)s^n
bct-mestuta
Baptist (the) rc / \Tn>. >i ma 1 mmddna

baptize (verb) :Oia. Aph a'metl

bar KlLi cCn mokld uoxAoe

Barbara K'inijD barbdrd

barren woman rc^i n \ 'r/nnn

bath i \\~i /w/rt/K/v (ft: bathe (verb)

r\lsi£D shd/neshe: bathing

rC'^cuiXEC/j mashuia

battle (to do battle with) Aph aqreb 'am
(see "approach." "draw near to"):

bat I le r£D T_o qrdbd : bat t le me nt

pC^ft i \ . yd'ild p\ yd'ydid
be (to be) (verb) K'nm Inva/nehwe
bear (verb) xLi ilcd/nelad; bearing

\ i n t sqil

beat (verb) \""" bbql/nehbqt: X\«J

Pa negda : Pa liabbe.t to keep on
beating

beat against (verb) K"^ Ethpa etfeuri

beauty K't.&O-i. .supra: beautiful t_i_°ue.

sappir: beatified ^JCUj Juban
because 'al d- (see "over")
become aware of ( verb) t \Jt Aph arges

bed rfco\±.' arsii

English-Syriac Vocabulary

Beelzebub -in- n\\ n b'elzbob
bcctlerclxo t ~Im habsusa pi -syaia
befall ft^^n inta/nenue: nudy it fell his

lot (d- to do something)
before lna_a qubal. l-qubal:~p\ja

qdCtm (+ pron end II): "p.T-naA

luqdain

beget (verb) xLi ded/nelad

begin (verb) Pa Xarri to begin (with /- +
inf or with impf or part) (see "slop."
"camp"): beginning (in the beginning)

>ft ■ t t-i b-rasit: beginning

rdiicuc surayd
behind i^fnn bestar (pron enel I)
behold K'no ha

Beit-Jubrin (pr n) ^-j^o^JiUin bei-

gubrin
Bel. supreme god of the BabyloniansA_in

bel
believe in (verb) ^^i_irn

haymen/nhaymen b-
belly rciDTJi karsa (abs/const kre.s)

belonging to -L.n (/;'/ (+ pron encl I):

dilanay I-
be loved ~» -~i" habbib

below k^i^\ lain, l-iahr. k\_ujk\ diet

belt r^T^Tin qamra/qmdra

bequeathe to (verb) Aph awrei (see

"inherit")
beside 'al-yad (see "over"): sed (+ pron

encl II: also spelled :\_j ,_):
a i\ s 'alyad
besides ii \ Fn star men

74

English-Syriac Vocabulary

Beth Awida ft'x^a^-^ i~l bet-'wida

Beth Sahray (pr n) (XJjT-mCO^ i~i bet-

sahraye
BethTvara rx\n )s\ k\_ia bet-tbara

Bethesda rC'MCbj^-iZ] bet-he sda

Bethlehem 71 oW .-i bet-lhem

betray (verb) Aph aslem (see "finished."
follow")

betrothed i ^y> inkir

between ^__^~i bayn (+ pronencl II):

^ ' -~~> baynat ( + pron encl I)

beware of ( verb) Ethpa ezdahhar b- to
beware of. watch over (see "warn
against")

big 31 rabb pi rawrbin:

bind (verb) i -\ °> pkarMepkor: \CDft"

esar/nesor
bird r<)s^si'\^ parahta p\ parhata

birth (X'aAcOj mawlada

bitter VjT^j marrir. bitterness ft'ii^

mrara: ekal - to be galled
black •p.aorX' ukam

blame rCAx^'edlayci
blameless dla' edlay (see "blame")
blemish rX^cO) muma: nunvine see

bless (verb) i/\T.d Pa barrek to bless:
Ethpa etbarrak to be blessed: blessed
t/yiTJ3 brik; ^jci^ titban:

blessing rX'iv.aico burkta
blind (verb) Pa 'awwar (see "wake."
"watch"): blind rX^nTD sme/samya:

blood (noun) ^C^^ dma (abs dem)

blow (verb) ~i t \ nSab/nessob

boat pc^Vj .cm spina pi -e/spinata

body rxlioiCL^giuma (abs

bodyguard ^ "^\ ' natar-hassa:

natar-hassa (see "rear")
bold ~i .-i\

boltndLaa> moWopoxXa;

book r<b^\_i MJ/xJ

border (<^3CLm^\ thuma

bosom rCno^Jubba

bother (verb) \\<n Aph aliliar

bow rx^ t n qesta pi -e/-ata

brain rxlsjCUn muhha

breach rx^(\_vioif\ fur'/o

bread rc^uiA fa/wia

breadth rxli ^a />f<7v<7

break (verb) tjdJs\ tbar/netbar. Ethpe
e»/?<7r to be broken: break (bread)
(verb) rX*_o qsa/neqse; Ethpe e/<jr,s/
to be broken: break through (verb)
a_T^\ ira'' Metro''

breast rxlin^j hadyci

bride rx*kl:v kallta

bridegroom rxll^Ui hatnd

briefly p^V n".m<\ pasiqdta, b-

bright (to be bright) (verb) irru

nhar/nenhar: brightness (of fire, e.g.)
rx*im\ zahra

75

English-Syriac Vocabulary

hrilliantu_i_l nassih

bring down (verb) >iiuiii\ Pali tahti:

Etlipali etuiliii to be brought down,
sent down, brought low

bring low (verb) ) ^\_u^\ Pali lahii: Ethpali

ciialui to be brought down, sent

down, brought low
bring together (verb) Pa kannes (see

"gather")
broadcast (to be broadcast) (verb) Ethpe

ctkrez (see "proclaim." "announce."

"preach"): Pa sabbar (see "think."

"imagine")

brother rduK' aha

build (verb)r^in biul/iwbiw: Ethpe etlmi

to be built
building nr* > . >-i benydnd

burden rt' : LDO_i yuqrd: ixAncO)
mawbld (abs/const inaubal. f):
burdened \ ■ n t sqil : burdensome

(to be burdensome) (verb) rcV ->
Ethpe eiksi
burn (int) (verb) i n . iqed/neqad: Aph

uwqed to burn (trans); ~i~i\i

hah/nelthob: i/VLm lirak/nehrok:
Ethpe eihiek to be burned, singed
burning coal rrtfticOi^ gmiiitd

bury ( verb) i~i n qbar/neqbor

but \_i_^,s>c T r (postpositive):^^ ella:

lor en Id if. ..not
buy (verb) .»_^» zban/iiczbeii Pa

zcibbcn to sell
by n_i yad. b-yad: by means of (see /t/fl)

X-» yatl. b-yad: by day Ky£n-,r?
imaiiid
Caesar T_CQX) qesar

cage rt"cn<\ n <y«/>.«7

Caiaphas r^o. . n qaypd

calculation r<^i\~i t vi^7) mahsabta

caliph ma_A^ kdlipdh

call (verb) rC'T-D qra/ncqre: Ethpe <7(//v
to be called, be read out: called (to be
called) (verb) rdn Ethparrfrm/;/

calm (Xji_i_» nydlud; calm down (verb)

\rrr3 Ethpe eiblwl: calm, at rest » ■ >
w7i: nihd'ii calmly
camel rd\27i_\_ gamlii

camp (verb) r?\jt. srd/nesre Cal at.

near)
candle rdiCLji-D qeiyona

carnelian ^__n_in\CD sardyon

carry (verb) in_i Aphmr/>W

carve (verb) °* \ -V. glap/ncglop: carving

rd°A^ gldpd.rf^ ,\\_glipd

cast (verb) Aph anni (see "cast down."
"fallen." "prostrate")

east down (verb) K'rtJL sdd/nesde.rC^ii

mw/ntmyd; Aph anni to cast
cast out (verb) Aph appez (see "go forth")

cataract —A^-DT D qqtaniqfd

catch fire (verb) n_a_j iqed/neqad: Aph

awqed to burn (trans)
eatholicos rdn_iAcik\_n qdtoliqd

cause rC^vA^' e Hid pi ff^Alil 'elldid

cave rc'Vi \ *7i in'arrld

cavity r£i3C\±.' ubbd

cedar K'nrt' arza

76

English-Syriac Vocabulary

censure rdAn^.' edld yd

census r^fto \n)b -\>i maklbamita

centurion pdicii\, \ n qentrdnd

chapter rdri resa: , nr tAo, n

qepale'on pi rtVc'V^ fi qepale'a

cheerful ii_._3 psih

Chesroes ciixocLi kosraw

chest rdi:u> hadya

chick rC'^ k Ci\i^ pamigd

chief priest f\Lim^ zz\ rabb-kalme

child rdiA^ jalya/tlita pi tlaye/talyata

(dbs.tlep\.ileyn)
childhoodrt^CL-iA^ talyuta

choke (verb) n u. Imaq/nehnoq: Ethpe
ethneq to be drowned, choked

choose (verb) r^~i \^ gbd/negbe : chosen
gbe/gabya (see "choose")

Christian rt^ t .X^irn •> kresiyana

church K^fUcajLi knttisd;r?)A*-±'edta
circumcised (to be circumcised) (verb)
i L^ Ethpe etgzar

cistern rcLnor^ uzna

citizens rxLiCi_\. gawwaye

city wall rt'iaj. sura

cityf<k\ = j_.:Oj mditta p\ mdinatd: men

mdind la-mdina from city to city
clad °> A^ \ 'tip

clarion r^io°> ■ t sipora

Claudius mn .ml n qlawdios
clearly idi'a'it (see "known." "evident")

close n_ii_n qarrib

closet r<Liak\ tawwana

clothe (verb) Aph albes (see "wear." "put
on"): Pa 'a.ttep to clothe (see "return");
Pa kassi to clother. cover over, hide

r<!ccL2 ksa/nekse: clothed_i_tn\
Ibis; °> i\, \ '.tip: clothing rciranA
lbusa:t<\\mr< estla (f)

cloud rf > \ v ''n/jii^i (f)

cock rtli^ji ^\ tamagla (abs taniagul)

cock
cold (to get cold) (verb)T\xi qar/neqqar,

cold rC^OT.jT.o qarriruia; T_i\-n

collapse rc / )tv\no > vi mappuhd

collate (verb) 7Hi_& Pa pahlwm

come (verb) rc'^vrt' eta/neie; Aph <rnf<
to bring, take, lead: come back (verb)
re" \<\ pna/nepne: Aph o/w/ to lead

back: coming K'iiUi^rtl^) metita

comely rt'nda /><?/rxlii<a; comely t_i.t<t>

/?(///•: comeliness hdiruta
comfort K'k\ji_i_J nyahta; comfort (verb)

\ ■>■ Pa luiyyel
command uxa pqad/nepqod :

commander (fncuxa pdqodd;

commandment rdirLnaa puqdana

commemoration r<AMT)C\^ c uhdana

commerce r<^!UCL\Jft tguria

commit adultery with (verb) rL\ \
zna/nezne b-

11

English-Syriac Vocabulary

committed (to be committed) (verb)

r ^v \ _ Ethpe elg 'el (/- to)
common people diu/dqe (see "small")
community rt^Ojcipf timmid

companion rC'Tivi habrd

company rt'yciJ^giula; rrti\o\ ivi

(uiylutii pi - lawwdtd
compare (verb) ")tul2i Pa pahhem

compassion r^cui^iM^

mrahhmdniiid
compel (verb) ^Aft"

e las/neloy.rt —\J sd/ne' se
complete (verb) Shaph samli (see "full")
compose (verb) i_n \ zqar/nezqor

compulsion rf\ \^ n qjird

conceal (verb) r^i\ Pa/<(.v.\7: (see

"hide")
conceive (child) (verb) ^~i

hien/neblan; conception iV^n

bqlnd: to become pregnant qabbel
bqlnd

concerning 1^^ ineijul : menul </- for.
because: \"\*" variant spelling of

meijul: ^nW^^n menial - form of

mvtnil when followed by enclitic
pronouns II
condemn (to condemn) (verb) Pa hayyeb
(sec "succumb." "conquered")

confession r^^no^ tawdiia: confess

(verb) rt"n_i Aph audi
confirm (verb) Aph assar ( see "fix
firmly" ):A-o-vi Pa hayyel

confused (verb)^\(Ti3 hhel/nebluil

conquer (verb) rda \ zka/nezke: to be
conquered 3CUi hdb/nhub

consider (verb) .n Ethpa etbayycm

constantly \ t \ -\ kollsa': k_.iV\ ■ v 7ir<'

anuna il
constituted (to be constituted) (verb) Ethpa
ettaqqan (see "right." "get ready."
"prepare")

contemptible \, it sit

contest KliCi^\ji )& lakinsd

contract (to make a contract) (verb) qyama
(see "rise up." "arise"): contract (verb)

t^ ■ n qydma; aqim ~ to make a

contract

conversation rC \ , \ \ 'enydna

convert (verb) vvam Pa happek: Ethpa

eihappak to be converted
convince (verb) en .c\ Aph apis (see

"persuade")
cool t_iT_d qarrir, coolness

rt'^ciT-.T.n qarriniid

copy r^7ivi°> pehmd

corpse K'xli skuhld

correct i/yiiift iris: ~p ,\u l.ilim

couch rt'eoT-^J and

counsel (verb) v/Ocn mlak/nemlok:
Ethpe etmlek b- to be advised by
count (verb) -i t n hsab/nehsob

countenance r££rt appe (pi only)

country K'iiftrf and pi -re/-rawwata

course rt^-arti^/i inarditd

court Ira' -malkutd (see "gate."
"doorway")

78

courtyard K^ftin darta
cover (verb): Pa kassi to clother, cover
over. hiderT'om ksa/nekse

English-Syriac Vocabulary

cube rc__i_ic_n qnpsa

cultivation iV > nnV luqnnnW \ . r

cover over Pa kassi fVcm ksa/nekse
coward(ly) \___r. spal and spel/sapla
craft rC'ifta-L-noK' umanuta
craftsman r<___nctr<' umana

create (verb) r^\zz> bra/nebre: Ethpe

etbri to be created, come into
existence

creature rC^f\_iTJ3 brila pi brayya/

beryata

crippled \ i \\i hgir

cross (verb) Co/) ins ' bar/ne'bar. cross
r^-i A slibd: r^°> i.o \ ;<jr;'/><7

crossing rc'Xv i-n *n ma'barta

crowd (verb) ^,~ivi hbas/nehbos: crowd
rfr \-\ kensa

crown (verb) W •> Pa kallei, crown
rd\j!\ inon-re'K .\-> klila

crucify (verb)nA- slab/neslob : Ethpe

esileb to be crucified: &_□ \
zqap/nezqop ; Ethpe ezdqep to be
crucified: crucified rt'o, . n \ zqipa:

cmcifier rtl&oxn zaqopa:

crucifixion rC^ niii. slibuta

cry out \\ . Aph aylel

cry (verb) rcixrj bka/nebke: v<W\ ,

illta pi yallata
crystal aoa__^__ooT_n qrostelos

sayna
cunning ifh n\ . > sni'uta

cure (verb) 71 \m Aph alilem

cure K'if\c____>r<' asyuta (pi)

curse (verb) ^cvA lat/nlnt

custom r^n 1 \ ' yada

cut off (verb) nono> psaw/nepsoq

Cyrenius CDCLijiojn qewrinos

Cyrus _xto_a hues

Daissan (river) «^__ in daysan

Dalason (pr n) , ncn\-\ dalason

damage rdixCDCUj husrana; re" Uiicico

snrhana
Darius jt.a_.Tr> daryus

dark (to grow dark: verb)___i_u

heska/nehsak (used impersonally in 3 rd
fern sing): dark \cCn\.'ainmut:

darkness r<___t_u heska; rdi Oj__j
hessoka
Darnus (pr n) CDa_nn damns

dash (verb) ffTJw, Ethpa etjarri

daughter rC^t\TJ_i band (constr bat-) pi

(X^i\_i_j bnaia: daughters rtV-ir)
bnaia
David rt_.o.T danid

Dawitdar (pr n) irfn^jOn dawitdar

day r<c!_73a_i yauma pi -e/-ata
(abs/constr yom)

79

English-Syriac Vocabulary

deacon iV\t "m *n msammsdna

dead ^ • **" mir. death rt^s\cO) mould
deal" hres/harsd (see "silent*')
debt r<^vz3CUi hawbta

deceit I'u I rXlXn daggal

decoration K'^ft.n- scbta pi -le

deed rdi\A.cvrD su' rand: deeds of

renown r?haxzL\^gabrittd pi -
rwiita
deep ji i*7is ''ammiq

delay "lAinf Aphair/wn Eshtaph.

eshmjwr ; rrtv'uiCiift tauliartd:

delaying i ■ vi*?) ui/irr (Aph act part.

from confusion between icui and

"Uiff q.v.)
delight S^. \i 13/1;
deliver (verb) rt'^a Pa passi
deluge (verb) a c\ Aphajip
demand (verb) \rtli. sel/nesal
demon K'T_'\ > r<'vn bar-eggdrd pi /w-

deny (verb) Tjaji kpar/nekpor b-

depart (verb) rC±i. Pa &7/1/11: jn "l&

praq/neproz
depict (verb) io_ sdr/nsur (pass part

T-i_ sir)

depth Kla^7)CL^ 'iimqd;

rt^ft on i*>i\ ' ammiqutd

deptrived (to be deprived) no.ro Ethpa

estappaq
descend ( verb) JsValJ nhet/nehhat : Aph

ahhei to send/bring down
desiccated ▼-<■•*" myabbas

design r^iioi ntsma

desire ( verb) .s n oA tba'/netba'

desolate 3Tjj lireb/harbd

despise (verb) r<to bsd/nebse (/?- or

'«/)
detain i^v Pa'flAAw

devil (Vcui^ dayud: rC'rvrclz sA/ti

Devil. there 1 " i n\ -t rr' dkelqarsd

die (noun) rr'mo.n n cpip.sd

die (verb) oACOj mit/nmut : Aph am/'? to

put to death, cause to die
difficult \\\ 'lei/ add:

nrnv ' Ki>ijf /nyV 'asqd'it with

difficulty: difficulty rf)i\ n nmv
'asquid; difficult for (to be difficult
for) (verb) rdrjD Ethpa elqassi 'al

digestion K'ijr.a psdid

dinar K'T-Lj:! dendrd

Dioscurus eDcno_o_roo_.:i diosqwos

direction rc^ft . to. pniid

direct-object marker (non-obligatory) \

1(a)
dirt iV>i vi mrt dalihihd

discharge rc'no.nrn supdqd

80

English-Syriac Vocabulary

disciple K~n i>i^^\ talmida: to make a
disciple (trs verb) Xiiii(\ talmed:

Ethpal eilalmad to become a disciple
discovery r<Vio_r skal.ua

disease r^T « hassa: rdimicLi

kurhana: r? \ ,-\ \ nekyana

dismount (verb) JsVavJ nhet/nehhat

disown (verb) T_i_l Pali nakri

dispatch (verb) .h\t slah/neslah

dispute with (verb) -iirt dras/nedros

disregard (verb) rdiCD Aph ahmi men

distant XL->T-£ parriq: n .«i rcihhiq:

distance rsLnucn ruhqa: men
ruhqa from/at a distance
distress r?)&jax.'aqta:r< is\o_iTji

karyuta: distress (verb) xi cia. Aph
a' iq: Ettaph ett'iq to be distressed
disturbed (verb) t \^t Ethpe esiges

divide (verb) xia Pa parres; \)°- Pa

palleg: Ethpa etpallag to be divided
divinity rt'^cimirC' alahuta

division rc'^yVft pelga.r? \ t tcva

pin sana: tfV n \^\ °> pelguta

do (verb) ■xmJbad/ne'bed: \ \ CD

s'ar/nes'ar: Ethpe e.tf'w to be done
doctrine f\Ll°iAc\_i yulpana;

K^ftO >°\\*7j mallpanula

doleful \^i Ui /iwg

dominion rtliruiCiK' ujidana:
dominion (to gain dominion over)

(verb) Ethpa estalhu b- (see
"authority")

donkey rC'TJ^iu hmara
doorway (Xl^.iii\ fwr'a (abs Ira')
doubtless i~i-\ kbar
drag (verb) \\\^gar/neggor
draught rC* JsuO) mestya

draw (verb) ^U. sma)/nesmot:'pj.\

rsam/nersom
draw near to (verb) DT-D qreb/neqrab I-

: Pa qarreb to put near, bring near
draw out (verb) cx / \ t sla/nesle

drawing rtl^utoi rusma

dried out * ~> ■ *" myabbas

drink t\Li^\_i_i) mestya: drink (verb)
—livjr.rC' esti/neste :rrt\_i. esti/neste:
give to drink (verb) rtLrur. Aph <7.v<jr/

drive out (verb) a:n idap/nerdop

drown (trs) (verb)jn_Lu hnaq/nehnoq:

Ethpe ethneq to be drowned, choked
drug sainma pi sammane (see "blind")

dry (trs verb) t -i ■ Pa yabbes : dry land

fVt ~i i vflfeft?
dumb lires/harsa (see "silent")
dust n<»ivi .Mi dahhiha

dwell (verb) d^i\_i iteb/netteb: yateb-

wa'da page; X5i±.'mar/ne'mar:

dwell (to make dwell) (verb) Aph asri
(see "stop." "camp"): dwelling

ffTJ^LOn ma'mra
eagle (Vi t \ nesra
ear pdinrt' «7/?<7 (f)

81

English-Syriac Vocabulary

early morning r<\a_i. supra
earnest \, • * >■ hpij: earnestly (ipitd'it

earth rC^irc' ar'd (abs ara' ) pi

in' e/ai' awwdtu
easily psiqd'it (see "easy")

east rd»i_i:0) madnhd (abs/eonstr

inadnalj)

easy \ -\i dlil: n ,t» /w/g

eat (to eat) (verblJurf ekal/nekol: oris \

t'es/nef'as
Eden .^jLsJ't/f/i

Edessa )Cniorc' i/r/i«y

edge ifi <\cr> .v/><7/<7

edifice nf > ■ >-i banana

eight Kll^j^\ undue (Wtmdnyd (m)

Either... or or<\..or<' «»r... mr

elder t i t n qassis

elephant rf\ . <* pjld

Eleutherapolis en AciaikvaW

elewierdpolis
ElijahttLiAft' eliyd

Elizabeth \ ~i t .W elisba'

emanate (verb) rt'ni rdd/nerde

embassy rrt(\ o:\_\jlj ft* izgaddutd

emerald ft'iY-^On zjnargdd

emir rg*i ,*TirC ami id

emptying rc'n^nm snpaqa

eneounterKlviorf ur'd (abs lira'):

eneounter(verb) .^.irf eni /new'

encouragement r^nnoA Inhabit

end rd^iAcuc suldmd: nsab ~ to come to

an end: Klacico sawpd (abs sop): end

(to be at an end) (verb) Eshtaph
estamli (see "full"): end (in the end)

rC'ii\ ; U» (itirtd, b-

enemy f\ / ~i~i^\s ~i b'eldbdbd

engraving K^a_L\^ gldpd

enrolled rrtsvci >~i^\ -\ Ti makibdmita

enter (verb) \\\ 'al/ne"ol: Aph a" el to

have enter, allow in
entirely : Oi-\. ginar. la-

entrance r^ \\ v. Ti ma' land

entrusted ( verb) rds_\_ Ethpe etg 'el ( /-

to)
envoy rC , x\JL J r<' izgaddd

Ephraem "p-iT-art" aprim

epistle K^fti-^jt" eggartd

equate (verb) r<"CLt Aph asui

erase (verb) i T_\_ gar/neggor

errand (XLiT^-OCD su' rdnd

escape nA^Vrxx puldtd: to escape \^2l

plat/neplai
especially yaiiird'ii (see "more than")

espoused i ■ ^ *7i mkir

established (to be established) (verb)
Ethpa etqayyam to be established (see
"rise up." "arise")

estate (XiDici^r^ agorsd

estranged (to be estranged) (verb) Ethpali

einakri (see "disown")
eternal dal'dlam (see "world")

Eustargis (pr n) "^ ■ 'yJtX^mnrf'

e\isidrgis
evangelize (verb) Pa sabbar (see "think."
"imagine")

82

Eve rC'cui liawwa

even if ^^rC' dp en

evening r<jC/n ramsa

event (see "word")

every (+ abs) A^ koli. every moment

^j^\ \ -\ koll'edddn

everybody * >\ •> kollnds

everything "proAa

evident ndiXj idi'\ idi'a'it clearly.

evident
evil t .-i bis: redact t .-i /;/««<!

evil spirit rc'cu.n dayud

evildoer (Vn ■>■ hayydba

exact (verb) -\ ~i^\ tba'/netbd

exalt (verb) K*\ ,\_ Pa 'alii: Shaph &''//' to

exalt; exalted ■X^.' el lay

excellent iii\_i^n myattar

excelling ii(\_i^) myattar

except that ^Jt" r ^ r ^' e ^" e "

exercise rxlrio^ durasd: exercise

(verb) Ethpa etdarras (see "dispute
with")

exertion K'incuuOi ma'bddnutd

exhausted (to become exhausted) (verb)

\vi ■ Aph awhel

existing 71 . n qayyam

expect (verb) rt*-\m Pa sakki;

expectation rc' i-im sabra

expedient w n.a paqqah

expense rc^ na t nepqta & npaqtd

English-Syriac Vocabulary

expert (XI^-OXj yado'a
exploit KLlm^_J neshdna

exult (verb) ^on dd.s/ndus

eye rt^t .\ ''flyna (f): eye (of a needle)

rC'ioTu /irora

face rdsirC o/;/>e (pi only):nd°ia t_&

parsopd
fair rC'rdSi pe/r<L>r<&

faith rrt\n_Oi_ifT) haymamitd

faithful T^ijc. sarrin faithful to V . •> )n

tkil'al; tkild'it faithfully
fall ill (verb) m\j\ Ethpe etkrah

fall rf'X\\no>^ mappitlta: to fall V°> >

npal/neppel: Aph n/yW to make fall:

fallen (verb) rd^n nne/ramya: Aph

wm/ to cast, lay down, lay before,
offer

false r<l\n daggal
falsehood tt'i-nnjc. suqra
fame n ' ni \ tebba
far off 1 v -i*n mab c ad
far xi_iaiT ralihiq
farm n^aricvXTC agorsa
fashion (verb) \~i \_gbal/negbol
fast rd^io _ pawna

fasten (verb) \ ~i n qba'/neqbo' : Ethpe
c/<?fcfl' to be set up (cross, e.g.): \CDrC

fasting K^730 _ sa\vmd

father ixIdK' aba p\ abahe/abdhata

83

English-Syriac

fatigued 10 pi Icyn (emph KIjK^ lava pi
r£ifXl\ layyd ) (see "toil")

favor (X^71ili mlmul r^^n-i .\^
./«v/j//f<7

fear rf^Aijn (/e////<7:rrtf\_.Xn rieurAa

make fear\, I n Aph aqne.t
fearful \ . vin dahhil

feast rC'VoTJL santta; rrt\ o XuCn

mesiuid pi -twdid
feeble (to grow feeble) (verb) \_yi^>

Ethpa elmahlial
feel (verb) t \i Aph urges: xcCn

mds/nmus
feeling rt'Xx t \Ji rgesld
few </«//// (see "easy")
fierce Kje_d qse/qasyd
fill (see "full")
finally K'Xa^ hand, b-

find fault with (verb) \\±.'dal/iie' dol

find out (verb) rt'.-D bassi Pa

fine for negligence r^> .m-i besydnd

fingerrc\ n_ «'/;'«
finished (to be finished) (verb) Eshtaph
esiamli (see "full"): j~t\\, Ethpa

etuillaqu: ~p\ t slem/iieslam: Pa

salient to finish (trs). fulfill: Ethpa
esiallam to be finished, fulfilled

fire pc'tclj why? (ft

firm ground rdxcix «>'«

first (to do first) (verb) x^ld

qdam/neqdam : Pa qaddem to
precede, go before

Vocabulary

first pjrLn qadmdy: first of all "^.T-naA
luqdam: first-born i_ic\n bukar.
firstly Xa i>xn qadmd'il

fit S}^\ zddeq

five t *nti hamnu's (ft. hammsd (m)

fix (verb) \ ~i n qba'/neqbo' : Ethpe

elqba' to be set up (cross, e.g.)

fix firmly (verb) iij. Pa«/rrar

llame up (verb) Ethpal enuibras (see
"kindle")

flaw rOncOj mama: mawme see r£n_i

flee ( verb) xi \±J raq/ne' roq

flock K*k\ i \ 'O) mar' itd pi -' vaf«

flood ft'XvA.^O ;;?e//o

fly (verb) m\s prali/neprali

follow (verb) it'ciA ImVitehve.yAj.

slem/neslam: 2>^^ rdap/nerdop:

°\ n \ npeq/neqqap: follower rt^Tilx
Mima
font rd\ar< uznd

food rdi_\rt^n mekld: r^iAiA laltmd

foolish \ a m skill a\\t\ skel/sakld

foot t<l\i re#/« (ft:rrtw»ia /»«;•.««

footprint ft*^\ ~i n s ' eq/>/(7

for ^_^mt' akman; ^^ i/v-iK" <v£
man like one who. like him who. as
though; for (prep)\ 1(a) : for \\^>

metttil : metlul d- for. because: ^"\ / *"

variant spelling of mettul: for i ■ \^

ger (postpositive): X\\\ > '« menial -

84

English-Syriac Vocabulary

form of mettiil when followed by
enclitic pronouns II: «~i t ■ir / aynaw;

ayna-(h)u which is?; .^j^ den
(postpositive)
for all generations in dar: l-dar-darin

for ever and ever in dar: l-dar-darin

for that reason ^_cl\u bagdon

for the sake of °i\m hlap (+ pron enc II)

forbid (verb) rcjii kld/nekle

force ft 1 ,, s 'sa/ne'se.ctS .N^ n <j7;'ra:

grra '(7 by force
ford rt*\\ i -i \ >i ma' band

fore- isvcOinxCn mqaddmut

fore >^73n_D qadmay

foreigner rc^ . \cn-\ re" aksnaya

forever l-'dlam, l-'dlam 'ahnin (see
"world")

forget (verb) r\Lx_l nsd/nesse: Ethpa

etnassi to forget
forgetfulness K^O < iT_i)sOj

metnassyaniita

forgive (verb)xmjc sbaq/nesboq: Ethpe

«W>eqr to be forgiven (see "leave")
forgotten (to be forgotten) (verb) Ethpe
ett'i (see "wander." "astray")

form (\erb)A^-\^gbal/negbol: T_o \

zqar/nezqor

form rt^cCnn dmuta

former >27).T_D qadmay

fortune r<Cx\^gadda

foundation ft'kfDnC'&Uc. satesta pi salese

(0: rrts\_On^\ tarmyatd (f pi)

fount rf* t . \ »r> Hi''ina(0

four .
fourth >_^

ire" arba' (f). fl/*'fl (m)
i rfci'av

fox rf\ v )ft ffl'7o

freeze (verb) n\\^ Aph agled

Friday rrtft^joi^j'n/ft/a

friend rtl^un rahma: ix'iivt /wfcra

from here r^O) mekka

from ^^5 »i«i: »wn

fruit rt'Tr^Si pera

fulfill Pa saltern: Ethpa estallam fulfilled
(see "finished." "follow")

full (to be full) (<\y> mla/nemle:

mle/malya full: Pa malli to fill (trs):
Ethpe etmli to be filled: Ethpa etmalli
to be filled, fulfilled

fullness rt^O-A^) malyuta
function rc'Xvn >i-i>. -n ma'bdanuta
futile XL-iTiD sriq

Gabriel \^\^L\_gabryel

gain dominion over (verb) Ethpa estallat
b- (see "authority")

Galilean r< ■ \ . y^ glilaya

Galilee rrA ,\\^glila

gall K'tt^j mrara: ekal ~ to be galled

Gamaliel (pr n)^_irtLA27i\^ gamaliel

garment KlxaziA Ibusa: rOrCn

mdnd
gate KlvT^v ta^a (abs tra')
gather (verb) Ethpa etkannas to be

gathered together_i_Jji knas/neknos

gaze at (verb) icui haar/nlwr I-
Gedaliah (pr n) cLA3-\^gdalya

85

English-Syriac

Gehenna rd\m_y^ gchluvmd
generation K'^vni-r sarbtd
gentle ■ * . -v i nikkik
Georgian r<L.T-n_.rC' iberdyd
GerontiusCDCi_^_iT_\ i _gt>/wi/M
gesture K'On remzd: to make gestures

v_rn iniaz/ncrnwz: with gesture, by

signs \__dt_7) mvnnaz

get ready ( verb )«^_n 5ft Pa taqqen

get \~i n Pa qabbel

gift rt'^nmciln nuiwhabnl: rdixn

ddsnd
give (verb) _jrn_i ya/M pert' only: impt"

nciicl): \5s\_i neliel i\mpfon\y)
give back (verb) (see '"return")
give birth to (verb) x__ ilcd/nelad

giver rCbacru yahobd

glad (to be glad) (verb) nC":Uj bdi/nehde

glad (to be glad) (verb) *i __& Ethpe

etpsab
gladness rC'5i\ciXv> Itadutd (abs liadwd):

nC"\cn nwo/

glass pC5j\ . \o_\j> zgdgitd

gloomy \_a_7i_^' ammiit: t_l_ti_> Av/r/r

glory K'i-CL-.rt' iqdrd: ft___iCLX siibhd
(abs sbuh): glorification
rc"5ft_jc\__x5ft tesbol.ua

go away X) xa praq/iwpmz

go back on (verb) vv_m bpak/iiebpok: ~
b-

VOCABULARY

go before (verb) rOixi qdani/neqdam :

Pa qaddem to precede, go before

go down (verb) 5ft-u_\ nhet/nehhat : Aph

ahlwt to send/bring down: (+'/) to go
against

go forth (verb) jx__i npaq/ncppoz

go in ( vfi-h) \ \ v 'al/ne"'ol

go on (to say. e.g.) ____u Aph awsep

go out (light, lamp) (verb) fvvn

d'ek/ned'ak
go up (verb) n\m sleq/nessaq: have

(someone) come/go up
go. to go JurC ezal/nezal

goat rtL. :i_^ gadyd pi gdayyd

God nCtt-W «/«//«

gold rt_Dmn </«/ib<7

Golgotha rC'5ftAo_\_^ s _ gdgultd

good (thing, deed) nC5ft__\_ tabid

good news (to spread good news) (verb)
Pa sabbar (see "think." "imagine")

good 3-^ .tab

gospel K'iftcnciTJi kardziita

gout r^\ \\^ a. pejgdld

governor rcliCL__\rn hegmona

governorship r<5ftn_ici_a\ > fn hegmonutd

grace (\Ll_ci cut. siikdnd

grandeertl_3T.cn rawrbdnd

grasp (verb) i/v_i_ Ibak/nelbok
gratitude qitbal-taybutd (see "before")
grave rr'i-i n qabrd

great _n rabb pi raurbin:

86

English-Syriac Vocabulary

Greek tV ■ in_i yawwaxa

greetings r^nii stoma

grievous (to be grievous) (verb)rXli_D

Ethpa etqassi c al
grow strong (verb) °i n&\ tqep/netqap

grow up (verb) rc'rji rba (rbi)hierbe

guard rt'in^j nqiora.r^^^^yi

mattarta: ntar mattarta to keep

watch: guard (verb) i\-l ntar/nettar

: Pa nattar to keep under watch:
Ethpe etn tar to be kept

guardian ndl\r3:\^73 mdabbrana

guilt rt^3CLii hawba: to find guilty Pa
Itayyeb (see "succumb." "conquered")

habit r^-\ ■ \ ' yrida

hairr^i v m sa' ra: strand of hair rf \^n

meima
halfrtL^La priori- iV)t\ n \^\ <\ pelguta

hand (X , x J r<' Ida (f. const id -had-, abs

yad) pi ide/idayya
hand over (verb) Aph aslem (see
"finished." follow")

handmill (V ivii rahya

hang upr<\^\ tla/netle: Ethpe <?w/i to be

hung
Hannan ^^Lu l.wnnan (pr n)

happen ( verb tx^J\^gdas/negdas (see

"cross." "transgress")
happy M_i ,_a psih

hard \\ <■ c t el fat la: ,n m \ ' seqfasqa

harm kLlmtciod surhana: to do harm to

\j\£D srah/nesrolt b-: rc'-v > Aph

flfcA7: Ettaph >^ rrtft fV ettakki to be
harmed
harp rt'i^ i n qitara

haste rxlrjmiarD surhaba

hasten (verb) nrriTXD sarheb/nsarheb

hastily msarhba'it (see "hasten."
"timorous")

hate (verb) tV\m sna/nesne

hateful sne/sanya (see "hate")
having (see "seize")

hawk_iU3 baz
he is ct_iOm hityu (for hii-lut)
he cim /i», /wvr (m sing) that
head rdxi resa

heading (Xlxi re.fo

heal (verb) Pa dakki to heal; Ethpa etdakki
to be healed (see "pure"): rtiort' Pa
assi/nasse, Ethpa pm.mi to be healed:
healer ndi£or<' 5.5 va; healing

(f^CLjuCOif asyitta (pi)

health rCOiAoyi hulmana

hp.ir (vpih) v'bt sma'/nesma': Aph

cwmrz' to make hear: Ethpe estma' to
be heard

heart rc'~i\ /ffcfofl
heat pCtjclm humma
heaven re' ■*£ t Smayxa (pi)
heavenly body i^-i -\ a_a kawkba
heavy sleep ix\ ^cA^ tula' a

heavy t_jlH_i yaqqir

heed, pay heed to haar/nlutr b- (see
"look." "gaze at")

heel rc'n n s ' eqba (f)

87

English-Syriac Vocabulary

height r£ncn raunu'r. r^na\yi

mrciwmd
Hcliopolis OQ_iAc\_&C\_iArt' eliopolis

hell r<-i(n\^gehhaniid

help ^C^^^OJ^'ll(^n'lnd■. to help

i n_^' dar/ne'dar

hen K^Acl^JT^ tiirndgiilia

hence rcS "n mekkci

henceforth \_o_>> mekkci

here rdiicn hiirkii; ^J^ »'«''

Herod conenrn liemdes

hesitate Eshtaph. estawhar (see "delay")

hidden from (to he hidden from) Kla_u

Ethpa eiltappi 'al
hidden things K^s\_i_£\ r ^) maisydid

hide (verb) rdi^ Pa. wssi : Aph «rs7

to store in a secret place: Ethpa cnassi

to hide oneself: Pa kassi rfcni

k.sd/nekse
high priest res-kdlme (see "head")

high ~p\ ram (for verbs see "pen)
hind >\-y»r£' hrdy
hinder iiv Pa 'akkar
hire (to hire) (verb) i-XT^ egar/negor
hold ( verb) i/vnA Ibak/nelbok
hold out (verb) \, r . Aph ousel
hole in the ground rxLiAcui (inland
hole rd^_ci_i /icc/'a

holy (to make holy) (verb) x:\_d Pa

qaddes: Ethpa etqaddas to be made
holy, sacred

Holy Spirit rdrncLD qudsd. as in rulid d-

qiidsa
holy x_i\J3 qaddis

honor (verb) \n_i Pa yaqqar

honor rt'T-D-iK' iqdrd; rg'i^ i^n myatira

honored t_uXj yaqqir

hoof rfifVCDT-a parstd

hope K'inm .«j/?ra

horn rOii-n <7«m<7 pi -«/«

horoscope iXLznA^n malwasa

horse Klz-ai raksd pi mA.fc7:rtLi£DCUS

.WMMVtf

host rrt\C\A_uv) haylntd p\ - lauudtd
hot ^^ail saltlun

hour r^V \ t ra'fci plra't' (abs.w'w pi

set in)
house rt^i\_ii3 />flvr<7 pi bane (const sing

/x"r-)
household (adj) rxli^\ i~i bayldyd

how many r^n_a £m<7 (+abs pi)

how much rxl^ui kind (+ abs pi)

how rtliii A/»c7 (+ abs pi): rdUi-iK'
aykwma: aykannd d- those who:

however i ■ \^ ger (postpositive): "pi^

brain: ^j^ </c// (postpositive)

howl \\ . AphflWW

Hiilagii ctiKliocn lutldku llkhan. r.

1 256-65
human rtli_iTJ3 bar-ndsd

88

English-Syriac Vocabulary

humble

V\ i "\J7)

makkik: to humble

i/\~\ "ti Pa makkek: Ethpa etmakkak to
be humbled
Humiah (pr n) r^ . in vi /m/no

humiliate (verb) iy "n Pa makkek:

Ethpa etmakkak to be humbled
humility rf Js\o_r_ir^ nasuta

hunger (verb) kpen/kapnd hungry _°> ■>

kpen/nekpan
hungry (see "hunger")

hurt (to hurt) (verb) ,uT_£D srali/nesroh b-

husband (X*\\ ~i ba 'la: K"t~i \^ gflftra

hymn (t'kuiOJU.ift tesbohta

hypocritical (to be hypocritical) "ten >

nrafr b-appe
I rdinC" e;i(7

Iberian rcliin irt" iberaya

Ibn al-'AI-qami i^n\\b bar'alqami

d. 1258. vizier to Musta'sim
Ibr Kurar (pr n) ttoj} in barkurdr

id est iiO) pdi &<>mfl/

idle \\,n bqttal: \ \-| />»'/: fo/r/r/ in

vain, of no effect
idolK'TJi^\-& ptakrd

if (contrafactual) aW e//«

if (possible condition) ^ f;i

ill (to do ill to): treat ill \o_^- Aph a'wel

b-
ill ft^DOjj liawba: m_jTJi krih

illuminated T_.rru nahhir

image Kl^iA- ,ialma (abs stem):

rC^cOjn dmuta

imaginationr* 1 * l fn\, \°\ pantdsid

(jxxvTaaia
imagine (verb) ^^m Ethpa etbaggag:

i~im sbar/nesbar

immediately r<":v»i27) mel.ida: bah b-sd'td.

bar sd'teb (see "hour*'): \ \^ ''onl,
to-
impious v ■ t i ra.s.w'

impost r<"^\ \ h^ /to'fc;

imprinted (to be imprinted) (verb) Ethpe
ettba' (see "seal." "sink")

imprison (vprh) t -i h hbas/nebbos
imprisonmentrdiJt.aii>j hbusyd
in (place) znbfa)-

in front of (+ pron end I) ina_D qubal,
l-qubal:~p\ja qddm (+ pron encl II)
in mourning \ .-lit 1 * abil
in proportion to ^\c\°>\ Iput
in short r<"^\ n".m°> pasiqdta, b-

in the presence of (+ pron encl I) ^\c\A

hmt
inasmuch as 'al d- (see "over"): kind d-

r£"7Li kind (+ abs pi)

incense lOicnn fceww

incline (verb) Ethpe ^//i (see "pray")
increase (to increase) (verb) Ettaph

ettawsap (see "add"): iif\_i Pas-attar
indeed i

^ger (postpositive)
inflict pain (verb) xlax Pa sanneq

89

inform (verb) Aph awda' to inform (see
"know")

inherit if\\_. iret/neiar. Aph awret [a

bequeathe to

inheritance rrtft o )n t_i xiiriuia

injiityrvllijicKD surhdnd

inner room rdioift uiwwdnd

inside cv^^/inr (also gawwmen. b-

gaww, l-gaww)
insignificant \ .\ n qallil: in_!>_\ z'or

insolent Aiii) inairah

instead of °>\ <■■ Idap ( + pron ene II )

instruct (verb) Pa dunes to instruct (see
"dispute with")

instructed (to be instructed) (verb) tcn^n

Ethpa elinalihur
intelligence pcLaAc\£D sukdld

intense °- • r\)a taqqip

intermediary K^\o i\ _^n mcs'cmitd

invite (verb) ^^>< Pa zwninen: K'txi

(/m/nec/re: (see "call")
Ionian iV . io_i yawndyd

iron rd\\T.a parzld

it is necessary for t<\o wale l-

Italy Klx\\ 7 _irt' italya

Jacob Z2 n_CL>> i ya 'qob

jail bei-hbusya (see "imprisonment")
jaspcr.^O^fn .rC* iyaspon

Jerusa le "171 \ t \ o r<* oreslem

li-sus \ r\r . /.ft)'

Jew rdi^om_i yuddyd (-yliuddyd)

job rt'.T ~i \ ' Inula

English-Syriac Vocabulary

John „ \v1O_1 ydhanndn

join (verb) °> n t npeq/neqqap

Jordan ^_Anir\_. yordndn

Joseph &XDO_. yosep

journey rf ^ni^n mardild: to journey

£) Ui hzaq/nehzoq
Judaea .icim_. iliud (-ylmd)
Judahrt'namj ibiidd/yiidd
Judas rt'rtoaXj ihuda/yitda
judge (verb) ^_cn ddn/ndim
judgment seat"7i ,n hem
jurisdiction rclirujnrf ididdnd
just as kind d-rC^n^ kind (+ abs pi)
just rtLincL} keiur. justly kend 'it
justice rf^ruKli kemita

keep (a promise) (verb) Aph fl.v.wr(sce
"fix firmly")

keep (flocks) (verb)rd^-T r'd/ner'e

keep (verb) ^ > niar/neilar. Pa nattar la

keep under watch; Ethpe etniar to be
kept

keep possession of (verb) rtxja Pa qaddi
kick txlQiiai repsa

kill (verb) \\, n qtal/iwqtol : Pa qqttel
to slaughter: Ethpe etqiel to be killed

kind rdu znd pi znayyd (abs zan pi :///»):
ba-znd in a (like) manner

kindle (verb) xin \ nabies/nnabres

kindness ^"1 -^ jaybuia
king ndiA^) malkd (abs mlek)

90

English-Syriac Vocabulary

kingdom K^ftO -\ \*7) malkuta: pi -kwata
kiss (verb) .n t \ nsaq/nessoq
kneel (verb) i/sAd brek/nebrak

knock (verb) t n \ nqas/neqqos

know (verb) _^_:\_i ida'/nedda': Aph

ouv/rt' to make known: Ethpe etida'
to be known

knowledge r^kv-i-.T-j ida'ia

known rdiXj idi'

Kurd rd^ioji kwdaya

labor (verb) \?juJ mal/ne'mal

labor 1x^*71 v ''alma: rt^s\or<i leuta:

r^T-iv 'hndn

laborer rt\ v °- pet' la
lacking VjtCOvi hassir

lad r^*" ■ \ v ''laying

lamb tx*\ \^\ ' elga: r^\^nr^ emra

lame (to be lame) (verb) T-\^

hgar/nehgar
lame i ■ ya hgir. m ■ \» hgis

lamp (fXjLoOii lampeda: r<*rC°£n\

lampeda
land ndvinC" ar'a (abs ora' ) pi

ar' e/ai* awwala
language rxLlxA lessana

lap rdLvi /m/ina

large amount ft'rClXciOD sogcl

last )\iir£ /irav

law k!odcOi_1 namosa
lawless dtanamos (see "law")

lay before (verb) Aph armi (see "cast
down." "fallen." "prostrate")

lay down (verb) Aph armi (see "cast
down." "fallen." "prostrate")

lay waste (verb) 3Tai hrab/nehrob

lead (verb) \r3n dbar/nedbar

lead back (verb) Aph apni (see "return."
"come back")

leader i^i n no. paqoda: rCsS^XZ)

mdabbrana

lean (verb) rdu Ethpa elhanni

leap (verb) icix swar/neswar

learn (verb) °v\ . ilep/nelap (impt ilap)

learning rd°iAci_i yulpana

leave (cause to leave) (verb) Aph appez

(see "go forth"): „n~tT sbaq/nesboq:

Ethpe esibeq to be abandoned,
forsaken: to be forgiven

leaven rCXj^zuj hmira

left (hand) f\ / \ v 7icr) semmala:

leg r<\\j reg/a (0

lend (verb) Aph asel (see "ask."

"demand")
lengthy (to be lengthy), go on for a long

time (verb) T-^J Aph agar

leprous ^~\-\^greb/garba

lest r^riA l-ma

letter rt^ftT-Xj*' eggarta

life (collective) (see "animal): rfr °\ >

napsa (f. abs /;/>«) pi -ata: r? « v»

/wyye (pi)
lift up (verb) Aph asseq (see "go up"):

•pen Aph arim: Ettaph ettrim to be
lifted up:r<i^ tla/netle

91

English-Syriac

light (to he light) (verb) ionj

nliar/neiiliar. Aph miliaria shine,
make light
light (to light) (verb) Aph adleq (see "lit")

light rf'TmCLJ nidird: i-ifJU nahhir
lightning (XlnTD barqd
like (prep) ^ftOjirC akv:Cu

like (to be like) (verb) ^<2n^

dma/nedme /-: Ethpa eidammi I- to
resemble

like (to make like) (verb) mnCD Pa

sahbah

like iryjrC" ak : ak d- as

likeness rd^iA^ salmd (abs stem):

rc'm^o^ lup.sd
likewise rdl \^ nC" akznd: :ul^ ft*

akbad: )&Cl±<T) hakwat

limb rd^nrn luuldama

limit (without limit) dldbiisbdn (see
"reckoning")

line rt'i.QAj eqqard

lion txljTrt' aryd yi\ -yawwdtd

liquorK'TjLJt. sukru

lit (to be lit) (verb) jiAn dleq/nedlaq

little hir \ .\ n qullil

little \ .\ n </</////: io_v \ z'or

liturgy rtisiA^ jak.su. leksd

liturgy, to perform a liturgy (see
oblations)

live (verb) t* ■" liyd/nebbe and nelie:

Aph alibi to give life:

T-^i^J mar/ne' mar
living things (see "animal)

Vocabulary

living ■ vi bayy

lo ft'm /w

load iV\~icO? mawbld (abs/eonst

mawbal. f)
loaf (of bread) rrtft ^—iV^jsf/v.sJtf

lodging rdjorC' oiruwm

long (time) i • \_> nagger

look (verb) ictu hdar/nlutr I-

look for (verb) re'v -i b'd/neb'e

look out (of a window, e.g.) (verb) xion

Aph adiq

loosen (verb) rt\ji sra/nesre

Lord God Sabaoth mdryd liaylidnd (see
"strong." "mighty")

lord of allljiTJn mdre-kol

lord rt'i^n ;;i«r<7 (const mare) pi

Hirt«ivv«/Hi«/viinr«?«
Lord, the rdii^i marya

loss rdl TCDCUi husrana

lost i .-ir^ «/>«/

loud "pi ram (for verbs see "poi)

love (verb) Aph ablieb (see "burn"): "jcluT

rhem/nerbam
love rC'k^TUii rebuild

lower (verb) ^^i Aph (jcAch : Ethpe

eirken to bow down: ^^ai Aph
arken : Ethpe eirken to bow down
low-lying i/yi-iO) mmakkak

luck K"x\^ #«</</«

Ma'nu(prn) ni\ *n ma' mi

92

English-Syriac Vocabulary

Macedonia it' . \m n^n maqedoniya:

maqedonaya Macedonian
made ready ii'n^ gmir

Magdalene ;\i \jn magdlay

maiden rt)sCn-A±.' laymta

maidservant K'^Oirt' amta pi amhata

maimed \_. T.a psig

make (verb) \3±.''bad/ne c bed

make king (verb) Aph amlek (see
"advise")

make whole (verb) 71 \« Aph ahlem

maker rfncuxv 'clboda

Makkika (pr n) nda_jj03 makkikd

malice "^ n t . -1 bisuta

man iVt \tj bar-nasa: v?\zzt-\^gabra
manage (verb) Pa dabbar (see "lead")
management rOnnc\_°i pursana

manger rdiort' orya

manner; rCi s zna pi znayya (abs zan pi

cm'/i): ba-zna in a (like) manner
many r?rC\c\£n saga: >-\ t p w##;

marble r^T it sisa

March inrf adar

Marcianus mn 1 .ni*n marqianos

Mark cdcldtJt) marqos

market rdnCLr suqa

marriage rxliali) hlola

martyr rt'rirrKD sahda

martyrdom r<"J(\onfn£D sahduta

marvel rrtaicOiaift tedmurta pi

tedmrcita
marvelous T_ifn^\ thir

MaryTJUT^Tj maiyam

Maryab(prn) nrnji^n maryab

master bn i lder <f\ -\ x \ rC ardekla

master rd3T rabba; r?\ \ -1 ba'la:

rt\yi mora (const mare) pi
marayya/maramvata
matter rdnTJC ra/ba

matter, affair rC'isvcLD ^. sbuta pi sebuata

Matthew >^03 maltay

Maximian mn > . *7im -> Ti maksemyanos

May T-irC eyar

mean y ■ t sij

measure (verb) Pa massah (pass part
miiuilsah measured, moderate) (see
"anoint")

measure of weight ftli_0) mama

measurement r^ft-MOT "n msuhia pi

mushata

medicinal herb rC : LCLv' eqqara

medicine samma pi sammane (see "blind")
meditate (verb) Ethpa ethassab (see

"count." "reckon"): txl^m Ethpa

ethaggi: f\Ln ma/neme
meet (\e.rb)j±.\r<era'/nero l ; xn \ zadeq
meetinghouse f<rirt^.^\ ■ ") bet-sawba
meeting placetV^O- sawbd
meeting r^TOrt* ur'a (abs urn'')
melt (verb) T_i_a psar/nepsar

93

English-Syriac Vocabulary

member (T^mm badddmd

memorial rCiamcix'iiWrt/in: ftliT^cin

dnkrdnd
memory ^C^^mc\^.' iiliddna

mental \_A^) mlil

merchant (t\^j5\ tagrd

mercy (have mercy on) (verb) Pa rah. Item
'al (see "love")

mercy K^timT ralimd: rfkvCLi^iMT^TJ

mral.ihiiidiinid

Mesopotamia «^_jim_\ii\_i_3 bet-iialirinc

message K^\ o:\_\ju if izgadduta :

rC*^\Ovi i\ t si Hint a

messenger rdn-Ai si ilia

messiah m ■ t -w insilr. msihd the Christ

middle rX*\\°\ pelgd: ffJsv^ ^_i)

msa' Id (const me fat); p^V n \^\ °>

pelgnld
midnight pelgnt-lelyd (see "middle")

midst rC"^- ^_27) msa'td (const ines'at)
might r\\ . m liayld: (XLlxoV hw

mighty ^t v '</.v.v//i

mighty in \^ gabbar, ^\ ■>■

hay hair. \ai\ gabbar
mild "y .ii rakkik
mile r^\ .^n /;i//(7

mill re" ivii /w/iyrt

millstone rayhyd da-hmdrd (of a gristmill
turned by a donkey) (see "mill")

mina (<_i_0) manyd

mind r^> ■ *■ i re'ydnd: n^V ,vi)a
for' i/fl

ministration K'taOiiift tesmestd

mirror PC%_i Uii) nwhzitd

missing i .(Dm /ni.v.v/V

mistress K^T^tj m<j;7«

mock Aph alilwl b- (see "praise")

moderate mt "71^7) iiimassali

moist '-[ \\ ratjib

moisture r^on A^i raitibmd

mollify (verb) ajOT Pa rayyah

moment rCwj^'edddnd

money rtlairu kespd

Mongol itliA^cO) mogldyd

month ttlviX.. yarhd (abs irah)

more than t_i^i\_i yattirmen : art aw
more yattird'it (see "more than")
morning rC'T-Si _ saprd pi saprwdtd

Moses rd.cCr> ;;n/.w

mother r<£y>rZ rm/iici pi emmlidtd

motion (pertaining to motion) >_ia__. Ctj

mzt dndy
mount (verb) ixai rkab/nerkab

mountain peak rdix senna (f)

mountain rC'io^ tnrd

mounted soldier r\ii.T-& parrdsd

mourning rdiarf ebld

mouse rC'in ,r\c\±.''uqbra

mouth rx^noa />wh<7

move far away (verb) J3jiT Aph «;•//«/

much ) \rn saggi

94

English-Syriac Vocabulary

multitude f<x_j-i ken.sa
murder ^\ n qetla
murderer rC^o\, n qqtold
murmur (verb) ^^,T rtan/nerlan

Muslim (to become Muslim) (verb) i-^m

Aph aphgar
Muslim (XIOjAjOj maslnu'ma
Musta'sim. last Abbasid caliph, r. 1242-

58 "p _^ kflXO) musia'sem

mute hres/luirsa (see "silent"): ja_.^_i.

Sattiq
mutter (verb) «^^T rtan/nerlan

myriad nzii rebbo (abs)

Najm al-Din (pr n) ^_jx\rt" "pA^i

ncijm aldin
naked 1^ \jj'arjel(lay)

name (verb) r^T-n qra/neqre: (see

"call")
name Kyu. sma (abs sem) pi smdhe: to

be named m^ix Ethpa estammah
narrate (verb) rC\b* ma/netne
natal star rCioA^n malwasa
nation rC&Cnovi ummta
nature iV \ ■ ^ kyana: pertaining to

nature ■ > ■ -> kyanay
Nazarene Klii—i napraya
Nazareth )s\ t ^ //twin/
near 'al-yad (see "over"): ZL-ii-O qarrib:

nearly rt^n-i .i n qcirribuia d-

Nebo ci~i \ /lebo

necessary (to be necessary) (verb) Ethpe
elb'i (see "seek." "look for")

necessary rdvJ3 iiOj metb 'e/metba' ya

necessity iWn n ■ tm

smquta.rt \ n \c\SO simqana

neck K'ici- sawra

need (in need of) „n ■ >0r> sniq 'al: XL-LCD

Ethpe estneq 'al
need (verb) ir'Xvn n . >m sniquta

need rcLuucieD simqana

needed (verb) Ethpe <>rf>7 (see "seek."
"look for")

needle "^ v "^> mhqtta

neglect (verb)rC5jm Aph ahmi men

negligence rCx^can besyana

negligible (to be negligible) (verb) Ethpe
ett'i (see "wander." "astray")

negligiblertLi^^Oj meife

neighbor rr'-i-i r sbaba

neighborhood rrt\armx sbabuta

nerve rC*! i \^ gyadd

new )& Xm hdat/hadta (emph /wr//<7 -

e/hdatta hadlata)
next to nrC",- serf (+ pron end II: also

spelled ^_i _): Xj _ sed (with pron

end II usually spelled nrt"-)

next «^_iiis\_3 balarken

night ft* i\\ /e/vfl pi layle/laylawwata

nine v J k\ tsa'' (f)/te?a (m)

95

English-Syriac Vocabulary

noble re* \r\ resdnd: rf\ n .^n

mxaqqra: t ■ n . yaqqir
nobleman rt'nrclyi herd
nonetheless^DTJD brain

north, the north rf ,~i\\^garbyd:

(gabbd) garbydyd north side
not (is not) oA law = Wi-(h)it: also as

negative prefix as in law saggi not

much: not very
not much law saggi (see "not")
not very law saggi (see "not")

notable r('\ n .*n mxaqqra

nourish (verb) yarifev larsi/nlarse

nourishing .^on^O) miarsydn

nourishment iV^i-i .m saybartd

November .^_Axi(\ / jXiift lesri(n)

hrdy
now _j_i kay (particle of emphasis):

rCx.cn hdsd

Noyan (Mongolian princely title) «^-jO_j

noyan
number r^ t . t>i mcnydnd

nutritious .^jOrnSiOi mtarsydn

O (vocative) cirt' aw

oath K'^OjcCn mawmkl

oblation (<\-noxi qurbdnd

oblations, to make oblations, to perform

the liturgy zj t_d Pa qarreb

October lesrin qdem (see "November")
odious sne/sanyd (see "hate")

of (prep) n d(a)-

offend ( verb) A_i_a Aph aksel

offense r^\r\ ri'n maksuld

offer (verb) Aph armi (see "cast down."

"fallen." "prostrale"):.\ 7 _x_* Aph

awsei
oil p^vi t *w meshd

old (to grow old) (verb)ar<CD seb/nesah

old man rt'-im sy7/><;

old si-i)\±.''attiq; t . t n qassis:

-p->3-D qaddim : men qdim of old.
long ago. from eternity
on account of \\^> meltiil : meiliil d- for.

because; \n\^*ti variant spelling of

metttil: )s\\\y> menial - form of
meijnl when followed by enclitic
pronouns II: °v\n hldp (+ pron enc II)

on the one hand... on the other hand .^b

man usually followed by den
on =}/>(<;)-

on \±Jal (with pron end II. '/-)

one another ^Xu lidddd: had 'am had

with one another
one :Uj had/hdd : had 'am had with one

another
ontv -in ivi ■ iliiddx

open (verb) ,u^\_& ptalt/neptah: Pa panah

to cause to be opened: Ethpe eiptah to
be open, opened

opening rt"ii\o_a kawwtd pi kawwe (abs

kawwa pi kawwin) (f)

openlyrdA^^e/va b-

opinion r<^i\ , \ \ )s\ tai' itd

or oK* aw

96

order (verb) r\_a.& pqad/nepqod

order rrtn-^ jaksd, teksa:r<A\nc\£.

pitqddnd
organ .^CLLX^or^ organon

orient rdii_i:0] madnhd (abs/constr

madnali)
ornament rd)s^3 _ .«7>/o pi -te

other rdlTur^ hreia/hreta pi

hrane/hranyata
outcry r<^i\_v_n g'oM

outside of xd bard-bar men)

over /'«■/ wi«i (see "above"): i^-'ci/ (with

pronencl II, '/-)
overcome (verb) rdi \ zka/nezke

overflow (verb) ^_°lx spa'/nespa 1

overlay (verb) ~p\jD qram/neqrom

overlayed*7i_i : Ln qrim

overtake (verb) irsi ^ Aph adrek

overthrow (verb) rdi \ zka/nezke

overwhelm (verb)aci^ Aph qtip

pagan ttla_Ui /m/i/w

paganism rc^no^ w. banpitta

page yateb-wa'da (see "sit," "stay."
"dwell")

pain fxlDKli keba: pfln I nekydna

painter rfi_j^. .vov.vara
palace fw' -malkuta (see "gate."
"doorway"): (XLixaK* apadna

Palestine r^t A^m\t\ palestine

Pallut (pr n) ^ala /*7//z<f

parable rdiiiO) mat la

English-Syriac Vocabulary

paradise tfm ,ii <\ pardisa, pardaysa

paralyzed )i t *n msarray

parent rt*nciA_i yalodd

parrot mn "* -\ \ ti.tikos/taytikos

partake crw \ tes/nel'as

pass the night(verb) ^\c\a bat/nbut

passion ndx-u hassa; rrtoiui relvnta

path wA ■-» t 5/?/7fl

paw K'isUDT.a parsla

peace treaty Kl^n ■ n qydma d-sayna

(see "contract")
peace rC7i\j slamd: r? \ ■ t

pearl n^^ . i \Jt Vi margdnita pi -nyaia
pebble rtYn^ciD ^h/wo
penetrate (verb) win bzali/nebzoh

people ix't trg* /inra; anybody.

somebody /io.v, nobody lands:

r£5x±Jamma pi rdiaijA- 'amine
perceive (verb) Eshtaph estawda' (see

"know"); t \i Aph arges: \-\to

Ethpa esiakkal
perceptive t ■ \i rgis

perchance i~i-\ kbar

perfected T_i^ti-\. gmir

perhaps vA, tak Taxa

perish XDrt* ebad/nebad to perish:

Aph awbed to cause to perish
permit cocoa Aph appes

permitted )s\ At sli.t

97

English-Syriac Vocabulary

persecute ani rdap/ncrdop (+ bdlar)

persecution of ft* i^oni rdupyd'al

persevere in (verb) .^nrC Ethpe etemen

b-
Persia CD\a pares

Persian re' -^" \^ 'iijdmnyn: (XLiTDT-a

pdrsdyd
person rj.t \\n bar-ndsd: (X^7JO_Ln

qnnmd

persona rdaci_ia parsnpd

personally qnomd'it (see "person")

persuade (verb) on ■"> Aph apis (with

nonspiranti/etl/). derives froni
TTEtoai): mpis Ich he was persuaded:
Ettapli I'lipis. usually etipis to be
persuaded, instructed

pertaining to the soul >, it °> \ nap.sanay

Peter (in) itlarcla kepd

petition (verb) K^(\cus_3 ha'ula

Pharisee r^T i\a prisd

phial r<\ .°> pydld p\ pydlds

Philip (pr n) odci°> i\ .9* pilippaws

philosopherrdacKDCLLia pilosopa

Phoenicia tVn ■ icta puniqe

pigment samma pi sammdiw (see "blind")

piled up (to be piled up) (verb) f<ls_a

Ethpe ciksi
pine K'nrf arzd

pit r<^5)a.\^giimasd

pity (to have pity) (verb) Qocu>

lia.s/nhiis: (VnDcui haw.sdnd;

pitincss - dld-hausdii
placate (verb) Pa ra" i (see "tend."
"keep." "rule")

place (verb) Aph aqim (see "rise up."
"arise"): "pciTD sani/n.sim: Ettapli
ctisim to be put. be located

place t<\ }s\ r? atra pi -re/-

rawwdtd-.rOs^a* dukkld

plan (verb) Ethpa ciliassab (see "count."
"reckon")

plan rctoiaa pursa

plant (verb)3_i usab/nessob ; Ethpe

etn,seh to be planted
plant firmly (verb) ^itvTD Pa saltet

plaster (verb) t,\^ Pa kalles

plate (verb)"pT_n qram/neqrom

pleasant \.< \Q rgig;~p ■ cm bassim

pledge rt'.'YA-O wa'dd

plot (verb) Ethpa ethassab (see "count."
"reckon"): Ethpa etparms (see
"spread")

plotrOxriaa pursa

plow (verb) Aila plah/neploh

point the linger (verb) psai seb' a (see
"spread." "stretch out")

policeman it^T-i v_X. gziriiya

pool K'^V-incOiN "n ma'nwdiid

poor rdlLim^n nwskena

porch rC'cA^nC' c.s/ird otoo!

portico re'nX^mre' e^nro. oroa
possessing (see "seize")
possible, it is (tLa-LlK* ananqc

(dvdyKr|) ananqc
pound rdj_03 nianyd

pour out (verb) .tje.K' esad/nesod; Ethpe
<'/<'.«'</ to be spilled, shed

98

pour over oneself (verb) \,__l Ethpe

einsel
power rC\ ai liayla
powerful (see "seize")
praise (verb) Aim Pa hallel : m~i,t. Pa

sabbaly, Ethpa estabbah to be praised
praise rt'^Ui on t ^\ tesbohta

pray (verb) r^\ _ Pa salli ('al for); Ethpe

estli to incline
prayer rrt\cA_ slola pi slcin -wata

pre- ^vcOj^xOj mqaddmut

preach (verb) \T_i Aph akrez

preaching rt^ftci icitji karozuia

precede (verb) Pa qaddem (see "go
before." "do first")

pre-dawn r^i 'Vt. sapra

prefiguration mqaddam-fa'ar (see

"representation")
pregnant (to become pregnant) (verb)

qabbel bqtna (see "receive." "get")

prepare (verb) ^__pJf\ Pa taqqen: acA^

Pa. tayyeb

prepared X-i^_'r/V/ (d- + impf. to do

something)
present (to be present) Ethpa ettayyab
(see "prepare")

pre vai I ( verb ) &_D Jf\ tqep/netqap

previously "p:\_a nA luqdam

price fX^n-A^ tima (usually pi)
priest (verb): to serve as a priest, perform
priestly functions ^_n}^ Pa kahhen

priest rxlimA kahnd: vC\y><xi kumra

priesthood (XL.a_imji kalmuta

priestly i IffU kalmay

prince (XlLti resana

English-Syriac Vocabulary

prison bet-hbusya (see "imprisonment");
rCT-iCPrf^ i ~i bet-asire

prisoner rt'H .cor? asira
proceed (verb) Aph asqel (see "remove."
"take away"): rC'.TT rda/nerde

proclaim (verb) \\i Aph akrez

proclaimer rt^OT^ kardza

procurator rt^iS^ .o.rr' epitrapa

ETTITpOTTCx;

profession rrii\_ianfc\ tawdila

property of A_ir\ dil (+ pron end I)

prophet KLlZU nbiya

prosperity re*! .t sayna

prostrate (verb) rCnS nne/ramya

protection rtlLX_ genua

Protonice (pr n)r<n . \cA (7 o : La

protoniqe
prove r^m \ Pa nassi

psalm rt"icOj\ zamora; rrt\ \^n \

zmirta
psychological ) > •> °> > napsanay

publicly rCi\\^ gelya, b-

purchase (verb) iV\ n qna/neqne

pure (to be pure) (verb) rd ^ dkd/nedke

pure ^__iJlCD snin

purify (verb) .\c\jc. Aph a *'$

pursue (verb) a li rdap/nerdop

Pusaq (pr n) XL£oo_a pusdq

put (verb) Aph aqim (see "rise up."

"arise"): *pctfD sam/nsim: Ettaph

ettsim to be put, be located

99

English-Syriac

put away (verb) xlmT Aph arheq

put in authority (verb) \,\ T Pa sallel

put on (verb) t ~i\ Ibcs/nelbas

quantity rt^cuiixi kmdyutd

queen rrtft -\ W nuilkld

quickly \ \\ 'gal, ba-

radiant (to be radiant) (verb) ^j-^ Aph

apreg
rage r^)sC7ta henunid: rf\_\cn rugzd

rain r *' : *\^ n met id
raise (verb) Aph asset/ (see "go
up"):rd_v Pa' alii

raise up (verb) ~po\ Aph arim: ajD \

zqap/nezqop : Ethpe ezdqep to be
crucified

rank KiriA^ /«A.v<7, .teksci
ray rdn_iAi zalliqd

read (verb) ffi-D qrd/neqre: Ethpe pfcjrri

to be read out. called
ready (to be ready) Ethpa ei.layyab (see
"prepare")

ready n_» Jft-i-'ViV/ (</- + inipf. to do

something)

rear (verb) v£DT^\ tarsi/ntarse

Vocabulary

recline (verb) Ethpe estmek (see "rest
against"): recline at table (verb)

real' r<*_M hassd

reason rt^ \ >. ' i>lliii p| rt^ \ \ <" 'elldid

rebel (verb)a\i> nmul/nemrad

receive (verb) ~~i en \ nsab/nessab : \~i n

Pa i/ubbcl
reckon (verb)-mc_M hsab/nehsob

reckoningrOriiCui husband:
dldhusbdn without limit

onfn\^ Aph agess

recognize (verb) Eshtaph esiauda' (see
"know")

recovery rCOiAcui Imlmdnd
redeem (verb) r? \ n qnd/neqne
reflect (verb) ixlii nid/nerne
regal >_iA^7) malkdy
regard (verb) ^—lD Ethpa elbayyan
region re^a ■ «°> pnild

registrar of tribute rt , TAci~i\, jabbuldrd

reign ('al over) (verb) Aph amlek (see
"advise")

rejoice (verb) XN 21 Aph opreg: \o\

nvaz/nenuiz: ft'Xu hdi/neluie

rejoicing ft'icn rudzd

relate (verb) nd\_x Ethpa esia"i

released (to be released) (verb) T^nx

Ethpa esiammar
rely (verb) rCiM Ethpa alumni

remain _rCLa pds/n/ms: rt'cin Pa

qawwi
remaining 71 1 n qayydm

remember (verb) nm^_ Ethpa ei'ahhad:

: \-z^ dkar/nedkar (pass part dkir has

act & pass senses): Ethpe etdkarto
remember: Ethpa etdakkar to be
mindful of

re me mbranee r<ll un^ dukrdnd
remote n \ "fn mab'ad

remove (verb) xujT Aph arheq: Lqjc

sqal/nesqol: Ethpe estqel to be
removed

100

English-Syriac Vocabulary

rend (verb) \iAi\ tlab/nelloh
renounce (verb) i_aj\ kpar/nekpor b-
repeat (verb) vCa)s\ tna/netne
repent (verb) acik\ tab/ntub

repentance reOftn-i .X\ tydbuta

reply pimdy-pet-gdmd (see "return - "): Pa
panni (see "return." "come back"):

ft" ) s 'na/ne'ne
report r ^~ 1[ \ .lebba
represent (verb)io _ sar/nsiir (pass part

T-. ,- sir)
representation itf^ sa'arisee io_ )
reproach rCrUDjj liesda: rrtft clatelO)

request (vcrh)re > \vn v, -i ba'uta

require (verb) \ Tih. tbd/netbd

resemble (verb) Ethpa etdammi I- to
resemble (see "seem." "like")

rest (the rest: remainder) ndi i_x sarka
rest against (verb) v^ncn smak/nesmok
rest K 1 ^ vi i \ nyal.ua: rr\i , \ nyalita

rest, to be at rest mctj nab/nnuh : Aph

anili to give rest to: Ettaph ettnih to
rest

retain (verb) rd_D Pa gwfr/i

return (int) (verb)t/varn hpak/nehpok; Pa

bappek
return (trs) (verb) i/v&m Pa happek

return (verb) r< ■ \cta pundya: rf \°\
pnd/nepne: Aph <7/w cause to return:
Ethpe etpni: a \ v 'lap/ne'.top; Pa
'<7»<?/> to clothe: to give back

reveal (verb) r<\ \^ gla/negle : Pa #<?//(' to

reveal: Ethpe eigli to be revealed:
gle/galyd open, revealed: galya'it
openly, in public

rpyplntinnrf' > .\ \^oplynnn

revert (verb) Aph apni (see "return."
"come back")

revile (verb) a.i\ Pa gaddep b-/l-/ 'al :
Ethpa etgaddap to be reviled
reward (verb)^T_a prd/neprd

rib rviiJrC el'a(f)

rich (to grow rich) (verb) \)tc±J'tar/iie l 'tar

riehT_ifcv_sJflH/7-

riches (Vi ii\ c\jj »f ra

ride (verb) ZLyi rkab/nerkab

right (hand, side) iV\ .^n-i yammina

right (to make right) (verb) ^_aJi\ Pa

taqqen: Aph flfqw to set in order
right iryji^ rn>:xm zadeq

righteous xLj^ \ zaddiq

rip out (verb) \si±.'qar/ne'qnr

rip up (verb) Kn±.'' qar/ne'' qor

rise (sun) (verb) -i»_n dnali/nednah :

Aph adnah to make (the sun) rise
rise (verb) ~pj3 qam

rise up (verb)"pci_n qam/nqum

rite PCimAp .tatan, teksa

river rC'ifnj /ia/ir<7 pi -rawwata

road (0 KluiorC' m;7ot

robber fVcin . \^ gayyasa

rockrd&rda kepa (f):rdvO-i. 50' a

101

English-Syriac Vocabulary

roll (verb) irvij* krak/nekrok
roll away (verb) \ \^ Vw'aggel

Roman (V i>iomi rdmdyd

Romer^ncifDT mine

rooftop rt'T-^rC' eggdrd

root r^i n \ ' eqqdrd

roundabout rfincuj l-hndrd

royal ) ~v \*n malkdy

rubbed off ( verb) \°i n Ethpe etc/pel

rubbed out (verb) \°\f\ Ethpe etqpel
rule (verb) Aph amlek (see "advise"): Pa
dabbar (see "lead"): rCi^T r'd/ner'e

nilerrtivo -\ \*n malkutd: pi -kudtd

mn(verb) \m : \ rlwt/nerhqt (inipt hart)

sabbath rc^-i t sabbtd

sack rtLriCD saqqd

sacred i_ .run qaddis

sacrifice rK\i-n debhd

sacrifice! verb) _u^.i Pa ilabbali

sad (to be sad) (verb) T-^o Ethpe

etkmar. tt« ha.s/neliltas

sad i i>La foji/r

sadly, mournfully V ■ t t v. hassisa'it

sainted i_i.T_n qaddis

Salome (pr nl^ctlx ,vu/r>»i

salt r c\iW hiW/w (f)

salvation r^ > nine purqdnd

Samaritan rdaT^uc sdmrdxd

sanctify (verb) x:\-D Pa qaddes; Ethpa

etqaddasla be made holy, sacred
sand r^\ vi /)«/<;

sandal rCA££n msdnd
Satan i<j\jCD sdjdnd
Saturday rC^uxx sabbtd

save (verb) rt*_a Papassi: diclx

sauzeb/nsawzeb: Eshtaph estauzab to
be delivered

savior rcLno^ pdrdqd

say (verb) T.^jrC' emar/nemar (/-

someone. '(7/ about); Ethpe etemarlo
be said

say gently (verb) "p^VT Pa rattem

scabbard ndo-iift /('</«

schoolmaster vC\°iSD sdprd

scourge (verb) ^ \_> Paitegdd

scrape off ( verb) i T-X. gar/neggor

scratch (verb)^\»i hrat/nehrot

scribe r^T^TD sdprd

scripture r\laii\_i kidbd

scrutini7.e(verb)txlnn Ethpa elbaqqi

sea rC^7i_i yammd pi rd27i^g_i yamme

seal (verb) ■■ -A y jba'/ne.iba' : ~p)b-ii

hdund
seal tVs n\ .tab 'a

search into (verb) rf—n bassi Pa

season rLiX^'edddnd

seat if .min -v knr.syd pi -.wuirohv

second nr' i ,i)n traxxdnd/traxxanha

102

secretly (XLiCOi kesxa, b-

securely zhira'h (see "wary")

see (verb)rt'uj hza/nehze: Ethpe ethzi to

be seen, appear
seek (verb) K'-s, ~i b'a/ncb'e : \ ~i^\

ibaVnelba'
seem (verbjr^jn dma/nedme /-: Ethpa

etdammi I- to resemble
seem good to (verb) i°> t spar/nespar

1-

seize (verb) ruift' ehad/nehod past part

(fl/i/W) has both act & pass senses,
also means possessing, having,
powerful:

self (reflexive pron)r<li_a_i napsa (f. abs

npes) pi -ata; r^nruLn qnoma
sell (verb) Pa zabben (see "buy")
send (verb) i.Tjr. Pa saddar. Ethpa

estaddar to be sent, dispatched; *Ai
slah/neslah Ethpe f.fr/a/i to be sent
sense rdr_\jt regsa

senselessness rf)nn \ . t tV^n

metnaSSyanuta
sensory ^_jr \JCn margsan

gf-pulrhrp rr'in-i n)a .-i bet-qbwa

sermon rC\y>rCyi memra

servant rfnns 'abda

serve (verb) x^tix Pa saiwnes: \i \ °> .

plab/neploh
service ff^uOii^ tesmesta

servitude (to be reduced to servitude)

(verb) (see "work")
set forth (verb) Aph asqel (see "remove."

"take away")

set free (verb) rC"^_a Pa passi

English-Syriac Vocabulary

set in order (verb) Aph aiqen (see "right."

"get ready." "prepare"); }i\j3_ Pa
sabbet
set on fire (verb) -t-in hab/nehhob

set up (verb) v ~i n qbd/neqbo' : Ethpe

etqba' to be set up (cross, e.g.)
settle (trs) (verb) Aph asri (see "stop."
"camp")

seven \-it sba' (f). sab'a(m)

severe rdi_n gip/gniyn; o> .i vi harrib

SeverusGrjciiarD seweros

sew (verb) ^cui hqt/nluij

shame rt'rvoiyj hesda

shamed by (to be shamed by) (verb) * •> >

Ethpa etnakkap b-
shaperc'JsvcO::! dmuta

share (verb) &tftcix Ethpau estawtap

sharp-&_iT-y> harrib

she_»m hi

shed (verb) njcK" esad/nesod; Ethpe

etesed to be spilled, shed
sheep rCp\^.'erba: r? \ \ 'ana

shepherd re* ■ v i ra'ya pi

ret ayya/ra' awwata
shine (to shine) (verb) irru

nhar/nenhar. Aph anhar to shine.

make light: -\ji^ Aph apreg; •"<— 1

nsah/nensah
shining «_. _J nassih

ship rOnj -ovfri spina pi -e/spinala

Shmeshgram (pr n) ~p\ \j "elx

smesgram
shoe n f >m> i msana

103

English-Syriac Vocabulary

shop K"Va_lu Ijdnuld pi -nwdld
shoulder Kl£iii\_3 kaipd pi -e/-dtd (!')
shout r^)n \\ . Mta p| yalldld

show (verb) K"cui Fa fiawwi

shut (verb) Ethpe eithed to shut (see
"seize")

Shwida (pr ntnCrUiCix swidd

siek (get siek) (verb) mij* Ethpe etkrah

siek m_i\^ krih

sickness tV.T vi /Ki.v.«J:r£jrda Ar/w

side K" - ! \^ gahba ( abs #<'/>/? )

sight K"^ u» /;a7/«

sign nfk\r< did: pi. tX'^ci^K': ft* On

signet rrtftji \±.''ezqici
signs (by signs) CnT^n meiviaz.
silence rdn^jt. «7<7<i: keep silence
(verb) ja k\-X. sieq/nesioq

silent (to be silent) (verbJj.Tu

hrcs/ncljras: hres/l.uirsd dumb. deal",
mute

silk K'irdi. sera: v\ ■ ~\ i rakkik

silken (ircli sViviv

Siloam rr\in\ ■ t silohd

silver rCnrsiD « 5 m<7: rdsjUa Ar.v/>«

Simeon n v. Tit sem'tm

Simon ^_o.\ Ttul. sent' on
Sindban(prn) ^liffl sinbim
sing psalms (verb) i_^n Pa ztimmar

sink {hit) fvi-rhi v -i\^ fba'/nefba' : Pa

tabba' to sink (trs):
sinner ^ -\ >■ luiudyd

sister rt'^u /io)<7 pi ahwdid

sit (verb) r:k\_. iicb/nciicb: ydteb-wa'dd

page
six }s\_i. lef (0. (e)sid (m)

skilled (to be skilled) (verb)icni) Ethpa

elmahhar
skilled T_im^> mhir

slander (verb)r^_T_a qcir.sd

slaughter (verb) OLi_l nkas/nckkos: Ethpe

cinkes to be slaughtered
slaughter r *'\\ n qe.tld

slave ft'.tn \ 'abtld

sleep (verb) irynn dmek/nedmak

sleep ft^\ \t vc/i/rt

sleep, slumber "pcu nam/nmun

small cattle (XlLil "o/in

small_£)n_cn duqdaq :tc\a.\ ;'or

smite (verb) rdii^n mlta/nemlw 'al

smother (verb) j~i >vt Imaq/nehnoq

snatch (verh).&i^jj litap/iwhiop

soaked, to get soaked (verb) K'iift fra

(nil/net re
society rd_i_lA-'V/iv«/in

soften (verb) sioi Pa rayyah

sojourning (verb) sre/saryd (pass part)
(see "stop." "camp")

sole _iXj-u_i ihiddy

solemnize (verb) *iO\ Pa retro//

104

English-Syriac Vocabulary

something -pi^n meddem

son K\d bra (constr bar-) pi bnayya

(abs bnin) son:_iin her my son

sons "< " i-i bnayya

sorrow r^T vi liassa

sorrow (verb) ttvi has/nehhas

sortrdn zna pi -Jiayya (abs zan pi zw'h);

ba-zna in a (like) manner
soul rcli_a_l napsa (f. abs n/jrf) pi -ata

sound"p_A»i /i/f'm

source ftl^n~i>) mabbu'a

south .^^Ljift tayman ; taymnay

southern: (gabba) taymnaya south
side

sow (verb) _vi» zra'/nezro'

spacious ii_>cn rawwilj

Spain rC-LASsSar? espanya

span (X^i\ i \ zarta pi -e

speak (verb) \\*n Pa mallei: Ethpa

elmallal to be spoken, told

species r<axx\_gensa

spend (money) (verb) Aph appez (see "go
forth")

spend the night (verb) k\cu3 bal/nbul

spice r<[27irm besma

spirit rtluoi ni/ia pi -eAaia (f)

spit (verb) jixn raq/nerroz

spread (verb) V-*-^ psat/nepsot; CDT_a

pras/nepros(trs & int)
spring up (verb) mCuc. swah/nesu-ah

spring rdvcin^j mabbu'a : rf \ . \ "n

Hi' IHfl (f)

sprinkle (verb) cacoi ras/nerros
spur (verb) \, \ ~i b'qt/neb'qt
stall rC'^vcuiii hanuta pi -nwata
stamp rCinsii /v/wo
stand up (verb) >n gam
standing 71 . n qayyam
starrt^L^CLi kawkba
stay (verb) aif\_j ileb/netieb: yciteb-

wa'da page:_2.ci_& pas/npus.rtojQ

Pa qwuiri
staying (verb) sre/sarya (pass part) (see
"stop." "camp")

steal (verb) ~i « \^ gnab/negnob to

steal

stick r<!CQ_i_D govsc?

stitch (verb) ^cui hqt/nlmt

stone (f) rdard kepa

stone (verb) •ji.yj rgam/nergom

stop (verb) rC'njt. sra/nesre ('a I at. near);

"P-D <7<7H!

story r^nTjL sarba: PC^fl ■ s t ^ w.f ;7a

pi lafyata
straightforward tryiiiiv ?'•/>

strange >tj}Cij nukray

stranger iV ■ Iffnit' aksnaya

stream ft'irru /m/ira pi -rawwaia

strength r?\ .cuj liuyala:

r? I t n \ ' //fit/?

105

English-Syriac

strengthen (to gain strength) .^r s

' scn/nc' xcin.ji-LM Pa hayyel
stretch out (verb) \> t °s psat/nepsot

strip bare (verb) .«\ t slah/iwslali

strong (to be strong) (verb) Ethpa
eihayyal (see "strengthen")

strong drink rfh ■> t sakrd

strong ^^\ \ i vi Itayltiin : \_i \j*Jazziz

stumble (verb) Aph ahgar. ~ 'al qupsd to
stumble on a pebble (see "lame")

stupor K\ \o\ tuld'd

succumb (verb)3CL»i hdb/nhub

stiller (verb) t t >■ lias/nclilias

suffice, be sufficient (verb) xl°l£D

spaq/ne.spaq
Sulayman Shah (pr nlmrdz.

^__T^n_iAaoo sulayman salt

sum rc'Xv n t . \ -v kni.suta

summer rt\ • n qayld

summon (verb) rt\ja qrd/ncqre: (see

"call")
sun r6Cai semsd (m & f)

Sunday iV-i t -m >. hadbsabbd

supply (verb) ^anift tarsi/marse

su pre me >\ >■ ' W/<7 v

surround (verb) i:ui lular/nehtior and

iwlular lo surround (/>-, /-): //</«#•
around (+ pron end II)

surround (with a wall) (verb) \\-\ Pa

kallel

surveyor r£±>c\j "n mdsohd

swaddling clothesK'TCn \±.'azntre (pi)

Vocabulary

swear (verb) r£7i_i ima/neme : Aph

awini to make (someone) swear, bind
with an oath

swift \ A n qallil

swiftly qallild'it (see "swift")

sword (<a_i£D saypei

symbol rxVn^cAp jupsd

synagogue r<'^\_xc\_LA

Syria KljiciCD smyii

Syrian rt* ■ .incn smyaya

table land rdLn ift laqnd d-fura

tabularius ir'nVn-A^ tabbiddrd

take (verb) nCQJ nsab/nessab ; lo_. Aph

awbcl
take away ( verb) \ n t sqal/nesqol: (see

"remove"): "pen Aphr/rini: Ettaph

<7/ri;;i to be taken away; °>\,vi

hlap/nchtop
take heart (verb) -i~i\ Ethpa
take in (verb) Pa kanncs (see "gather")
take off (clothes) (verhhvtW slah/neslah
take out (verb) Aph appez (see "go forth")
tale r^\\ ,\ t)i\ m.? ltd pi taS'yata

taper (\LlO_iT_a qeiyona

tarry (verb) T^ Pa toH«r: TjjIX' Aph

task (VWs '«/»ifl;ttliT-^atP su'rand

Tatar r^jiiftJft laidrdyd

tax K'kv \ nk\ //»(/' r«

teach (verb) ^ArC <;//<•/> (Pa)

teacher rdLaAin mallpdnd

106

English-Syriac Vocabulary

teaching rcliaAc«_. yulpana:

rrt\a_LsA^n inallpanuta

tear fX'v -nn dem'a (f)

tear to pieces (verb) m-iw-i

basbes/nbasbes

tell ( verb) t<i_r Ethpa esta"i: T-^rC*

emar/nemar (I- someone. 'al about)
tell abroad (verb) Pa sabbar (see "think."
"imagine")

temple (V\ -\ ,cn haykla

temptation rdiCUiiHJ nesydnci
ten thousand rebbo-rebbwan
ten \£a^.'sar(f).''e.sra(m)

tend (verb) rC^\ r'a/ner c e

tent K^f\_v_j Vi yari'ta

term (V > 'n£P^ct : L°> prote.smia

rrpo9EO|jia
terrified (to be terrified) (verb) Dtni

Ethpa etrahhab

terrified (to be terrified) (verb) ni£D

Ethpa estarrad: Ettaph ettr/7; (see
"tremble")

test r<!CQJ Pa 11055/

testament rCnJs\_..T daiteqe SiadrJKrj

testify (verb) :imoo shed/neshad (b-,'al

to): Pa sahhed to testify
thanks qitbal-taybuta (see "before")

that (conj) ^ </(<•( j-

that (f sing) )(T> hay

that (rel conj) ^ d(a)-

that is to say JsCnrdi ^/iwi

that is ^Oirxli kemat

them(0 ^_i_Jrc' ennen

them(m) .^QjrC ennon

then _jji kay (particle of emphasis):

^_-aT^U3 batarkeir. .^^ den

(postpositive): ^__.x> maden:

^-jLidl hay den
there are not )s\_iA layt
there is not is\_iA layt
there is/are i(\_. r<*
there ^_^jii\ tamman
therefore \ ■ ->ro hakel; ^_a\AT3

bagdon: ___j:0) maden
these (pi) ^_iAm /loVe/i
they (0 ^_a_irf ennen
they (m pi) «^n_im hennon
they (m) ^_o_irf ennon
thing (see "word'^nd^i-ivk^

petgamci:r<)?A±.' ellta pi (t^ \ \ \

''ellata:'pX5i meddem
think (verb) Ethpa ethassab (see "count."
"reckon"): i-im sbar/nesbar

third ,^_iAi(\ f/i'/rtv

thirst (verb) rtrn _ 5/10 (shi)lneshe : pass

part (she/sahya) thirsty
thirsty (see "thirst")

this (f sing) Knm hade (f sing)
this (m sing) f<jm /ia/ia

Thomas rt^Tjct rrts\ 7o/n<7

thoroughly (to do thoroughly) (verb)
Shaph samli (see "full")

those (m pi) «ajm hanon

107

English-Syriac

thousand rdaArf «//>« (abs «/<•/>)

threat r^LuoA luhiiinci

three k\V tidt if)/ 1 laid (m)

throne rOanoji kursyd pi -

saumiic'r. GDOJCnift tronos

throng together (verb) . n "

hbas/iwbbos
through .T_i yiul. b-yail

throw (verb) r^u. sdd/iwsde

thunder rd^i^i ra'/zio

Thursday hammsabsabbd (see "five")

thus (tLi_am Inlkannd: \ i-\m /»<3foV:

,^-^rn hakan

Tiara K'ncui Imwdd

Tiberius m .i-i A^ jibcris

tidings r^Xxi-ifn sbarla

Tigrish \ fT* dcqku

till (verb) iAa plah/ncploh

time (a long timelrX'T^CLJ nugra

time limit rdOiOO^vOT-a proiesmid

TTpoSEopia
time rdin \ zxibml (abs zban): zban-

zban from time to time: ba-zban onee

upon a time: rCs^^'cdddnd

timorous :a_ifrn rbib;

timorously rhiba'it (see "timorous")

to\ Ha)

today rc't^nn ■ yawnumd

together K":ui_ir< akhdo

Vocabulary

toil (verb) it"r<^ la/nele :

\ljuJ mal/iie' mal
token rc^ftrf r7r<7: pi. rC^ci^rt'
tomb r^h-\ n gn/jra
tomorrow W^) mhcir
tongue rdLrA lessc'md
tooth r6x .winfl ( I")
torch ttloAn </<//</« (abs dleq/dlaq)
torture rfxjuc. .«>/;</«
total rt^V n t . \ -\ knistttii
totality n^fto .\-\ kolldyutd
totter ( verb) _^_ \_v \ Ethpal ezda 'zci '
touch (verb) xcO) mas/nmus
tower r<L\j\cu3/wi?<7: r^x^n

m/-/o^///iPC / fn-t ino, purkasa TTUpyOC

trace rcA -~i ▼ sbila

track f^\ •-! t .?/>;/«

trade rf^TO^iv ^i/;7«: rfi\cv_0)0rc'

zim«/wfc7
trained T_.m>> »i/iir
trample (verb) Pa dayyes (see "tread")
tranquility KLAjc selyci

transgress)' a/) xnjsJ'bar/ne'bar

travel X) Ui hzaq/nehzoq

tread (verb)_ron dds/ndus

treasure (verb) r^O^^z—fl

treasure rrtiOi iff) simta

treat with contempt (verb) \col
sdi/nsnt

108

English-Syriac

tree r? \\ .rC Hana

tremble (verb) _vo\ za'/nzu': to make

tremble L^T Aph ar'el: trembling

r^k-i^i net a
trespass rdncLii hawba
trespasser ttJD_iij hayyaba
trial rdjn_i£Q-J nesydnd
tribe K^JTJt. sorbin
tribute rt'^rt'n^n madata

triumph rtlLu_J nesbana

triumphant (to be triumphant) (verb)
Ethpa etnassah (see "shine")

trouble K'^or^i leuta

troubled (verb) xi vit Ethpa estahhaq:

t \^t Ethpe estges

truei-iTJC Sarrir

truly Sarrira'it (see "trm»"y ■ -v kay

(particle of emphasis)
trumpet K'in_a_ijc. sipora

trust (verb) i^ )& Ethpe ettkel'al

trust iVi-icn sabra

trusting in \ ■ •> ^ tkil'al

trusty T_i\x sarrir

truth rfivr. srara

try rt'cn \ Pa nassi

tryst K'.ta.o wa'da

turn (verb) Aph apni (see "return," "come

back")
turn over (verb) Aph aslem (see

"finished." follow")
turned (to be turned) Ethpa etkarrak (see

"wrap." "roll")

Vocabulary

turned around (to be turned around) (verb)
Ethpa ethappak (see "return."
"convert." "go back on")

turret rC\\c\i3burga

twist (verb) Pa karrek (see "roll." "wrap"):
Ethpa etkarrak twisted

two^__jT^\ tren/tarten (+ pron encl. tray-

. as trayhon the two of them, both of
them)

type of armor r<j3_n\n barzanqa

type rc'cn°\cu p tupsa

tyrant Klicix!^ jruna

under k\ cui k\ ilwt (+ pron encl II); ^\_u Js\

tain, l-taht: under k\_a-u^\ thet
understand (verb) Eshtaph estawda' (see
"know"); \ -vein Ethpa estakkal

understanding rdiAcUD sukala

unexpectedly rf .\ t Selya, men Selya,

men-sel(y)
unfortunate <•? \-\ m^n meskena

unheard of >\^n_i ntikray

uninhabited zii^i hreb/harba

unjust rC^ClA/flirvro/o:

unless ^jV niift' el la en

unsheathe (verb) ^t Smqt/neSmot

until r<?n\±'damma d- (conj): ~ /- until

(prep)
up to X-^'ad

upright i/\_iT^\ tris

urge on (verb) ^ i b'qt/neb'at

utterly T-^"-^. gmar, la-
vain (in vain) ba.ttitl of no effect (see
"idle"): ja_.\CD sriq

109

English-Syriac Vocabulary

value r^n-i^ lima (usually pi) wail tfiivlLi Mid pi yalldid

vanish (verb) n\\^ Ethpa etjallaqti

vehement \_i \±.''azziz

vei I rrtix ■ <\ vi )& talipitd

verily sarrird'il (see "true"): ^_aJjrjr<'

amen
very 3^ .lab: ) \m saggi

vessel rdirx^n mdnd

vexed (to be vexed) (verb) nmv- Ethpa

el 'assay, n >■ t Ethpa eslahhaq

vial r^\ i°^ /n<7/(7 pi pydlds

vietim rV%t~in debhd

victorious (to be victorious) (verb) Ethpa
etnassah (see "shine")

victory fVui— J neshdnd: rt'tflOi*

vigilance iX'lncita.'/raM

village rrtlN-ii-D qrild p\ qeiydld/qiiryd

vineyard ft!>T_a Aw7H<7

violent (to make violent) Aph a'' sen to
make violent (see "strengthen")

violent ^_ot_v. 'assin: °> ■ n)i\ niqqip

virgin (X'kAa^jD />?ii/j<7

vision (Vo Ui /iccurt

visit (verb) ism s'ar/nes'ar

vizier rX'T.jM") wazird

voice tV\ n </<7/<7

vow (verb), to make a vow in_i

ndar/neddor
vow rflXJ /ic<//<7

wage rCxXTf <?#''<'

wail for (verb) rcSro Pa .wM/: rfax)

Pa t/cnnr;
waiver (verb) Aph ahgar (see "lame")

wake (verb) i ciV<7 r//;'/ir: Ettaph e»';V

to wake up
wakefulness rc'ts\ciT_iA_'/rW(7
walk: to make (someone) walk (verb)

ir\Am Pa hallek

wall retort' essa: rt'isUDrf p.vf<7
walled city rdaT-i karkd

wander ( verb) r<\ \, I ' it/net '5: .1 'e/ia 'yd

astray
wander about (verb) Ethpa etkarrak (see
"wrap." "roll")

want (verb) r<3 _ sbd/nesbe : Ethpe esibi

to want

warn against (verb) im\ Pa zahhar '<//;

Ethpa ezdahhar b- to beware of. watch
o Nei-
wary Lm\ zhir

wash ( verb) r£u£D shd/neshe: \oj. Aph

asig
wash away (verb) Xclx Aph asig

washing rt'tWCLviCCCn mashutd

waste away (verb) r r a. Ethpau

eipausas

watch (verb) \a±.''eir/ri'i<r. (<c5\t\^7)

mqijand: nlar inqtiand to keep watch
watch over (verh)Ethpa ezdahhar b- to
beware of. watch oxer (see "warn
against")

watchman tfTo\, \ naidrd
water if" .Si mayyd (pi)
way rdi\ar? iirhd

110

way of life rf_i-&cim Inipaka

we .^Mvi [man

weak (to become weak) (verb) rfai

Ethpa etrappi
wealth (usually pi) if mi » neksa:

r^\)^Ci\J utra
wealthy T_jk_v ( nm>
wear (verb) t ~i\ Ibes/nelbas
wearing t i~i\ Ibis
weary le pi leyn (emph ff_jffA laya pi

r<SrfA layya ) (see "toil"):

Wednesday arb'absabba
weep (verb) rf ~\ ~i bka/nebke

weeping rfiiiia bkala

weighty °- • n\\ taqqip

welter (in blood) (verb) \°>\«^ Ethpal

etpalpal
western >rn s "n ma'rbay

what for? rf_Oi\ l-mana

what? rfJ7) ma: l-ma lest: rf_ll7> mana:

man (see "from")
whatever n rfij mad-: "p'^n meddem

when n r£n mad-:xy A<7f/:_i^O)rf

emat
whenever n rCiila kollma d-

where? rf t iff a vita

whether ^p^ dam(en)

which '* d(a)-

English-Syriac Vocabulary

which? (0 rf.T_.rf; ayda d- she who:

rf___rf ayna; ayna d- he who
while XiJad

whisper (verb) __u_ Pa lahhes
white icui hewwar
whiten (verb) TCUi Pa hmmr
whitewash (verb) ____ Pa kalle.s

who n d(a)-

who? man (see "from")

why? r? \"~n\ l-mana: rf___ii l-mana

wirkpd t .-i bis: )s\ \ \ l annat

wife rrts\is\_srf ciina, pi nesse

wilderness rfTJ-n dabra: rfT-DO-n

madbra
will if > .-i sebyana

wind rf__cn ruha p\ -e/-ata (f)

wine ffAiiAi hamra

wing rC°L\_geppa

winter rfoifUD m/«»

wipe out (verb) i T_\_ gar/neggor

wisdom if V Ti a vi hekmta

wise 71 ■ ■\ " hakkim

with (instrumental) ^b(a)-

with if\a_ /vraf ; "pjsJfl/H (+ pron end I.

''fl/HW-)

withdraw from (verb) 0___d Ethpe etqpes

men
withdraw xi T-_. praq/neproz

111

English-Syriac Vocabulary

withhold (verb) Ethpe etkli to be

withheld: etkalyat iba'td mennhon

they were exepted from taxes r<L*

kld/nekle

witness (verb) nm£D shed/nesliad {b-.

'al to): Pa sahhed to eall to witness:
Aph aslwd to bear witness

woe _iO way

woman rfi\^\ = jrC' aula, pi ncs.se

womb rctoi-a karsd (abs/eonst kres)

women r^jLi ncsse (p\)

wonder tt'VicOjnift ledmurtd pi

tedmrdid
wood (piece of)r<!ca_i-a qaysd

word r<l^\<!s\_°i peigdmd; K'^r^n

iiwmra:r?h\?j} mellkl pi melle (f):

thing, event: (m) Xoyoc
work (verb) Aph a' bed make work:
Ettaph eita'badXo be put to work:
Shaph so' bed to reduce to servitude
(see "make." "do"):

1>lv' mal/ne''nuil:r?xn±.' Inula

working (of the land, e.g.) re / > n n)a

luqdnd
world rdiA±.' dlmd (abs 'dlam)

wormwood rt'TT^n undid; ekal ~ to be

galled
worship ( verb) r\ \cn sged/nesgod: .«\°>

plah/neploh
worshipper tfnci^p sagodd

worthy (Xtli .wire (m). sdwyd (f)

wound (V^cui^) m/w?<:7 pi mahwdia

wrap (verb)i/\T_a krak/nekrok

wretched (to be wretched) (verb) rCon
dwd/ncdwe

write (verb) 3^ ktab/nektob Ethpe

pfte'fr to be written, inscribed,
enrolled

writenVl-i^-Q] makihdnd

year rt"is\_Lx w»<7 pi snayya (abs .wio pi

.w/'/i, const snal- )
yes •^jPC' wi
yoke n^LaJi //ira
you (f pi) .^jkvjrC alien
you (f sing) _.iur\ an
you (in pi) .^okxarf atton
you (m sing) isvjix' o»
young man rt'-w ■ \ \ ' /mm/i
young woman n^X\ ^ . \ \ 'inymin
Zachariasrdai^ \ zkand

Select idioms or grammatical features:

introduces a new section or thought ZDCiift

it would be better for paqqdli-wd I- (see
"expedient")

for a long time ifio^ tawrd (saggi'a)

gain strength (verb) «^-j_v 'sen/ne'san:

Aph a' sen to make violent
quotation: to dinciate that the phrase in

which it occurs is a quotation ~p\ lam
a long time K't.^clJ migrd

if it is/was (a fact, true) that n omjff

enlui d-
introduces the topic of a sentence, usually

followed by den: _^7J man mev:

man... den [iev... 5e . on the one
hand... on the other hand
without limit dldhiisbdn (see "reckonine")

112

English-Syriac Vocabulary

in the twinkling of an eye r?\5i is\ temra
d-ayna, akmetrap

13

Corrigenda and Addenda

Corrigenda to the Readings in the Grammar: p. 164, line 5: for ix'i-irx' read
K'n-irf: p. 169. line 90: for -pMn read "prun; p. 173, line 20, end. add
rr n<\m\ ; p. 189, line 20: for r<':\_\ji_.r<\, read K\-L\j-^r<^-

Addenda to Syriac-English Vocabulary in the Grammar: p. 199: rd^n dnia
(abs dem) blood; p. 203: X\ .n'r t t >■ hassisait sadly, mournfully: p. 203:
n-i^ Pd.hiyyeb to appoint; p. 216: n^s\cvD_ sbiitd pi Sebwata matter, affair;
p. 217: 3T_d Pa qaireb to make oblations, to perform the liturgy; p. 220:
>A27jjl samli see^iLx; p. 222 nuiiln tainmih astonishing.

114